A correlation between Hammett acidity of catalysts and their activity in temperature-programmed reaction of cumene dealkylation

On the basis of TPR spectra of cumene adsorbed on oxide catalysts, the relationship between Hammett acidity and reciprocal benzene formation temperature (H₀ = 32.50 – 18.37 10³/T_m) has been found. Using this relationship, it is possible to estimate a value of H₀ for oxide materials in an interval of –5.6 < H₀ < –16. The correlation between acidic strength of B-sites and rate constants of heterogeneous catalytic reactions is discussed.This revised version was published online in December 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

有序介孔石墨相氮化碳的合成及催化Knoevenagel缩合研究

以二氰二胺为前驱体,不同晶化温度的SBA-15为硬模板,用纳米浇铸法合成了一系列比表面和孔体积可调的介孔石墨相氮化碳(CND-SBA15)。通过N2吸-脱附、TEM、小角XRD、XPS、FT IR、CO2-TPD等手段研究了材料的织构、微观形貌、孔结构的有序性、化学组成和碱性质等。在以苯甲醛和丙二腈为底物的Knoevenagel缩合反应中,CND-SBA15材料表现出了很好的催化活性和稳定性。     

Ratio of the equilibrium and kinetic acidities of solid catalysts

The feasibility of using the equation log k = const – αH _0s was examined for solid acid catalysts. Data for the thermoprogrammed dealkylation of cumene showed that the temperature dependence of the strength of the acid sites of the catalyst H _0s(T) should be considered in calculating the coefficient α. In this case, α→1. Translated from Teoreticheskaya i éksperimental’naya Khimiya, Vol. 45, No. 3, pp. 173-175, May-June, 2009.     

Preparation of polyphenylsulfone/graphene nanocomposite membrane for the pervaporation separation of cumene from water

Polyphenylsulfone (PPSU) was applied for the first time in the hydrophobic PV process. Nanocomposite membranes of PPSU/graphene (Gr) nanosheets were prepared and used to separate isopropyl benzene (cumene) from water via pervaporation (PV). Analysis of the mechanical properties of the membranes showed that the tensile strength and Young's modulus had an increasing trend with the incorporation of Gr into PPSU. The water contact angle of the membranes had a rising trend with the addition of Gr, confirming the improved hydrophobicity of membranes. In the PV experiments, the membrane containing 3.5 wt% Gr provided the highest separation factor, which was 4.5-fold as much as that of the neat PPSU membrane. Cumene separation from water by the PPSU/3.5 wt% Gr membrane was associated with the total flux of 132.73 gMH, the separation factor of 1566.36, and the PSI of 208,124.8 gMH.     

Acid activated montmorillonite and vermiculite clays as dehydration and cracking catalysts

Treatment of montmorillonite and vermiculite with hydrochloric acid results in an overall increase in acidity and acidic sites. IR and DSC studies of base adsorbed catalysts have revealed the heterogeneity of surface acidity on the activated catalysts. Clay catalysts have been found to dehydrate 1-butanol to 1-butene, which directly isomerizes tocis- andtrans-2-butenes, confirming the presence of Lewis and Brönsted acid sites. Cumene cracking studies using the clay catalyst also confirm the presence of Brönsted acid sites. The temperature and concentration of acid have been found to have a significant influence on the catalytic activity.     

Direct synthesis of amino-functionalized monodispersed mesoporous silica spheres and their catalytic activity for nitroaldol condensation

New amino-functionalized monodispersed mesoporous silica spheres (MMSS) were synthesized directly by co-condensation of 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (AP-TMS), [3-(2-aminoethylamino)propyl]trimethoxysilane (AEAP-TMS) or 3-[2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethylamino]propyltrimethoxysilane (AEAEAP-TMS) with tetramethoxysilane. By changing the methanol ratio or adding extra silica source, amino-functionalized MMSS with different particle diameter (310–780 nm) and the same mesopore size were successfully synthesized. TEM observations revealed that the mesopores were aligned radially from the center towards the outside of the spheres even in the amino-functionalized MMSS. The effect of particle diameter on base catalytic activity was investigated using the amino-functionalized MMSS. In addition, the amino-functionalized MMSS were found to be excellent base catalysts in the nitroaldol condensation reactions. The effectiveness factor was evaluated to be 0.8–0.82 and improved substantially compared with MMSS prepared by grafting method.     

