灵武长枣VC含量的高光谱快速检测研究

采用可见-近红外高光谱成像技术结合化学计量学方法检测灵武长枣维生素C(VC)含量，探究一种全新的水果内部成分的快速无损检测方法。采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测得长枣的VC含量化学值，可见-近红外高光谱成像系统采集164个灵武长枣400～1 000 nm的高光谱图像，利用ENVI4.8软件提取图像的感兴趣区域(region of interest，ROI)，计算其平均光谱，获得光谱值，将化学值与光谱值通过The UnsecramblerX 10.4软件建立模型。利用蒙特卡洛交叉验证法剔除异常值，采用光谱理化值共生距离法(sample set partitioning based on joint x-y distance，SPXY)进行样本划分以提高模型的预测性能；对光谱采用移动平滑(moving average)、中值滤波(median filter)、归一化(normalize)、基线校准(baseline)、多元散射校正(multiple scattering correction，MSC)、去趋势(detrending)和标准正态变量变换(standard normal variate，SNV)等7种方法进行预处理；为进一步减少数据量，降低维度，提高运算速度，使用竞争性自适应加权算法(competitive adaptive reweighted sampling，CARS)、无信息变量消除算法(uninformative variable elimination ，UVE)和连续投影算法(successive projections algorithm，SPA)提取特征波长，以期实现以少数波段代替全波段；将全波段光谱(full spectrum，FS)以及CARS, UVE和SPA三种方法提取的特征波长分别建立偏最小二乘(partial least squares wavelength regression，PLSR)和支持向量机(support vector machine，SVM)模型，从而确定最优的建模模型。利用蒙特卡洛交叉验证法共剔除7个异常样本，采用SPXY法将剔除异常样本后的157个数据区分为校正集和预测集，校正集中样本个数为117，预测集中样本个数为40。将未经光谱预处理的建模结果与分别经过七种光谱预处理的建模结果相比，选择未经光谱预处理的数据进行后续分析；将未经光谱预处理的光谱值采用CARS，UVE，SPA方法进行提取特征波长，CARS共优选出406，415，487，631，636，655，660，665，670，684，689，694，723，732，747和881 nm下的光谱变量16个，利用CARS提取出的特征波长占总波长的12.8%；UVE共优选出406，415，627，631，636，651，655，660，665，670，675，679，684，689，694，699，703，708，742，747，751，756，761，766，771，775，780，785，790，795，919和924 nm下的32个特征波长，利用UVE提取出的特征波长占总波长的25.6%；SPA共优选出401，665，684 nm三个特征波长，利用SPA提取出的特征波长占总波长的2.4%。将全波段光谱与提取出的特征波长建立PLSR模型和SVM模型，对比模型结果显示UVE-SVM模型最优，其R2_c为0.847 1，R2_p为0.714 9，说明UVE有效地对光谱进行降维，简化了数据处理过程。本研究对高光谱成像技术在水果领域的应用进行了有益探索，探究了一种全新的灵武长枣VC含量的无损检测方法，相应建立的可见-近红外高光谱模型为其他水果成分的快速检测提供了理论基础。     

σ^＊和Ф介子对有限温度中子星物质的影响

考虑到矿，中介子的贡献及重子八重态{n，p，∧，∑^-，∑^0，∑^＋，≡^-，≡^0}，采用相对论平均场方法，在5—25MeV的有限温度范围内，对中子星物质的性质进行了研究．发现当考虑到σ^＊，Ф介子的贡献后，超子出现的临界密度降低了（但对∧超子，影响并不显著），超子的粒子数密度增加了，在能量密度较高时物态方程变软，中子星的最大质量变小而相应的半径增大，中子星的中心粒子数密度、中心能量密度和中心压强都降低了．当温度为较低的T=5MeV，10MeV时，σ^＊，Ф介子的参与使出现∑^0，≡^0，∑^＋超子的临界密度极大地降低了；但当温度为较高的T=15MeV，20MeV，25MeV时，影响则较小．对于∧，∑^-，≡^-超子来说，在上述所有温度下，矿，中介子对超子出现的临界密度的影响都不明显．     

