Influence of manufacturing variables on surface properties and dynamic adsorption properties of silica gels

The surface properties of silica gel such as surface area, pore volume, and average pore diameter are affected by the manufacturing variables including pH values, gelling and dehydration temperatures. The dynamic adsorption properties of silica gel are also affected by their preparation conditions. The mass transfer zone and the amount of adsorption were discussed using the experimental data of breakthrough curve. The influence of the manufacturing variables on the trends of breakthrough curves is important in most of the adsorbent modification. It was found in this study that the manufacturing variables affected the adsorption performance significantly. Therefore, the relationship between the manufacturing variables and the corresponding adsorbent properties conducted by the dynamic adsorption apparatus was examined in this study. This discussion is rare in most of the studies of preparing silica gels, which are usually focused on the relationship between the manufacturing variables and the surface properties of silica gels only. However, it is not necessary that a silica gel with larger surface area will give a smaller mass transfer zone or mass transfer resistance. The modification of adsorbents should consider not only the improvement of their surface properties but also their adsorption performance.     

生物质炭的制备、功能改性及去除废水中有机污染物研究进展

生物质炭具有原材料来源广泛、比表面积大、孔隙结构丰富、表面官能团易调控等优势,在有机污染废水处理领域展现良好的应用前景。然而,生物质炭的不同原材料、制备方法、改性措施等在很大程度上影响着生物质炭的物化性质,从而对有机污染废水表现出不同的性能和作用机制。本文主要基于生物质炭结构特性,针对其制备方法、改性手段和措施展开叙述,并总结了生物质炭用于有机污染废水处理的现状和未来发展机遇。     

表面处理对蓝宝石衬底的影响

蓝宝石衬底是目前最为普遍的一种衬底材料,是生长GaN、ZnO材料最常用的衬底.本文用光学显微镜、原子力显微镜(AFM)和高分辨X射线双晶洐射对蓝宝石衬底进行了分析测试,系统研究了经过机械抛光、化学机械抛光、化学腐蚀等表面处理对蓝宝石衬底表面性能的影响.结果表明经过化学机械抛光随后再经腐蚀后的蓝宝石衬底的表面性能最好.     

金刚石(001)面在Cu多种覆盖度下的稳定构型与电子特性

金刚石表面的电子特性很容易受到其表面覆盖物的影响,而目前表面稳定、性能优良的表面覆盖层依然处于研究与寻找中。本文研究的过渡金属Cu不仅在半导体微加工中被广泛使用,更由于过渡金属Cu与金刚石都具有优异的散热性能,因此Cu覆盖金刚石已经超出寻常电极使用的意义,其金属-半导体结构更具有表面修饰剪裁电子特性的功能。文中通过使用密度泛函模拟方法,研究了Cu的不同覆盖度(0.25 ML、0.5 ML和1 ML)下金刚石(001)表面的单原子吸附能、稳定构型以及稳定体系的能带结构特性。结果表明,各种覆盖度下的Cu原子在金刚石(001)表面具有较稳定的表面吸附构型,并且过渡金属Cu的覆盖使得金刚石(001)表面产生了约为-0.5~-0.3 eV的负电子亲和势,肖特基势垒高度约为-0.16~0.04 eV,这些理论结果与实验结果基本一致。因此过渡金属Cu作为表面覆盖层在金刚石基电子发射器方面具有重要的应用价值。     

纳米金刚石表面功能化对其性能影响的研究进展

纳米金刚石具有优异的机械性能、导热性、生物相容性和结构可调性,在复合材料、电化学、催化、医学等领域的研究被不断开拓,工业上通过爆轰法实现纳米金刚石的大批量生产为其应用提供了基础。由于纳米金刚石表面结构复杂,需要精准调控以实现目标性能,对其表面功能化的研究具有重要的实际意义。本文首先介绍了对纳米金刚石进行各种表面修饰的方法,然后着重阐述其表面功能化研究对纳米金刚石在机械性能、催化性能和生物医学领域应用的影响,最后对纳米金刚石未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

6H-SiC衬底片的表面处理

相比于蓝宝石,6H-SiC是制作GaN高功率器件更有前途的衬底.本文研究了表面处理如研磨、化学机械抛光对6H-SiC衬底表面特性的影响.用显微镜、原子力显微镜、拉曼光谱、卢瑟福背散射谱表征了衬底表面.结果表明经过两步化学机械抛光后提高了表面质量.经第二步化学机械抛光后的衬底具有优异的表面形貌、高透射率和极小的损伤层,其表面粗糙度RMS是0.12nm.在该衬底上用MOCVD方法长出了高质量的GaN外延膜.     