催化裂化条件下噻吩与改性Y分子筛的作用机制

以HY、NiY和稀土离子改性的Y分子筛(REY)为研究对象,采用固定床装置评价噻吩模拟油催化裂化性能;运用气相色谱-氢火焰离子发光检测器(GC-FID)、气相色谱-硫化学发光检测器(GC-SCD)和原位红外光谱技术分析产物,关联分子筛的酸性,研究催化裂化条件下噻吩与改性Y分子筛的作用机制。实验结果表明,催化裂化条件下,噻吩与分子筛的作用机制差异主要取决于与B酸或L酸相关的非骨架铝物种或金属离子物种的存在形式。其中,NiY分子筛中,噻吩主要是吸附在与NiOH⁺物种相关的L酸中心,而Ni₄AlO₄³⁺等物种减弱B酸性中心从而降低其裂化性能。对HY来说,噻吩易在与AlO⁺等物种相邻的B酸中心上聚合形成三联噻吩,并发生一定的氢转移和裂化反应;而对REY而言,分子筛中与RE物种相关的L酸位会促进噻吩在与非骨架铝羟基等物种(如Al(OH)₂⁺、Al(OH)²⁺等)相邻的B酸中心形成的二联噻吩发生氢转移和裂化反应。     

催化裂化生物质焦油构成变化

利用层析法对生物质焦油进行分析,比较了不同来源、不同裂化工况处理后焦油族分构成的差异,并对催化裂化过程机理进行探讨。生物质原料组成的不同导致热解焦油构成的差异,木屑焦油中芳香类和极性物的质量分数高于稻杆和稻壳焦油,热解温度越高产生的焦油芳香性越大。催化裂化后,芳香类族分在焦油中的质量分数增长近1倍,其他族分的质量分数出现不同幅度的下降,裂化温度950℃以上时,芳香类的质量分数已达50％。芳香类的转化速度较小,还存在其他族分向芳香类的转化,引起裂化后焦油芳香化程度增大,且这种趋势随焦油转化程度的增大而更为明显。     

Ag nanoparticles immobilized on guanidine modified-KIT-5 mesoporous nanostructure: Evaluation of its catalytic activity for synthesis of propargylamines and investigation of its antioxidant and anti-lung cancer effects

The current study involves the novel synthesis of Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) decorated biguanidine modified mesoporous silica KIT-5 following post-functionalization approach (KIT-5-bigua-Ag). The tiny Ag NPs were being stabilized over the in situ prepared biguanidine ligand. The high surface area material was characterized using advanced analytical methods like Fourier Transformed infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, N₂-adsorption–desorption isotherm, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray Diffraction study (XRD). The material was having large pore cage like structure with pore diameter of 8–10 nm. TEM study displayed the particles size of deposited Ag NPs were 10–15 nm. The KIT-5-bigua-Ag nanocomposite had a significantly high surface area of 318 m²/g (BET analysis). Towards the chemical applications of the material, we headed the three-component reaction of aldehydes, amines and alkynes (A³ coupling) with good to excellent yields (70–98%) of diverse Propargylamines. The catalyst was easily isolable and reused in 8 cycles without any leaching and considerable change in its reactivity. In addition, the KIT-5-bigua-Ag nanocomposite was engaged in biological assays like study of anti-oxidant properties by DPPH mediated free radical scavenging test using BHT as a reference molecule. Thereafter, on having a significant IC50 value in radical scavenging assay, we extended the bio-application of the desired nanocomposite in anticancer study of A549 cell of human lung in-vitro conditions. In the cytotoxicity and anti-human lung studies, the nanocomposite was treated to lung cancer A549 cell line following MTT assay. The cell viability of malignant lung cell line reduced dose-dependently in the presence of KIT-5-biguanidine-Ag nanocomposite. IC50 values of the nanocomposite were observed to be 915.22 μg/mL against A549 cell line. So, these results suggest that KIT-5-bigua-Ag as a novel chemotherapeutic nanocomposite have a suitable anticancer activity against lung cell lines.     

