喷射等离子体触发气体开关导通特性

利用内嵌微孔火花放电产生喷射等离子体、作用于两电极开关,研究了间隙距离、气压、气体种类、开关工作系数和电压极性配合等因素对等离子体喷射控制开关导通特性的影响。实验结果表明,等离子体喷射触发开关可在工作系数为10%的条件下可靠快速导通,当开关采用0.5 MPa_N₂作为绝缘介质、间隙距离5 mm时,触发导通时延为11.7 μs,抖动为1.42 μs;当间隙距离增大到18 mm时,触发导通时延增大至19.7 μs,触发可靠性降低;当工作系数由10%增大到60%时,触发导通时延由11.7 μs降低至1.1 μs。在确保开关自击穿电压一致的前提下,短间隙、高气压、负触发脉冲电压、正工作电压更有利于减小开关触发导通时延。     

长导通等离子体开关断路过程的粒子模拟

 利用PIC(particle-in-cell) 粒子模拟方法对长导通等离子体断路开关的断路过程进行了模拟研究。介绍了计算模型的建立和边界的处理。模拟结果揭示了断路间隙的形成过程和机制，并据此对等离子体断路开关断路阶段的现有模型进行了定性的修正，认为断路过程中Hall融蚀和静电融蚀机制将同时存在，静电融蚀在开关最终的断路中占主导作用，且静电融蚀是由于磁场排斥引起的。     

核物理与等离子体物理学科研究进展

1脉冲功率技术及加速器物理 利用雪耙模型，对一个典型的微秒级导通时间等离子体断路开关物理过程进行了模拟计算，分析研究了导通物理机制和雪耙阵面的运动过程，获得了具有指导意义的数据和结果。在国内首次研制成功导通电流可达100kA的微秒导通时间等离子体断路开关，开展了等离子体枪与主回路之间的触发延时、等离子体枪数目及其工作电压对开关性能的影响规律实验研究，获得的典型数据和结果对开关的应用及等离子体源参数优化具有重要意义。     

等离子体源参数对长导通等离子体断路开关性能的影响

 研制了可工作在长导通时间（约1μs）的等离子体断路开关，实验研究了等离子体源参数，包括等离子体枪与主回路之间的触发延时、等离子体枪的工作电压以及等离子体枪的数目对开关性能的影响规律。研究结果表明，开关导通时间和开关电压随触发延时、枪工作电压和数目的增加而增加，但当开关导通时间接近主回路电流四分之一周期时，开关电压呈下降趋势。当Marx发生器工作电压为120kV且采用4个等离子体枪时，实验获得的最大电压倍增系数约为1.8。     

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采用高密度等离子体电子传导模型,计算出了一整套适用于模拟强磁场下任意混合材料中局部电离和局部简并的等离子体中的输运参数,获得的参数在很宽的等离子体温度和密度范围内有合理的精度,可广泛应用于Z箍缩等离子体、激光聚变和磁约束聚变的模拟。     

柱面内爆磁通量压缩实验中的磁扩散过程

利用一维磁流体力学程序MC11D,对套筒材料为不锈钢的柱面内爆磁通量压缩实验进行了数值模拟,研究了其中的磁扩散过程。计算结果表明:当套筒空腔中的磁场被压缩到350 T左右时,峭面磁扩散波开始形成,磁扩散波的波前从套筒内壁开始以0.75 km/s的平均速度向外快速推进,给磁场的压缩带来了不利影响;随着套筒内壁温度迅速升高,内壁附近会形成一个电阻率仅有0.3 mcm左右的等离子体保护层,又极大地减缓了空腔磁场向套筒中扩散的速度。在磁压缩过程中,峭面磁扩散波和等离子体层对于空腔磁场的扩散起着相反的作用,两者在发展的过程中相互竞争,在不同的阶段分别起着主导作用。     

100 kA微秒导通时间等离子体断路开关研究

 研制了最大导通电流约为100 kA的微秒导通时间等离子体断路开关,开展了该导通电流下的等离子体断路开关性能实验,得到的负载电流上升时间为54-76 ns,最高开关电压为1.38 MV,最高电压倍增系数达到4.9。建立了导通阶段开关区等离子体运动的二维雪耙模型,初步数值模拟结果表明,该模型对目前开展的实验有较好的预估能力。     

气体触发开关击穿过程的光学测量实验研究

文章首先介绍了气体触发开关的三电极结构,SFC-PR0超高速相机的主要性能参数和使用HSFC-PR0超高速相机进行气体触发开关的击穿过程的光学测量实验的实验设计,并利用ANSYS软件对触发开关三电极导通过程进行静电场模拟.初步实验结果表明,气体触发开关击穿过程可分为两个阶段,即触发极与正电极击穿后再与负电极击穿,实验结果与静电场模拟结论一致.该气体触发开关在2411s时正负电极已完全击穿导通,击穿过程迅速,并且击穿导通过程在10.5μs以上,至4.5μs时间内正负电极之间放电火花依次明显增强,而6至10.5μs内放电火花依次减弱,到10.5μs时放电火花最弱,气体触发开关击穿导通过程基本结束.实验证明,超高速相机是研究开关快速击穿放电导通过程的有效手段,本实验为进一步研究高压开关击穿导通过程并提高开关耐压性能提供了参考.     

