Selektive Synthesen zu 1′-aryl-, 1′-hetaryl-und 1′-alkylsubstituierten 3-Vinylindolen

Selective methods for deriving 1-aryl-, 1-indolyl-, 1-pyrrolyl- and 1-methyl-substituted 3-vinylindoles2 are described. In all cases the precursors were 3-acylindoles. The new compounds are synthetically useful synthons for annelation of the indole skeleton.

     

Redox-neutral manganese-catalyzed synthesis of 1-pyrrolines

This report describes a manganese-catalyzed radical [3 + 2] cyclization of cyclopropanols and oxime ethers, leading to valuable multi-functional 1-pyrrolines. In this redox-neutral process, the oxime ethers function as internal oxidants and H-donors. The reaction involves sequential rupture of C–C, C–H and N–O bonds and proceeds under mild conditions. This intermolecular protocol provides an efficient approach for the synthesis of structurally diverse 1-pyrrolines.

Described herein is a novel manganese-catalyzed radical [3 + 2] cyclization of cyclopropanols and oxime ethers, leading to valuable multi-functionalized 1-pyrrolines.

Pyrroline and its derivatives appear frequently as the core of the structure of natural products and biologically active molecules (Fig. 1A).¹ Such compounds also serve as versatile feedstocks in various transformations, such as 1,3-dipolar cyclization, ring opening, reduction and oxidation, leading to diverse and valuable compounds.^2–4 Over the past few decades, great effort has been devoted to the preparation of pyrrolines. This has resulted in several elegant approaches that rely on photoredox catalysis (Fig. 1B).⁵ The groups of Studer,^5a,b Leonori,^5c and Loh^5d–f disclosed intramolecular addition of the intermediate iminyl radical to alkenes to construct pyrrolines. Generally, the synthetic value of a method can be further improved by using an intermolecular reaction pattern. For example, Alemán et al. recently reported a radical-polar cascade reaction involving the addition to ketimines of alkyl radicals formed in hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reactions.^5g That the existence of benzylic C–H bonds in the substrates is requisite for the HAT, compromises the substrate scope. Despite the appealing photochemical processes, development of new redox approaches to enrich the product diversity of pyrrolines, especially with inexpensive transition-metal catalysts, is still in demand.Open in a separate windowFig. 1(A) Importance of pyrrolines, and (B and C) synthetic approaches to pyrrolines.Prompted by extensive applications of cyclopropanols in synthesis⁶ and our achievements in manganese-catalyzed ring-opening reactions,⁷ we conceived a radical [3 + 2] cyclization using cyclopropanol as a C3 synthon and oxime ethers as a nitrogen source (Fig. 1C). Hypothetically, single-electron oxidation of cyclopropanol by Mnⁿ generates the β-keto radical (I), which undergoes a radical [3 + 2] cascade reaction with an oxime ether to give the alkoxy radical species (II). Conversion of II to the intermediate (III), the pyrroline precursor, requires an extra H-donor to support a HAT process and an oxidant for recovery of Mnⁿ to perpetuate the catalytic cycle. In this scenario, the strategic inclusion of oxime ether is crucial to the overall transformation. The oxime ether is not only an internal oxidant and H-donor, but should also be subject to in situ deprotection by cleaving the N–O bond during the reaction. The choice of a proper Mnⁿ/Mnⁿ⁻¹ pair with suitable redox potentials is also vital to the catalytic cycle.Herein, we provide proof-of-principle studies for this hypothesis. The desired radical [3 + 2] cyclization of cyclopropanols and O-benzyl oxime ethers is accomplished with manganese catalysis. This redox-neutral process involves sequential rupture of C–C, C–H, and N–O bonds under mild conditions. The intermolecular protocol provides an ingenious approach to the synthesis of multi-functionalized 1-pyrrolines.With these considerations in mind, phenylcyclopropanol (1a) and oxime ether (2a) were initially chosen as model substrates to evaluate reaction parameters in the presence of manganese salt ( N bond of 2a (entry 2). The optimization of organic solvents was then conducted (entries 3–8), and it was found that the use of fluorinated alcohols, such as trifluoroethanol (TFE) and hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) as solvents provided excellent yields (entries 7 and 8). Decreasing the amount of Mn(acac)₃ to 1.2 equiv. gave a comparable yield (entry 9), but further reducing the amount compromised the yield (entry 10). Replacing Mn(acac)₃ with Mn(OAc)₃ or MnCl₂ significantly decreased the reaction yield (entries 11 and 12). However, the use of Mn(acac)₂ gave a similar yield to Mn(acac)₃ (entries 13 vs. 9). The above results prompted us to think over the counteranion effect that the acetylacetone (acac) anion may be requisite to the reaction. Indeed, the synergistic use of stoichiometric MnCl₂ and acetylacetone led to a good yield of the desired product (entry 14). More importantly, a comparable yield was obtained with only 0.2 equiv. of MnCl₂ and added acetylacetone, realizing this reaction under a catalytic amount of Mn salts (entry 15). Given that the low solubility of the Mn salt may lead to poor efficiency, a reaction with 0.067 M concentration was carried out and gave a 89% yield (entry 16). Further reducing the amount of acetylacetone to 1.0 equiv. had no influence on the outcome of the reaction (entry 17), but the reaction efficiency slightly decreased when 0.6 equiv. of acetylacetone was used as the additive (entry 18). Use of a decreased amount (1.0 equiv.) of acetic acid led to the best yield (91%, entry 19), whereas the reaction in the presence of 0.5 equiv. acetic acid (entry 20) or without acetic acid (entry 21) also gave high yields. It is noted that acetic acid is not crucial to the reaction using MnCl₂ as catalyst, as the reaction could generate cat. HCl in situ. The reaction with substoichiometric amount (0.6 equiv.) of acac gave a decreased but also good yield (entry 22). Reducing the catalytic loading of MnCl₂ to 10 mol% slightly compromised the yield (entry 23).Optimization of the synthesis of 1-pyrrolines