ICP-AES法同时测定茶叶中的锌、铁、锰、铜、镍、镁

研究了用硝酸＋硫酸＋高氯酸消解样品，用ICP－AES法同时测定茶叶中锌，铁，锰，铜，镍，镁的新方法，在选定的最佳条件下，测锌，铁，锰，铜，镍，镁的检出限分别为4．2，7.8,0.4,7.3,7.6,4.8ng.mL^-1，回收率为94．7％－104．2％，RSD为0．3％－4．7％，该法准确，快速，简便，适用于茶叶样品的测定，结果令人满意。     

非碳纳米管研究的新进展

文章系统地论述了非碳纳米管的制备，较详尽地介绍了多种非碳纳米管制备最新的进展，包括硫化物、氮化物、氧化物等等，特别重点地总结了非碳纳米管前沿材料，例如WS2，Bi2S，，ZnS，GaN，BN，AlN，InP，Eu2O3，，V2O3等．最后对非碳纳米管的研究趋势作了展望．     

LHCD的径向扩散效应

根据低杂波驱动电流的准线性理论，利用二维Ｆｏｋｋｅｒ－Ｐｌａｎｋ方程模拟程序，求出速度空间扩散的驱动电流，考虑快电子的径向扩散效应对驱动电流的影响，对原有程序加以完善，并ＨＴ－７，ＨＴ－６Ｍ装置进行了大量模拟计算，结果表明，考虑径向扩散后，原有的驱动电流以分变平很宽，并且变得光滑，同时驱动电流明显减小，驱动效率降低，另外，对于不同的径向扩散系数，电流密度的分布也有较大的差异。     

用"相见难"和"别亦难"判定感应电流方向

“楞次定律”是教与学的难点，学生难理解，使用它比较繁琐，一般要有四个步骤：1，确定原磁场方向，2，原磁通量是增加还是减小，3，根据“楞次定律”确定感应电流的磁场方向，4，根据“右手螺旋定则”确定感应电流的方向，而实际应用时，我是这样避开使用“楞次定律”，确定感应电流的方向的。     

X射线荧光光谱法测定硅酸盐中硫等20个主、次、痕量元素

本文使用新研制的偏硼酸锂和四硼酸锂混合熔剂，在１０００℃熔融制样，以Ｘ射线荧光光谱法测定硅酸盐等样品中的Ｓ，Ｎａ，Ｍｇ，Ａｌ，Ｓｉ，Ｐ，Ｋ，Ｃａ，Ｔｉ，Ｍｎ，Ｆｅ，Ｂａ，Ｃｒ，Ｖ，Ｓｒ，Ｚｒ，Ｒｂ，Ｃｕ，Ｎｉ和Ｎｂ等２０种元素，采用理论α系数和康普顿散射线作内标校正元素间的吸收－增强效应。其分析结果的精密度和准确度可与化学法相比     

对感应起电机特殊故障的修理一例

感应起电机的主要部件起电盘，是由适当形状的金属箔均匀地粘贴在有机玻璃圆盘上而成，莱顿瓶也是由金属箔粘贴在玻璃瓶的内、外表面后，加装电极而成．但有的生产厂家，为降低成本，用导电性能极差的们状物取代金属箔，涂敷在有机玻璃上，制成起电盘和莱顿瓶．在刚制成后，因这些糊状物尚未干透，勉强可以导电，凑合着能用，但时间一长，糊状物干透后导电性能急剧下降，甚至一点也不能导电，实验时，无论你如何操作，起电机也不会起电．我们实验室的几台起电机，均属这种故障，表面看来，均为正常，电路连接也无错误，这给修理带来一定难度…     

AUTHOR INDEX TO VOLUME 3,2005

Abolhassani，M.D.一:Hejazi，M.;Ah- madian，A.;and Amjadi，A.:Comparison of optieal deteetion system，PVDF deteetion system，and PVDF needle hydroPhone for oPtoacoustie tomograPh扒593 Ahmadian，人.see Abolhassani，M，D.，593 All劝 adi，A.see Abolhassani，M.D.，593 Bai，Ming see Zhang，Douguo，107 Bao，Huanmin see丫V么ng，Yanyong，4; W么ng，Yanyong，6;Jia，Doxlgfang，311 Bao，N.K.see Chen，Zhongyu，319 Bi，Jinzi see Yu，Ting，92 Bian，Jing see Xie，Hongyun，156 Bu，Ydng see …     