气体触发开关击穿过程的光学测量实验研究

文章首先介绍了气体触发开关的三电极结构, HSFC-PRO超高速相机的主要性能参数和使用HSFC-PRO超高速相机进行气体触发开关的击穿过程的光学测量实验的实验设计, 并利用ANSYS软件对触发开关三电极导通过程进行静电场模拟. 初步实验结果表明, 气体触发开关击穿过程可分为两个阶段, 即触发极与正电极击穿后再与负电极击穿, 实验结果与静电场模拟结论一致. 该气体触发开关在24ns时正负电极已完全击穿导通, 击穿过程迅速, 并且击穿导通过程在10.5μs以上, 0至4.5μs时间内正负电极之间放电火花依次明显增强, 而6至10.5μs内放电火花依次减弱, 到10.5μs时放电火花最弱, 气体触发开关击穿导通过程基本结束. 实验证明, 超高速相机是研究开关快速击穿放电导通过程的有效手段, 本实验为进一步研究高压开关击穿导通过程并提高开关耐压性能提供了参考.     

局域热源对磁岛热输运的影响

研究托卡马克等离子体磁岛内的热输运行为.应用局域高斯热源对磁岛加热来模拟电子回旋共振加热.对同时存在背景热源与局域高斯热源的情况,观察局域高斯热源对径向电子温度分布及热输运产生的变化,分析局域高斯热源对温度扰动及磁岛约束能量的影响.     

Two-Dimensional MHD Simulations of Magnetic Field Penetration in the Plasma Opening Switch

Three mechanisms for anomalous magnetic field penetration have been investigated in computer simulations of Sandia's plasma opening switch (POS). The POS simulations have been performed using the two-dimensional (2-D) two-temperature single-fluid magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) code HAM [1], [2]. The three penetration mechanisms considered are 1) the Chodura model based on the ion-acoustic instability where the saturated value of the anomalous collision frequency is approximated by the ion plasma frequency; 2) a model based on the lower hybrid instability in which the anomalous collision frequency is proportional to both the ion plasma frequency and the electron drift velocity; and 3) a model that limits the ion drift velocity to the plasma influx velocity. Two-dimensional MHD calculations of the POS will be presented which show these models to be qualitatively similar for densities above a few 1013 cm-3, though at lower densities they can be quite different. The calculations are compared to experiments, and some agreement is seen with the lower hybrid model. The other models compare only marginally to experimental results.     

非均匀磁场约束条件下的电子束空气等离子体特性

为了揭示大气环境电子束等离子体的性质,基于蒙特卡罗程序包Geant4建立了一个包含电离、激发以及轫致辐射等物理过程的计算模型,用于模拟非均匀磁场约束条件下高能强流稳态电子束的输运特性、以及大气环境等离子体的性质。结果表明:非均匀磁场可以有效控制电子束在空气中的输运轨迹,显著降低电子束的发散;随着电子束在空气中行程的增加,电子束能谱开始展宽并向低能区移动;输运装置出口能量损失比电子束射程末端高2个量级,且随着电子束输运距离的增加,等离子体密度降低;等离子体密度的高低与电子束能量直接相关。     

带辅助磁场等离子体断路开关的数值模拟

 利用全电磁网格粒子方法模拟了外加磁场对等离子体断路开关（POS）断路性能的影响，给出了电压倍增系数与外加磁场的关系曲线。数值模拟表明，外加轴向磁场线圈必须放在同轴型POS阴极的同侧才能显著改善开关的断路性能；当外加角向磁场时，内电极为阴、阳极的同轴型POS的断路性能都得到了不同程度的改善。随着外加磁场的增大，电压倍增系数将达到饱和。     

等离子体融断开关磁场Hall渗透机制的模拟研究

 利用自行研制的2-1/2维全电磁柱坐标粒子模拟程序对等离子体融断开关磁场渗透机制进行了模拟研究。模拟结果表明在磁场Hall渗透机制特征长度远远小于等离子体离子的无碰撞趋肤深度的条件下,等离子体内部磁场渗透过程主要由电子流体运动的Hall项来控制。对于等离子体空间分布存在较大的密度梯度的物理问题,必须考虑二维空间特性对磁场渗透速度的影响。在磁场已渗透经过的等离子体区域中,等离子体呈现非电中性,离子受静电场的作用会加速运动到达阴极,最终形成真空鞘层。     

Effect of magnetic field on plasma control during CO2 laser welding

During high power CO₂ laser beam welding, the plasma above the keyhole has a shielding effect that it not only absorbs part of the laser energy but also defocuses the laser beam. As a result, the welding efficiency and the aspect ratio of the welds are influenced. In order to reduce the effect of plasma, helium as a plasma control gas has been used successfully and effectively. However, the cost of helium in Southeast Asia is extremely high and therefore the production cost is significantly increased when helium is used as a continuous bleeding plasma control gas. To search for an alternative plasma control technique, feasibility in using magnetic effect as a control tool is explored in this paper. The influences of the magnetic field strength, laser power, welding speed, field direction and shielding gas (e.g. helium and argon) on the penetration depth and the width of bead were also investigated. Experimental results indicated that the magnetic field can influence the shielding effect of the plasma without using plasma control gas. It was found that at a suitable magnetic field strength the penetration depth was increased by about 7%, but no significant difference on the width of bead was found. Moreover, it was shown that the plasma control effect can be achieved at low magnetic field strength and the penetration depth can be increased significantly under argon atmosphere.     