Entrya	Mn salt (equiv.)	Additive (equiv.)	Solvent	Yield (%)
1	Mn(acac)3 (1.7)	None	CH3CN	33
2b	Mn(acac)3 (1.7)	None	CH3CN	Trace
3	Mn(acac)3 (1.7)	None	DCM	31
4	Mn(acac)3 (1.7)	None	Acetone	25
5	Mn(acac)3 (1.7)	None	DMSO	Trace
6	Mn(acac)3 (1.7)	None	DMF	Trace
7	Mn(acac)3 (1.7)	None	TFE	80
8	Mn(acac)3 (1.7)	None	HFIP	82
9	Mn(acac)3 (1.2)	None	HFIP	83
10	Mn(acac)3 (0.9)	None	HFIP	55
11	Mn(OAc)3·2H2O (1.2)	None	HFIP	36
12	MnCl2 (1.2)	None	HFIP	Trace
13	Mn(acac)2 (1.2)	None	HFIP	88
14	MnCl2 (1.2)	acac (3.6)	HFIP	80
15	MnCl2 (0.2)	acac (3.6)	HFIP	81
16c	MnCl2 (0.2)	acac (3.6)	HFIP	89
17c	MnCl2 (0.2)	acac (1.0)	HFIP	89
18c	MnCl2 (0.2)	acac (0.6)	HFIP	83
19c,d	MnCl2 (0.2)	acac (1.0)	HFIP	91
20c,e	MnCl2 (0.2)	acac (1.0)	HFIP	83
21c,b	MnCl2 (0.2)	acac (1.0)	HFIP	80
22c,d	MnCl2 (0.2)	acac (0.6)	HFIP	82
23c,d	MnCl2 (0.1)	acac (1.0)	HFIP	81