元素在探针表面上的原子化机理研究

探针原子人经法是一种新技术，本文系统地总结了用探针原子化法研究Ａｕ（１Ｂ），Ｓｒ（ⅡＡ），Ｃｄ（ⅡＢ），Ａｌ（ⅢＡ），Ｌａ，Ｓｍ，Ｆｕ（ⅢＢ），Ｇｅ，Ｓｎ，Ｐｂ（ⅣＡ），Ｓｂ，Ｂｉ（ⅤＡ），Ｖ（ⅤＢ），Ｃｒ，Ｍｏ（ⅥＢ），Ｍｎ（ⅦＢ），Ｆｅ，Ｃｏ，Ｎｉ，Ｐｔ（Ⅷ）等２０个元素的原子化机理了起源于卤化物分解的元素有Ａｕ与Ｐｔ，起源于氧化物分解的元素有Ｃｄ，Ａｌ，Ｌａ，Ｓｍ，Ｅｕ，Ｇｅ，Ｍｎ与Ｆｅ。     

发射光谱法同时测定钛基复合材料中的镍铁钼锰和硼的研究

研究了用碳粉、碳酸钙、氧化铜和氧化铍作缓冲剂同时测定钛基复合材料中的镍、铁、钼、锰和硼的发射光谱法,选择铍作内标线,不需分离、不需化学处理,直接压样于杯形的石墨电极中,具有简便、快速、准确。对测定条件、干扰因素进行了研究,从而建立测定镍、铁、钼、锰和硼的新方法。镍、铁、钼、锰和硼的分析线分别为300.36,248.33,315.82,260.57和249.68 nm,内标线选择为铍的298.61 nm,镍、铁、钼、锰和硼的线性范围分别为0.003%～0.30%;0.001%～0.20%;0.003%～0.30%;0.001%～0.20%;0.001%～0.20%。镍、铁、钼、锰和硼的检测限分别0.003%,0.001%,0.003%,0.001%,0.001%,其回收率在95.80%～104.8%范围内,当n=9时,相对标准偏差RSD均小于5%。用于样品的测定取得了满意的结果。     

Astrophysical combustion

There are three main astrophysical combustion systems: the evolution of stars, formation of interstellar dust and particulates, and the transition to hadrons in the early universe. These are described in terms of general combustion concepts, such as ignition, laminar and turbulent flames, detonations, multiphase flows, and particle and soot formation. Viewed in this way, the universe and many of its most important astronomical components are combustion systems, and we should use these as naturally occurring laboratories for exploring new and familiar combustion regimes. A more detailed discussion focuses on one type of combustion system, the ignition and development of turbulent flames in Type Ia supernovae, and the importance of the transition to a detonation.     

Physical Manipulation of Lanthanide‐Activated Photoluminescence

Versatile manipulation of lanthanide photoluminescence not only enables a more thorough understanding of the luminescent mechanism, but also promotes their widespread applications including advanced display and security, bioimaging and biotherapy, and sensors. The traditional chemical methods, engineering of composition, concentration, size, morphology, and surface defects, can easily tune the excitation, energy transfer and emission processes and have been frequently used. Despite the powerful ability to control luminescence intensity and selectivity, these chemical approaches suffer from cumbersome synthesis processes and are usually time consuming and irreversible. Recently, there have been numerous examples of physical approaches realizing in situ, real time, and reversible luminescence manipulation for certain materials under a given excitation. Herein, the existing physical strategies comprising temperature, magnetic field, electric field, and mechanical stress are summarized. For each approach, the action mechanism, material design, applications, as well as current challenges are discussed, and possible development directions and broadening of the potential application areas are considered.     