Influence of the surface on the properties of macro-and nanocrystals

The influence of the surface energy on the properties of macro-and nanocrystals has been considered. It is shown that the properties of small crystals (several microns and less) depend on their dimensions, which is explained by an increase of the number of surface atoms in the total number of all the atoms in a crystal. On the basis of the energy criterion of crystalline substance amorphization, a formula relating the surface energy of a crystal to its crystal-lattice parameters is derived. The surface energies of elemental crystals are calculated. It is assumed that anisotropy in contact-melting temperature of single crystals can be observed experimentally.     

Growth related properties of pentacene thin film transistors with different gate dielectrics

We report a study on the influence of dielectric surface properties on the growth, the morphology and ordering of pentacene layers and associated consequences on the performance of organic field effect transistors (OFETs). This work mainly aims at disentangling the respective influences of surface roughness and surface energy on pentacene growth. A range of inorganic high-k oxides as well as polymer dielectrics were compared: Ta₂O₅ deposited by e-beam evaporation or grown by anodic oxidation, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) single layer or PMMA/Ta₂O₅ bi-layer. Some complementary results on anodic HfO₂ were also added. Atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction and infrared absorption evidenced that hydrophobicity and surface roughness drastically influence pentacene growth mechanisms. Transistors realized with the different dielectrics show characteristics well correlated to pentacene structural properties. In particularly, we point out the relationship between the grain size and the field effect mobility with the surface energy of the dielectric substrate. The general trend is that the bigger the grains, the higher the mobility but that best electrical performances of OFETs are obtained with a dielectric surface energy close to that of pentacene. This work also bears out our former results on the benefit of a polymer/high-k oxide bilayer dielectric configuration to improve the field effect mobility while keeping a low operating voltage.     

CdZnTe晶片表面钝化后的热处理研究

报道了CdZnTe晶片表面钝化后,热处理工艺对其性能的影响.先采用30;的H2O2钝化抛光好的CdZnTe 晶片,然后在恒温干燥箱中进行热处理;最后使用ZC36微电流测试仪、EDX能谱仪和扫描电镜(SEM)研究热处理对钝化后的CdZnTe晶片表面的电学性能、表面成分以及表面形貌的影响.分析表明:CdZnTe钝化后在大气氛围120℃下热处理40 min,表面H2TeO3、H6TeO6等分解较为完全,晶片表面氧化层分布均匀,表面漏电流显著减小,晶体电阻率提高1～2个数量级,对提高探测器的性能有重要作用.     

B对人造金刚石表面结构及性能的影响

研究了B对人造金刚石表面结构及性能的影响。结果表明,采用渗B石墨或渗B触媒合成的金刚石,表面存在有螺旋状和阶梯状生长台阶,树枝状和河流状结晶等。但对金刚石性能影响不大。含B金刚石的性能明显优于不含B金刚石。且渗B石墨对金刚石性能的影响比渗B触媒大。     

不同表面活性剂对合成介孔氧化镁晶体性质的影响

采用液相法,以Mg(NO3)2·6H2O为镁源,NH3·H2O为沉淀剂,研究了不同表面活性剂对介孔MgO晶体性质的影响.采用XRD、FT-IR、SEM、BET和CO2-TPD等手段对介孔MgO晶相组成、骨架结构、微观形貌、孔结构及表面化学性质进行了分析表征.研究结果表明,不同表面活性剂对介孔MgO晶体物化性质影响较大.以非离子型PEG-2000为表面活性剂制得产品表面碱强度和碱总量均大于以阴离子型SDS、阳离子型CTAB制得的产品.以非离子型PEG-2000为表面活性剂制备得到的介孔MgO同时具有弱碱、中强碱特征,碱总量为0.192 mmol·g-1,比表面积、孔容和平均孔径分别为145.42 m2·g-1、0.67 cm3·g-1和18.56 nm.     