Open in a separate window^aReaction conditions: 1a (0.45 mmol), 2a (0.3 mmol), AcOH (2.0 equiv.), and Mn salt (as shown) in solvent (2.0 mL), at room temperature (rt) under N₂, for 16 h.^bWithout AcOH.^c0.067 M reaction.^d1.0 equiv. AcOH.^e0.5 equiv. AcOH. acac = acetylacetone.With the optimized conditions in hand for the synthesis of 1-pyrrolines, the compatibility of various cyclopropanols was inspected (Scheme 1). Common functional groups on the phenyl ring, including halides (3b–3d), ester (3f), ether (3j), were compatible under the reaction conditions. Regardless of the presence of electron-withdrawing or -donating substituents at the para-position of this phenyl ring, the reactions readily proceeded with generally high yields (3b–3j). The cyclopropanol (1k) with an ortho-methyl substituent underwent a cyclization reaction with excellent yield, demonstrating that steric effects had little effect on product of the reaction (3k). By replacing the phenyl group with a naphthyl or thienyl group, the corresponding products (3l and 3m) were produced with slightly lower yields. When 2-substituted cyclopropanols were utilized, these reactions gave rise to a portfolio of trisubstituted 1-pyrrolines (3n–3u).The relative configuration of 3u was determined by comparison with a reported structure.⁸ Remarkably, this protocol provided a convenient method for the construction of an N-containing spiro skeleton (3t). The reaction with alkyl cyclopropanols could also furnish the desired products (3v–3x) smoothly and with good yields.Open in a separate windowScheme 1Scope of cyclopropanols. Reaction conditions: 1 (0.3 mmol), 2a (0.2 mmol), AcOH (0.2 mmol), MnCl₂ (0.04 mmol), and acac (0.2 mmol) in HFIP (3.0 mL), at rt under N₂. The d.r. values were determined by ¹H NMR analysis with crude reaction mixture, and major isomers are shown with relative configurations. ^aThe reaction is scaled up for 10 times.Next, we studied the scope of oxime ethers (Scheme 2). Steric hindrance from the ester moiety in the oxime ethers appeared not to influence the reaction outcome. Oxime ethers bearing various esters, such as phenyl (3y), biphenyl (3z and 3ab), 2-naphthyl (3aa), 2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl (3ac and 3ad), and 2,6-dimethylphenyl (3ae) esters all reacted smoothly. In addition, the substrate with tert-butyl ester also readily underwent cyclization to afford the desired product 3af with excellent yield. Remarkably, the trifluoromethyl-substituted pyrroline (3ag) was afforded almost quantitatively from the corresponding ketoxime ether. However, if the trifluoromethyl group was replaced by a methyl or phenyl group, the reaction failed to give rise to the desired product (3ah or 3ai), and this might be attributed to poorer electrophilic nature of the methyl or phenyl substituted substrate.Open in a separate windowScheme 2Scope of oxime ethers. Reaction conditions: 1 (0.3 mmol), 2 (0.2 mmol), AcOH (0.2 mmol), MnCl₂ (0.04 mmol), and acac (0.2 mmol) in HFIP (3.0 mL), at rt under N₂. The d.r. values were determined by ¹H NMR analysis with crude reaction mixture, and major isomers are shown with relative configurations.To illustrate the utility of this protocol, we carried out a set of synthetic applications using 1-pyrroline (3a) (Scheme 3). Upon treatment with acetyl chloride and pyridine at 42 °C, 1-pyrroline (3a) could be readily converted into the acyclic amino acid derivative (4). The reaction between 3a and LiAlH₄ gave rise smoothly to the corresponding alcohol (5). In the presence of 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquin-4-one (DDQ) and triethylamine, the 2,5-disubstituted pyrrole (6) was obtained. Moreover, treatment of 3a with MeOTf and NaBH₄ delivered the N-methyl proline derivative (7).⁹Open in a separate windowScheme 3Synthetic applications. Reaction conditions: (a) AcCl, pyridine, dry DCE, 42 °C, 63% yield; (b) LiAlH₄, THF, reflux, 90% yield; (c) DDQ, Et₃N, DCM, rt, 53% yield; (d) MeOTf, DCM, and then NaBH₄, THF, 40% yield, cis : trans = 6.6 : 1.To probe the mechanistic pathways, we performed a radical trapping experiment in the presence of 2.0 equiv. of radical scavenger TEMPO. The radical trapping product (8) was detected by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) (Scheme 4A, top). In addition, the reaction was obviously suppressed when 1,1-diphenylethylene was added under standard condition (Scheme 4A, bottom). These results suggested that this process engaged in a radical pathway. Kinetic studies illustrated that the reaction immediately started with 20 mol% Mn(acac)₂ but an approximate 15 min of induction period was appeared by using Mn(acac)₃, which probably indicated that the reaction was initiated with Mn(ii) rather than Mn(iii), and the Mn(ii)/Mn(i) cycle might be involved in the transformation (Scheme 4B, for details see ESI^†).Open in a separate windowScheme 4(A and B) Mechanistic studies, and (C) proposed mechanism.On the basis of these results, a plausible mechanism for this radical process was proposed in Scheme 4C. Initially, the interaction between cyclopropanol (1a) and Mn(ii) salt gives rise to the alkoxy manganese species (I), which undergoes a ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) process, leading to the alkoxy radical (II).^5f Subsequent ring-opening of the alkoxyl radical (II) provides the alkyl radical (III). The addition of intermediate (III) to the oxime ether, possibly activated by HFIP or HOAc, furnishes the N-centered radical (IV), which intramolecularly attacks the ketone to afford a new alkoxy radical (V).¹⁰ The subsequent 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) process delivers the alkyl radical (VI) at the α-position adjacent to the O atom, thus driving N–O bond cleavage to generate the N-centered radical (VII),^5b,11 and benzaldehyde which was detected by TLC. This radical intermediate (VII) undergoes a single electron transfer (SET) mediated by the reduced-state Mn(i) species, and protonation to yield the cyclic pyrrolidine (VIII). Finally, dehydration of this intermediate produces 1-pyrroline (3a).     