nV-MCM-41 催化剂的制备及其催化 CO2氧化丙烷脱氢反应性能

丙烯是一种重要的化工原料, 其下游产品丰富, 用途广泛, 主要用于生产聚丙烯、丙烯腈、丙烯酸和丁醇等化工产品.丙烯的需求正在不断增长, 而传统的丙烯生产方法如蒸汽裂解和石油催化裂化, 存在反应温度高、积碳严重且丙烯收率较低等问题. 因此研制丙烷脱氢制取丙烯的高效催化剂尤为重要. 研究发现, 以 CO2作为温和氧化剂进行逆水气变换反应可有效促进丙烷脱氢. 催化剂主要由活性组分与载体构成, 本文选择可用于活化丙烷的钒作为主要活性组分. 钒氧化物在载体上的高度分散是提高丙烷脱氢反应活性的关键. MCM-41 拥有较大的比表面积和高度有序的介孔结构, 可更有效地分散活性位点. 本文采用一步法合成了不同钒含量的 nV-MCM-41 催化剂 (1.9-10.6 wt%), 并研究了其在以下条件下催化丙烷氧化脱氢制丙烯反应性能: 600 °C, 催化剂质量 0.2 g, 进料气体组成 C3H8/CO2/Ar (摩尔比) = 1/4/4, 进料气体总流量 15 mL/min. 其中 6.8V-MCM-41 催化剂具有最高的活性, 其初始丙烷转化率达 58%, 丙烯选择性达 92%, 远高于相似反应条件下早期研究的 nV-SBA-15 催化剂. 并在四次反应-再生循环中始终保持其原来的高反应活性. 本文借助于 N2吸附-脱附、拉曼光谱 (Raman)、X 射线光电子能谱 (XPS)和热重 (TG) 等手段探究了不同钒含量的 nV-MCM-41 催化剂在丙烷脱氢反应中催化性能差异的原因.氮气吸附-脱附结果表明, 所有催化剂都存在典型的高度有序的介孔结构, 并没有因为钒组分的掺杂而破坏. nV-MCM-41催化剂拥有较大比表面积,并随钒掺杂量的增加而减小. 其中,10.8V-MCM-41催化剂的比表面积急剧下降,可能是由于产生了结晶的 V2O5阻塞了孔道. Raman 结果表明, 当钒负载量超过 6.8 wt% 时, 出现了 V2O5的结晶峰. 另外根据单分散的四面体钒氧化物的特征峰面积发现, 6.8V-MCM-41 催化剂中钒物种分散度最高, 与其具有最高催化活性结果一致. XPS 结果也进一步证明 6.8V-MCM-41 钒物种的分散度最高. 在连续反应过程中 6.8V-MCM-41 催化剂失活较快,可归结于活性钒位点的还原与催化剂表面的积碳. 通过氧化再生, 可恢复催化剂活性, 并且在 4 次再生循环中始终保持其良好稳定的活性.     

ZSM-5分子筛的合成及其在丁烯催化裂解反应中的应用

采用水热合成法制备了无模板剂ZSM-5分子筛并用正硅酸甲酯(TMOS)对其进行外表面修饰改性,利用XRD、SEM、~(29)Si MAS NMR、~(27)Al MAS NMR、NH_3-TPD、BET和UV-vis DRS对合成分子筛的物相、形貌和酸性等进行了表征,并将其应用于催化丁烯裂解反应。研究表明,经水热合成的无模板剂ZSM-5结晶度较好,与添加模板剂合成的ZSM-5拥有相似的孔道结构和晶体结构以及相近的酸量,但在酸中心分布上有明显差异:孔道内酸中心数量增加且分布更加均匀,孔道交叉处酸中心数量减少;经过外表面修饰改性后,ZSM-5分子筛外表面部分不具备择形性的酸中心被钝化,使其择形选择能力增强。在催化丁烯裂解反应中,用TMOS进行外表面修饰改性的无模板剂ZSM-5分子筛作为催化剂能够有效抑制副反应的发生,丙烯和乙烯的总收率高达58%。     