Inter-relationships between composition and near surface mechanical properties of silicate glasses

The surfaces of silicate glasses undergo hydration in normal atmospheric environments. The hydrated region will have different mechanical properties to the bulk glass and this work assesses the inter-relationships between composition and the near surface mechanical properties of silicate glasses through the use of nanoindentation. The effect of glass composition and hydration on the near surface mechanical properties is considered for poorly and highly durable silicate glasses. With poorly durable glasses the hydrated layer depth is much greater than the indentation depth and thus the results obtained on these glasses are used to help interpret the more complex results obtained on more durable glasses where the hydrated layer is smaller than the indentation depth. Based on the results the application of nanoindentation for measuring the near surface mechanical properties of glasses and studying hydration is discussed.     

The effect of crystal surface roughness on impurity adsorption

The effect of crystal surface roughness on impurity adsorption was investigated in a fluidized bed crystallizer and in a batch crystallizer. The crystallisation of sucrose in pure and impure systems was the study subject. Calcium chloride was utilized as impurity in this work. The results show that the impurity adsorption is growth rate dependent and is strongly influenced by the crystal surface properties. Crystals with high surface roughness have lower impurity adsorption. Based on experimental evidences, a new theoretical model is proposed to quantify the surface roughness influence on the impurity adsorption, allowing, by operating at the more adequate supersaturation, to control the impurity transfer into crystals. The used impurity does not have a significant influence on the growth rates at the studied temperatures. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

荧光标记用Sr2MgSi2O7∶Eu2+,Dy3+纳米发光材料的研究

通过水热共沉淀法制备了Sr2MgSi2O7∶Eu2+,Dy3+纳米发光材料并对其进行表面修饰,研究了添加不同金属络合剂对样品粒径、分散性、发光性能的影响及表面修饰后样品的性能.通过X射线衍射分析,激发发射光谱及余辉性能测试研究了不同金属络合剂对Sr2MgSi2O7∶Eu2+,Dy3+结晶性能、发光性能的影响,通过SEM和TEM图分析研究了不同金属络合剂对颗粒粒径、分散性的影响,结果表明添加EDTA时样品结晶与发光性能良好且粒径为50～ 200 nm,为制备Sr2 MgSi2O7∶Eu2+,Dy3+纳米发光颗粒的最佳添加剂.此外,将样品进行表面修饰后,通过红外光谱、Zeta电势分析研究了其官能团的连接情况和电势大小,通过纳米粒度分析、SEM和TEM图谱分析研究了表面修饰后样品的粒径分布、形貌以及核壳结构,结果表明样品表面修饰后成功包裹了SiO2壳层,并通过悬浮测试证明了SiO2包覆后的长余辉纳米粒子悬浮性能良好.     

有机物结构诱导剂调控WO3晶体晶面的研究进展

太阳能半导体光催化技术由于其绿色无污染、可再生,有利于解决全球变暖问题等优点而受到国内外研究人员的广泛研究。由于半导体光催化剂的催化活性取决于其表面电子结构和原子结构,而这些结构又强烈地依赖于晶体层面,因此光催化剂的催化活性受到反应过程中暴露的晶面的显著影响。近年来,晶面调控工程已成为一种非常重要的半导体理化性质微调方法。三氧化钨(WO₃)半导体催化剂由于具有较好的光催化性能,常用作光电催化系统中的光阳极。本文针对目前国内外使用有机物(有机小分子及有机大分子)作为结构诱导剂对WO₃晶面调控的研究现状进行了综述,分析有机物对晶体晶面调控的规律和原理,寻找新的实验方向以及突破点,总结目前WO₃光电催化在实际生产生活中的应用,例如光电催化分解水、电致变色、气体传感器、有机污染物降解等,并对未来实验发展方向进行展望。     

Large deformation of chlorotrimethylsilane treated silica aerogels

Silica aerogels were prepared through an acid-base process and surface modified with chlorotrimethylsilane. This novel application of a common non-crosslinking surface modification to improve mechanical properties allows the treated aerogels to deform plastically to compressive strains greater than 80% without macroscopic damage. This improvement in mechanical properties remains after heating in air at 500 °C for 3 h, as do residual organic groups. Heating at 700 °C for 1 h removes all organics and the aerogel behaves similar to the unmodified control. The treated aerogels also exhibit a greater resistance to sintering. Nitrogen adsorption measurements show a reduction in the number of micropores with surface modification. It is concluded that the organic monolayer increases the ductility of the silica network by filling and strengthening surface micropores that serve as crack initiators, and that these organics remain effective at elevated temperatures.     