Cognition as Morphological/Morphogenetic Embodied Computation In Vivo

Cognition, historically considered uniquely human capacity, has been recently found to be the ability of all living organisms, from single cells and up. This study approaches cognition from an info-computational stance, in which structures in nature are seen as information, and processes (information dynamics) are seen as computation, from the perspective of a cognizing agent. Cognition is understood as a network of concurrent morphological/morphogenetic computations unfolding as a result of self-assembly, self-organization, and autopoiesis of physical, chemical, and biological agents. The present-day human-centric view of cognition still prevailing in major encyclopedias has a variety of open problems. This article considers recent research about morphological computation, morphogenesis, agency, basal cognition, extended evolutionary synthesis, free energy principle, cognition as Bayesian learning, active inference, and related topics, offering new theoretical and practical perspectives on problems inherent to the old computationalist cognitive models which were based on abstract symbol processing, and unaware of actual physical constraints and affordances of the embodiment of cognizing agents. A better understanding of cognition is centrally important for future artificial intelligence, robotics, medicine, and related fields.     

页岩油气层核磁共振评价技术综述

对于常规储层,核磁共振是一项十分有效的解释-评价技术,它既能评价岩石物性与孔隙结构,又能评价孔隙流体分布与饱和度,且具有快速、无损、经济等特点;而对于页岩储层,其核磁共振受纳米级孔隙、复杂矿物成分、特殊孔隙结构、较高有机质含量、超低渗透性及内部梯度和受限扩散等因素的影响,面临探测分辨率低、解释模型不适用等瓶颈．为了发挥该项技术在页岩油气勘探开发中的作用,将国内外的页岩油气层核磁共振分析、评价技术与相关的页岩油气层实验室微观分析成果相结合,进行了系统梳理,从探测分辨率的提高、孔隙结构与岩石物性评价模型的建立、孔隙流体分布与识别模型的建立等方面进行了综述,提出需加强纳米孔的核磁共振弛豫机理和提高 D-T₂二维谱分辨率两个基础研究,在此基础上,进一步完善岩石物理及孔隙流体两个评价模型．
     

秦巴山区汉中中药材姜黄中无机元素的测定

用ICP-AES测定陕西汉中市中药姜黄中的2种常量营养性元素(钙、镁)和5种微量元素(铜、铬、铁、锌、锰)含量.钙6010.5μg·g-1、镁6250.1μg · g-1、铜18.8μg·g-1、铬4.2μg·g-1、铁331.8μg·g-1、锌208.6μg·g-1、锰477.4μg·g-1,加标回收率均在96.4％...     

原子吸收光谱法测定水泥中的钠、钾、镁和铁

对火焰原子吸收光谱法测定水泥中的钠、钾、镁和铁的方法进行研究。在选定的最佳仪器条件下,测定钠、钾、镁和铁的RSD分别为1.81%、1.05%、2.68%、1.12%。水泥样品中钠、钾、镁和铁的回收率分别为102.0%—104.0%、98.4%—100.4、98.0%—102.0%、98.0%—100.3%。方法操作简单,测试快速,结果准确稳定。     

Ultrasonic-assisted catalytic transfer hydrogenation for upgrading pyrolysis-oil

Recent interest in biomass-based fuel blendstocks and chemical compounds has stimulated research efforts on conversion and upgrading pathways, which are considered as critical commercialization drivers. Existing pre-/post-conversion pathways are energy intense (e.g., pyrolysis and hydrogenation) and economically unsustainable, thus, more efficient process solutions can result in supporting the renewable fuels and green chemicals industry. This study proposes a process, including biomass conversion and bio-oil upgrading, using mixed fast and slow pyrolysis conversion pathway, as well as sono-catalytic transfer hydrogenation (SCTH) treatment process. The proposed SCTH treatment employs ammonium formate as a hydrogen transfer additive and palladium supported on carbon as the catalyst. Utilizing SCTH, bio-oil molecular bonds were broken and restructured via the phenomena of cavitation, rarefaction, and hydrogenation, with the resulting product composition, investigated using ultimate analysis and spectroscopy. Additionally, an in-line characterization approach is proposed, using near-infrared spectroscopy, calibrated by multivariate analysis and modeling. The results indicate the potentiality of ultrasonic cavitation, catalytic transfer hydrogenation, and SCTH for incorporating hydrogen into the organic phase of bio-oil. It is concluded that the integration of pyrolysis with SCTH can improve bio-oil for enabling the production of fuel blendstocks and chemical compounds from lignocellulosic biomass.     

Dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy on artistic bronze and copper artificial patinas

To prevent the natural processes of decay and to develop and improve the treatments of conservation and restoration of artistic bronzes meaning statues and sculptures, it is important understanding the patination processes and the knowledge of artificially corroded surfaces. Chemical and physical characterization of artificial patinas obtained on artistic bronzes and coppers by using the 19th century Western traditional patination techniques and recipes by means of SEM-EDS, light microscopy and ATR/FT-IR has been done in previous studies [I.Z. Balta, L. Robbiola, Characterization of artificial black patinas on artistic cast bronze and pure copper by using SEM-EDS and light microscopy, in: Proceedings of the 13th European Microscopy Congress, 22-27 August 2004, Antwerp, Belgium, EMC 2004 CD-Rom Conference Preprints; I.Z. Balta, L. Robbiola, Traditional artificial artistic bronze and copper patinas—an investigation by SEM-EDS and ATR/FT-IR, in: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Non Destructive Investigations and Microanalysis for the Diagnostics and Conservation of the Cultural and Environmental Heritage, 15-19 May 2005, Lecce, Italy, ART’05 CD-Rom Conference Preprints]. Differences in morphology (structure, thickness, porosity, adherence, compactity, uniformity, homogeneity) and also in composition, on both artistic cast bronze and pure copper patinas, were clearly evidenced. Further in-depth investigation is required to be carried out in order to better understand the patinas mechanisms of formation and the layers kinetics of growth. The elemental and chemical analysis, either on a surface monolayer or in a depth profile, by using the Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) techniques, can provide this kind of information, unique at trace-level sensitivity. SIMS has proved to be a suitable analytical technique for analyzing small amounts of material with high atomic sensitivity (ppm or even ppb) and high depth/lateral resolution in the micron and sub-micron range [R.G. Wilson, F.A. Stevie, C.W. Magee, Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry: A Practical Handbook for Depth Profiling and Bulk Impurity Analysis, Wiley & Sons, New York, 1989; M. Dowsett, A. Adriaens, The role of SIMS in cultural heritage studies, Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. B 226 (2004) 38-52]. XPS has the ability to provide detailed chemical information on virtually each kind of solid sample, and elemental identification is therefore possible due to the core level photoemission. The most important advantage is the high surface sensitivity of the chemical information (a few monolayers) [E. Ciliberto, G. Spoto, Modern Analytical Methods in Art and Archaeology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 2000]. In addition elements’ relative abundance can be made semi-quantitative or quantitative and information on chemical bonds can be derived.The aim of the present work is to highlight the advantages and the limits of XPS and Dynamic SIMS surface analytical techniques for the characterization of artistic bronze and copper artificial patinas. The results obtained on the analyzed samples allowed the distribution of the main elements in the corrosion patinas layers and the contribution of each elements present in bronze matrix to the color of the resulting patinas to be precisely revealed. This information could be used for comparative studies between artificial and natural patinas, and also for provenience and authentication studies for artistic and archaeological bronzes.     

Energy,Exergy, Exergoeconomic and Exergoenvironmental Impact Analyses and Optimization of Various Geothermal Power Cycle Configurations

Energy, exergy, and exergoeconomic evaluations of various geothermal configurations are reported. The main operational and economic parameters of the cycles are evaluated and compared. Multi-objective optimization of the cycles is conducted using the artificial bee colony algorithm. A sensitivity assessment is carried out on the effect of production well temperature variation on system performance from energy and economic perspectives. The results show that the flash-binary cycle has the highest thermal and exergy efficiencies, at 15.6% and 64.3%, respectively. The highest generated power cost and pay-back period are attributable to the simple organic Rankine cycle (ORC). Raising the well-temperature can increase the exergy destruction rate in all configurations. However, the electricity cost and pay-back period decrease. Based on the results, in all cases, the exergoenvironmental impact improvement factor decreases, and the temperature rises. The exergy destruction ratio and efficiency of all components for each configuration are calculated and compared. It is found that, at the optimum state, the exergy efficiencies of the simple organic Rankine cycle, single flash, double flash, and flash-binary cycles respectively are 14.7%, 14.4%, 12.6%, and 14.1% higher than their relevant base cases, while the pay-back periods are 10.6%, 1.5% 1.4%, and 0.6% lower than the base cases.