三维有序介孔二氧化锰制备及其甲醛催化氧化性能

空气中的甲醛主要来源于化工、建材、涂料、装潢材料以及机动车尾气.甲醛具有光化学活性,对人体具有致癌致畸作用.高浓度甲醛对人体健康和空气环境危害极大,室内低浓度甲醛对人体也有很大伤害.因此,消除室内、机动车尾气以及工业生产过程中的甲醛非常必要.目前,去除甲醛的方法主要有吸附法、光催化法和催化燃烧法.其中,催化燃烧法具有去除效率高、起燃温度低、适用范围广、设备操作简单以及无二次污染等优点,因而非常适用于去除高浓度和低浓度甲醛.该方法的核心是催化剂的制备和筛选.近年来,用于甲醛催化燃烧的催化剂主要是负载型贵金属和金属氧化物.由于贵金属催化剂成本较高,所以金属氧化物催化剂备受关注.MnO2种类繁多,既包括人工合成的棒状、线状、管状、球状和孔状等形貌,还包括自然界存在的α,β,γ和δ等类型.其中,介孔MnO2因具有较大的比表面积和特殊的孔道而应用于乙醇、甲苯、苯等挥发性有机物的催化氧化反应.目前,尚未见三维(3D)有序介孔MnO2催化氧化甲醛的报道.本文以合成的3D有序介孔KIT-6分子筛为硬模板剂,采用纳米浇筑法制备出3D有序介孔MnO2材料.为了比较,采用水热法合成了α-MnO2和p-MnO2纳米棒.采用X射线粉末衍射、N2吸附-脱附、透射电子显微镜和X射线能谱(XPS)等方法对催化剂进行了表征.在微型固定床石英管反应器上评价了催化剂催化甲醛氧化活性,采用气相色谱(GC)联接热导检测器(TCD)和质谱检测器(MSD)检测产物和反应物的含量.表征结果表明,3D-MnO2复制了KIT-6硬模板的三维有序立方对称介孔结构(ia3d),且具有金红石型β-MnO2晶相,属软锰矿,具有较大的比表面积和双孔分布介孔结构,最大孔径分别位于3.7和11.4nm处.3D-MnO2样品具有清晰的孔道结构,而α-MnO2和p-MnO2纳米棒为无孔的一维纳米单晶材料.另外,3D-MnO2表面暴露了较多的(110)晶面,有利于增加表面Mn4+离子.XPS结果证实3D-MnO2表面存在较多的Mn4+离子,这些Mn4+离子为甲醛催化反应提供了丰富的活性位,有利于提高甲醛氧化活性.评价结果表明,3D-MnO2具有良好的低温催化性能,于130℃即可将甲醛完全转化成CO2和H2O;而在同样条件下,α-MnO2纳米棒和β-MnO2纳米棒分别在140和180℃才能完全转化甲醛.3D-MnO2具有良好的甲醛催化性能主要归因于特殊的介孔结构、较大的比表面积和较多的表面Mn4+离子.     

Preparation of phosphorus-modified PITQ-13 catalysts and their performance in 1-butene catalytic cracking

A series of phosphorus-modified PITQ-13 catalysts was prepared by wet impregnation of NH₄H₂PO₄ solution into an HITQ-13 parent. The catalysts were characterized using XRD, N₂ adsorption, MAS NMR and NH₃-TPD. Their catalytic performance in 1-butene catalytic cracking was evaluated in a fixed fluidized bed reactor. The results showed that the crystallinity, surface area and pore volume of P-modified PITQ-13 catalysts decreased with the increasing amounts of P. The number of weak acid sites increased, whereas that of strong acidity decreased. The selectivity to propylene in 1-butene cracking reactions increased because of the decrease in strong acidity. The yield of propylene achieved 41.6% over PITQ-13-2 catalyst with a P content of 1.0 wt%, which was 5.1% greater than that achieved over HITQ-13 catalyst.     

Preparation of phosphorus-modified PITQ-13 catalysts and their performance in 1-butene catalytic cracking

A series of phosphorus-modified PITQ-13 catalysts was prepared by wet impregnation of NH4H2PO4 solution into an HITQ-13 parent. The catalysts were characterized using XRD, N2 adsorption, MAS NMR and NH3-TPD. Their catalytic performance in 1-butene catalytic cracking was evaluated in a fixed fluidized bed reactor. The results showed that the crystallinity, surface area and pore volume of P-modified PITQ-13 catalysts decreased with the increasing amounts of P. The number of weak acid sites increased, whereas that of strong acidity decreased. The selectivity to propylene in 1-butene cracking reactions increased because of the decrease in strong acidity. The yield of propylene achieved 41.6% over PITQ-13-2 catalyst with a P content of 1.0 wt%, which was 5.1% greater than that achieved over HITQ-13 catalyst.     