The Influence of the Purity and Thickness of Niobium Foils on its Mechanical Properties

The content of contaminants, microstructures, surface condition, electrical resistivity and mechanical properties of niobium foils and bands (13–1000 μm thick) after cold working (90–99.9%), surface etching and heat treatment under vacuum (0.001 Pa at 700–1200 °C for 1–5 hrs) are studied. The effect of the previous working and different environmental conditions including initial and acquired surface contamination with oxygen, carbon, nitrogen and iron increases noticeably with the rise of the working degree and decrease of the foil thickness. The mechanical properties of foils and bands (≧ 100 μm) practically don't differ from massive standard samples. At the foil thickness of ≦ 40 μm the dimensional effects and the influence of the surface layer are especially noticeably. The optimal combination of the whole complex of surface and volume properties at the minimum dimensional effects is observed on the 50 μm thick foil. The improvement of foil properties can be achieved due to etching its surface layer up to the depth not less than 4 μm (on each side) after the cold working and following annealing at 1000–1100 °C (1–3 hrs).     

Model for the amorphous roughening transition in amorphous semiconductor deposition

The evolution of surface roughness on hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) films prepared by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition exhibits initial smoothening due to nuclei coalescence, a region of surface stability, and finally a prominent roughening transition (designated a → a) at a critical thickness. The thickness at which the a → a transition occurs, as measured by real time spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), is found to correlate closely with the electronic properties of the film. Thus, the transition has been incorporated into deposition phase diagrams that have been applied successfully to optimize solar cell performance and stability. A simple continuum model for the evolution of the 1D surface profile using an initial condition designed to be consistent with the nucleation characteristics measured by real time SE is sufficient for insights into the correlation between the roughness evolution and film properties. Good agreement between the experimental results and model calculations support the concept that optimum electronic properties of the films are associated with weakly reactive surfaces and long lifetime radicals that lead to adsorbed precursors with large surface diffusion lengths.     

The role of surface and interface structure in crystal growth

Crystal growth occurs at the interface of a crystal and its growth medium. Due to the abrupt termination at the surface, at the interface the properties of the crystal will typically deviate from the bulk and this can affect the growth behaviour. Also the properties of the growth medium at the interface will typically differ from the bulk. In growth from solution, for example, the liquid will show ordering induced by the crystal surface or have a different composition. Here techniques to study such growth interfaces will be discussed together with examples of the effect that the properties of the interface can have on the growth.     

一维等离激元晶格中的能带结构调控

由于具有将电磁波聚集到深亚波长体积的能力,表面等离激元在纳米光子技术研究工作中得到了广泛的应用。根据其性质,表面等离激元基本可以分为两大类:沿金属与介质界面传播的表面等离极化激元(SPPs)和束缚在金属表面的局域表面等离激元(LSPRs)。SPPs和对应的自由空间电磁波之间存在明显的动量失配,光栅,即一维等离激元晶格,经常被用于弥补动量失配,从自由空间激发SPPs。LSPRs是指在外部光场激发下局域在单个纳米结构周围的表面等离激元。当LSPRs被激发时,会形成近场增强效应,增大对入射光的吸收和散射。事实上,一维等离激元晶格既支持SPPs又支持LSPRs,是研究表面等离激元及其光学性质的很好的基本结构。由于LSPR这个自由度的存在,其中存在着比光子晶体更丰富的能带结构。本文将以一维等离激元晶格为研究对象,分别从能带调控、表面晶格共振、连续域中的束缚态以及玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚四个方面阐述金属等离激元的新颖性质和最新进展。这些性质对于进一步推动表面等离激元的应用具有重要意义。