“强光一号”等离子体断路开关及负载的数值计算

 等离子体断路开关（POS）是“强光一号”加速器产生短脉冲γ射线的关键器件之一。应用POS融蚀模型分析了“强光一号”加速器POS与二极管系统的基本工作过程，通过该模型计算获得了POS与二极管系统的总电流以及电子束电流，计算结果与实验结果吻合较好。计算结果表明，“强光一号”POS在工作时并未达到完全磁绝缘状态，其阻抗最终为21.5 Ω，约有60％总电流在二极管负载导通时流过POS，且融蚀模型对POS阻抗增长预测偏高，但由于电流变化较大，二极管负载电压仍能达到4.5 MV左右。     

Energy release in corona magnetic loops

It is found that thin magnetic tubes of radius about 10⁷-10⁸ cm and longitudinal current 10¹¹-10¹² A can be generated under the conditions of convective flows in the solar photosphere. Moreover, the so-called “magnetic holes”, cylindrical magnetic structures with magnetic field decreasing towards the center, can be formed in divergent convective (Evershed) flows. It is shown that the steady-state Joule energy release (dissipation) at the photospheric footpoints of a magnetic tube increase towards the tube periphery in the upper photosphere and can exceed the optical radiation losses. In particular, this can lead to the occurrence of magnetic tubes with hot external envelopes. We consider two models of magnetic flaring loops in the active region. One model describes the explosive energy release in an individual loop caused by the penetration of the dense partially ionized plasma of a prominence into the magnetic tube (in the upper part of the loop) due to flute instability or the penetration of the surrounding chromospheric plasma (in the chromospheric part of the loop). The inflow of these plasmas destroys the force-free structure of the magnetic tube and switches on an efficient mechanism of energy release due to ion-atom collisions in a non-steady-state plasma. We studied the dynamics of the joule energy release in such processes. The second model of flaring energy release is based on the global approach in the study of the dynamics and energetics of solar active regions with allowance for their complex self-consistent evolution. The structure of the magnetic field of an active region was represented as an ensemble of inductively coupled current-carrying magnetic loops interacting with each other. Each loop, in turn, was simulated by an equivalent electric circuit with variable parameters as a function of the shape, scale, and position of the loop in the ensemble as well as of the plasma temperature and density in the magnetic tube. Using this model, we showed that a rising magnetic loop can cause thermal flare-like heating of one loop and cooling of other loops in the ensemble. Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 40, Nos. 1–2, pp. 176–212, January–February, 1997.     

Plasma diffusion across a magnetic field

Using a simple model of a slowly diffusing plasma across a strong magnetic field, it is demonstrated that plasma mass and energy evolves from an initially given density and temperature distribution into isothermal state with a self-similar diffusion profile that depends only on its initial mass and energy.     

Anisotropic ion heating and tail generation during tearing mode magnetic reconnection in a high-temperature plasma

Complementary measurements of ion energy distributions in a magnetically confined high-temperature plasma show that magnetic reconnection results in both anisotropic ion heating and the generation of suprathermal ions. The anisotropy, observed in the C(+6) impurity ions, is such that the temperature perpendicular to the magnetic field is larger than the temperature parallel to the magnetic field. The suprathermal tail appears in the majority ion distribution and is well described by a power law to energies 10 times the thermal energy. These observations may offer insight into the energization process.     

Plasma Opening Switch Development for the Particle Beam Fusion Accelerator II (PBFA II)

We have conducted plasma opening switch (POS) experiments on Sandia National Laboratories' new Particle Beam Fusion Accelerator II (PBFA II) (12 MV, 100 TW, 50 ns), on the Supermite accelerator (2 MV, 2 TW, 50 ns) and on the Naval Research Laboratory's Gamble II accelerator (1.8 MV, 1.6 TW, 70 ns). The POS systems on the PBFA II and Supermite accelerators use a newly developed flashboard plasma source to provide the plasma necessary to conduct the large (> 1 MA) currents produced by these accelerators. In the Supermite experiments, the plasma opening switch conducted currents of up to 1 MA before opening in less than 10 ns into an electron beam load. These experiments achieved significant voltage gain relative to the voltage across a matched load. In experiments on Gamble II, power gains of up to 1.7 were achieved using a POS in a strongly coaxial geometry (router/rinner = 2) with a large magnetic field at the cathode. The POS system on PBFA II is unique because of its size and voltage. This POS system is designed to conduct over 6 MA before opening. In present experiments it has conducted currents of 4-5 MA for over 50 ns.