Inelastic neutron scattering on a d1-d1-2 mixed-valence trimer cluster

We have carried out the calculations for inelastic neutron scattering spectra for thermal neutrons scattering on amixed-valence trimer d¹-d¹-d² cluster, and we have investigated the selection rules. The forbidden transitions include the A₁ A₂ transitions, independently of spin, as well as the¹A₂ ¹E transition. The rest of the transitions with S = 0, 1 are allowed, and in turn are subdivided according to intensity into strong and weak transitions. The scattering cross sections of the latter include the differences in the form factors of the mixedvalence ions (the indicated form factors are close) and are small in magnitude. The scattering cross sections and the line positions in the spectrum depend considerably on the tunneling and exchange parameters of the cluster.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 329–332, May–June, 1989.     

Heats of solution of 1∶1 electrolytes in 1-propanol,and derived enthalpies of transfer from water

Heats of solution of 13 11 electrolytes in 1-propanol have been determined calorimetrically at various electrolyte concentrations, and extrapolated to zero concentration to give H _s ^o values for these electrolytes. Together with literature data on three additional 11 electrolytes, these measurements yield a self-consistent set of single-ion enthalpies of transfer from water to 1-propanol. Values are tabulated for 10 univalent cations and five univalent anions. It is shown that the H _t ^o (Ph ₄ As⁺)=H _t ^o (Ph ₄ B^–) assumption yields chemically reasonable single-ion values. Using this assumption, it may be deduced that all the univalent ions studied have about the same enthalpy in 1-propanol as in methanol.     

Triterpene glycosides ofHedera canariensis. I. Structures of glycosides L-A,L-B1, L-B2, L-C,L-D,L-E1 1, L-G1, L-G2, L-G3, L-G4, L-H1, L-H2, AND L-I1 from the leaves ofHedera canariensis

From the leaves of Algerian ivyHedera canariensis Willd. (fam. Aralaceae) we have isolated 13 triterpene glycosides: the 3-O--L-arabinopyranosides of oleanolic acid (A), of echinocystic acid (B₁), and of hederagenin (B₂); the 3-O-[O--L-rhamnopyranosyl-(2)--L-arabinopyranoside]s of oleanolic acid (C), of echinocystic acid (D), and of hederagenin (E₁); the 3-O--L-rhamnopyranoside] 28-O-[O--L-rhamnopyranosyl-(14)--gentiobioside of hederagenin (G₁); the 3-O-[O--L-rhamnopyranosyl-(12)--L-arabinopyranoside] 28-O--gentiobioside of hederagenin (G3); the 3-O-[O--L-rhamnopyranosyl-(12)--L-arabinopyranoside] 28-O-[O--L-rhamnopyranosyl-(14)--gentiobioside]s of oleanolic acid (G₂), of echinocystic acid (H₁), and of hederagenin (H₂); the 3-O-[O--L-rhanmopyranosyl-(12)--D-glucopyranoside] 28-O-(O--L-rhamno-pyranosyl-(14)--gentiobioside] of hederagenin (H₂); and the 3-O-(O--L-rhamnopyranosyl-(12)-O-gentiobiosyl)-O-(14)--L-rhamnopyranosyl-(12)-a-L-arabinopyranoside] of hederagenin (G₄). The structures of the substances isolated have been established on the basis of chemical transformations and¹³C NMR spectroscopy.Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 3, pp. 377–383, May–June, 1996. Original article submitted December 3, 1995.     