海泡石制备HMS和AlSBA介孔分子筛的研究

通过酸浸和模板合成处理，海泡石直接合成有序介孔二氧化硅和含铝的介孔二氧化硅. 海泡石用盐酸处理后120 ℃下在NaOH溶液中处理72 h, 得到具有HMS结构特征的介孔分子筛；在含铝的碱性溶液中处理后得到具有AlSBA结构的介孔分子筛. 并用SAXRD、BET、TPD表征了介孔分子筛的物相结构、比表面积、孔径分布和表面酸性. 两种介孔分子筛的比表面积分别为508 m2•g^-1和946 m2•g^-1，孔径分别为3.4 nm和3.9 nm，且孔径分布窄. NH3-TPD结果表明分子筛表面都有两个酸中心，随着Al原子的引入，表面酸性增强.     

Synthesis of mesoporous silica-alumina materials via urea-templated sol-gel route and their catalytic performance for THF polymerization

A series of mesoporous silica-alumina materials was successfully synthesized by using urea as a low-cost template via sol-gel routes. The characterization results showed that the employ of urea enhanced the porosity of the silica-alumina materials and made the pore size distributions become narrower. The specific surface area, pore volume and pore diameter of SAU-X firstly increased and then decreased as the urea concentration increased from 0 to 60 wt %, and the maximums were obtained at 40 wt % urea concentration. All samples were tested for the THF polymerization. Among them, SAU-40 exhibited the highest activity and the longest catalyst life due to its superior porosity.     

正辛烷热裂化和催化裂化生成甲烷反应机理

采用脉冲微反装置,在反应温度为550~650℃,低转化率(小于15%)下,研究了正辛烷在石英砂和ZRP分子筛上的热裂化和催化裂化反应,分析了甲烷的生成机理。结果表明,正辛烷热裂化时,乙烯、丙烯和正丁烯是初始产物,甲烷由4种反应路径生成。当反应温度为600℃时,甲基自由基攻击碳链端部C-H键生成甲烷。中部C-H键脱氢形成的辛基自由基在端部C-C键断裂的活化能较高,仅在高温下生成甲烷。正辛烷在ZRP分子筛上主要发生质子化裂化反应,正构烷烃占有相当比重,甲烷由质子化裂化步骤生成。热裂化与质子化裂化对甲烷贡献的对比可知,当反应温度低于600℃时,甲烷由质子化裂化反应生成;在高温下,热裂化反应决定甲烷选择性。     

裂化催化剂水热失活动力学及装置平衡活性模型

根据裂化催化剂水热失活过程伴随着超稳化过程的特点，确定了对应不同自抑制函数的催化剂水热失活动力学模型方程。利用裂化催化剂水热失活实验数据进行参数估值，建立了裂化催化剂水热失活动力学模型。统计检验结果表明，二级自抑制的一级水热失活模型能很好地模拟实验数据，是较理想的水热失活动力学模型。考虑工业装置中裂化催化剂呈全混流，建立了裂化催化剂平衡活性模型方程，并且装置平衡催化剂微反活性的模型计算值与实测值相当吻合。该模型的预测结果表明，随着再生器温度或催化剂藏量的提高，平衡剂的微反活性逐步降低；平衡剂微反活性随催化剂单耗的提高先快速提高，然后缓慢提高。     

Preparation and characterization of mesoporous tetragonal sulfated zirconia

Mesoporous tetragonal sulfated zirconia with high surface area and narrow pore-size distribution was prepared using Zr(O-nPr)_4 as zirconium precursor,sulfuric acid as sulfur source and triblock copolymer poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(propylene glycol)-poly (ethylene glycol)(P123) as the template.The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction,N_2 sorption,TEM,and NH_3-TPD. A phase transformation from monoclinic sulfated zirconia to tetragonal sulfated zirconia is observed.The product shows strong acidi...     

Preparation and catalysis of chloromethylated polystyrene‐supported macrocyclic Schiff base metal complexes for the oxidation of cumene

Chloromethylated polystyrene‐supported macrocyclic Schiff base metal complexes (PS‐L‐M, M = Cu²⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, and Mn²⁺) were synthesized and characterized by the methods of IR, ICP, and small area X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The oxidation of cumene by molecular oxygen in the absence of solvent with the synthesized complexes employed as catalyst was carried out. In comparison with their catalytic activities, PS‐L‐Cu is a more effective catalyst for the oxidation of cumene. The main products are 2‐phenyl‐2‐propanol (PP) and cumene hydroperoxide, which were measured by GC/MS. The influences of reaction temperature, the amount of catalyst, as well as the reaction time on the oxidation of cumene were investigated. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.