Electroreduction of anions on chemically etched and electrochemically polished Bi(1 1 1) electrode

Electroreduction kinetics of to anions at chemically etched (CHE) and electrochemically polished (EP) Bi(1 1 1) electrodes has been studied using rotating disc electrode method. The surface nanostructure of CHE Bi(1 1 1) and EP Bi(1 1 1) electrodes has been studied by in situ STM and the very different values of root mean squared roughness (Rms) have been obtained (1000 times higher for CHE Bi(1 1 1) (Rms  143 nm) than for EP Bi(1 1 1) (Rms  0.145 nm)). The influence of the nanoroughness of CHE Bi(1 1 1) on the current density, heterogeneous reaction rate constant and corrected Tafel plots (cTp) has been demonstrated. For CHE Bi(1 1 1) the more pronounced inhibition of electroreduction reaction at moderate negative surface charge density has been observed in comparison with EP Bi(1 1 1), caused by the differences in surface charge density and also in diffuse layer ψ₀ potential drop values at crystallographically different homogeneous regions (planes) exposed at the surface of the macroheterogeneous polycrystalline CHE Bi(1 1 1) surface. The very low apparent transfer coefficient α_app obtained indicates the nearly activationless charge transfer mechanism for electroreduction at the CHE Bi(1 1 1) electrode similarly to EP Bi(1 1 1). However, α_app only very weakly depends on Rms for the Bi electrodes at high negative surface charge densities where the values of ψ₀ potential are nearly equal for different planes at fixed electrode potential. At very high negative surface charge densities the cationic catalysis through the adsorbed ion pairs is possible.     

Synthesis of Sybstituted Isoxazoles and Pyrazoles Based on 1-Aryl-3,4,4-trichloro-3-buten-1-ones

3-Aryl-5-methylenehydroxyiminoisoxazoles were synthesized by reaction of 1-aryl-3,4,4-trichloro-3-buten-1-ones with hydroxylamine. Reactions of ketones with hydrazine provided pyrazole structures; therewith two pyrazole molecules underwent coupling affording 3-arylpyrazole-5-carbaldehyde azines.     

Acylation of benzimidazole by the regel-buechel method. 2. Deacylation and dissociation of 1-methyl-3-acyl-2-(1′-methyl-2′-benzimidazolyl)-4-benzimidazolines

With excess acyl halide 1-methyl-3-acyl-2-(1-methyl-2-benzimidazolyl)-4-benzimidazoline is converted to an unstable 1-methyl-3-acyl-2-(1-methyl-3-acyl-4-benzimidazolin-2-yl)benzimidazolium chloride, which undergoes intramolecular redox cleavage with the formation of 1,1-dimethyl-2,2-dibenzimidazolyl and an aldehyde and dissociates at the C-C bond that connects the benzimidazolium and benzimidazoline fragments into a carbene yield and a 1-methyl-3-acylbenzimidazolium chloride.See [1] for communication 1.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 3, pp. 339–342, March, 1987.     

Triterpene glycosides ofScheffleropsis angkae. II. Structure of glycosides L-E1, L-E2, L-K1, and L-K2

The structures of four triterpene glycosides from leaves ofScheffleropsis angkae (Araliaceae) are established using chemical and NMR methods. The structures 3-O--D-glucopyranosyl-(1-3)-O--L-arabinopyranosides of oleanic and ursolic acids and their 28-O--L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-4)-O--gentiobiosyl ethers are proposed for L-E₁, L-E₂, L-K₁, and L-K₂, respectively. L-K₁ and L-K₂ are new triterpene glycosides.Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 3, pp. 239–241, May–June, 2000.     

1-Aryl-6-azauracile, 4. Mitt.: Die Synthese des 1-Phenyl-5-[5′-methyl-1′,2′,4′-oxdiazolyl-(3′)]-6-azauracils und einiger seiner Derivate

Zusammenfassung Arylhydrazon-cyanacetylcarbamidsäureäthylester (I) wurde durch Einwirkung einer Na₂CO₃-Lösung auf 1-Aryl-5-cyan-6-azauracile (II)^1,2 cyclisiert. Nitrile (II) wurden durch Addition von Hydroxylamin in entsprechende Amidoxime (III) übergeführt, welche durch Kochen mit Acetanhydrid die zugehörigen 1-Aryl-5-[5-methyl-1,2,4-oxdiazolyl(3)]-6-azauracile (IV) lieferten.

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Aryl hydrazone-cyanoacetylcarbamic acid ethyl esters (I) have been cyclized in Na₂CO₃ soln. yielding 1-aryl-5-cyano-6-azauraciles (II)^1,2. Addition of NH₂OH to the nitriles (II) gave the corresponding amidoximes (III), which by refluxing with Ac₂O were converted to the corresponding 1-aryl-5-[5-methyl-1, 2, 4-oxdiazolyl(3)]-6-azauraciles (IV).

     

Synthesis and NMR analysis of 2,4-dichloro-1-pentene and of 2,4-dichloro-1-pentene-1-d1

The compound 2,4-dichloro-1-pentene-1-d₁ ( 1 ) was synthesized starting from and CH?CNa. In the last stage of the synthesis on activated carbon-HgCl₂ catalyst), ( 3 ) were formed together with ( 1 ). The NMR parameters of ( 1 ), its cis and trans isomers and ( 2 ) were obtained in C₆D₆ solution at 100 MHz. Theoretical spectra of ( 1 ) at 60 MHz were simulated with the aid of a computer, using as input the NMR parameters obtained at 100 MHz and good agreement with the experiment was obtained.     

Molecular structure and conformational composition of 1-Chlorobutane, 1-Bromobutane,and 1-Iodobutane as determined by gas-phase electron diffraction and ab initio calculations

Gas-phase electron diffraction (ED), together with ab initio molecular orbital calculations, have been used to determine the structure and conformational composition of 1-chlorobutane, 1-bromobutane, and 1-iodobutane. These molecules may in principle exist as mixtures of five different conformers, but only three or four of these were observed in gas phase at temperatures of the ED experiments, 18C, 18C, and 23C, respectively. The observed conformational compositions (1-chlorobutane, 1-bromobutane, and 1-iodobutane) were AA (13 ± 12%, 21 ± 14%, 19 ± 17%), GA (60±13%, 33±32%, 17±31%), AG (12±16%, 8±12%, <1%), and GG (12 ±16%, 38± 34%, 64±31%). A and G denotesanti andgauche positions for the X-C₁-C₂-C₃ (X=Cl, Br, I), and the C₁-C₂-C₃-C₄ torsion angles. The results for the most important distances (r _g) and angles () from the combined ED/ab initio study for the GA conformer of 1-chlorobutane, with estimated 2 uncertainties, arer(C₁-C₂)=1.519(3)å,r (C₂-C₃)=1.530(3) å,r (C₃-C₄)=1.543(3) å,r (C₁-Cl)=1.800(4) å, <C₁C₂C₃=114.3(6), <C₂C₃C₄=112.0(6), <CCCl=112.3(5). The results for the GA conformer of 1-bromobutane arer (C₁-C₂)=1.513(4) å,r (C₂-C₃)=1.526(4) å,r (C₃-C₄)=1.540(4) å,r(C₁-Br)=1.959(8) å, <C₁C₂C₃=115.3(11), <C₂C₃C₄=112.8(11),<CCBr=112.1(14). The results for 1-chlorobutane and 1-bromobutane are compared with those from earlier electron diffraction investigations. The results for the GA conformer of 1-iodobutane arer (C₁-C₂)=1.506(5) å,r (C₂-C₃)=1.518(5) å,r (C₃-C₄)=1.535(5) å,r (C₁-I)=2.133(11) å, <C₁C₂C₃=116.8(15), <C₂C₃C₄=115.3(15), <CCI=110.2(14). Differences in length between the different C-H bonds in each molecule, between the different C-C bonds, between the different CCH angles, and between the different CCC angles were kept constant at the values obtained from the ab initio calculations.