Cu-Mn-Si 催化剂在环己醇脱氢和糠醛加氢耦合反应中的研究: 沉淀pH值和焙烧温度的影响

采用共沉淀法制备了Cu-Mn-Si催化剂,并将其应用于常压气相环己醇脱氢和糠醛加氢耦合反应中,考察了沉淀pH值和焙烧温度对耦合反应的影响。沉淀pH值对糠醛加氢制2 甲基呋喃反应影响不大,但对环己酮的选择性影响较大。pH值在7.5~10.0制备的催化剂具有优良的反应性能。焙烧温度的提高,导致催化剂的比表面积减小,孔径变大,铜的比表面积下降,还原温度提高。在耦合一体化反应中,环己醇脱氢制备环己酮反应受焙烧温度影响不大,但糠醛转化率和2 甲基呋喃选择性随着焙烧温度的提高而减小。     

焙烧温度对CuO/Fe2O3/ZrO2甲醇水蒸气重整制氢催化剂性能的影响

采用XRD、TPR和EXAFS等手段，考察了焙烧温度对CuO/Fe2O3/ZrO2物化性能和甲醇水蒸气重整制氢活性及其选择性的影响。结果表明，催化剂中氧化铜的晶粒随着焙烧温度的提高而增大，铜的配位环境发生变化。在焙烧温度623K－723K范围内，对甲醇水蒸气重整反应的甲醇转化率和氢选择性影响较小，其结构参数变化值较小。当焙烧温度提高到923K时，催化剂的活性因ZrO2晶化和铜组分的聚焦而显著降低。结果铁的加入使ZrO2的相变温度向后推移，并且有效地阻止了CuO颗粒的聚集。     

焙烧温度对Fe-Mn催化剂结构和F-T合成性能影响

研究了焙烧温度对Fischer-Tropsch(F-T)合成Fe-Mn催化剂的织构性质、还原行为以及在还原和反应过程中结构变化的影响；在H2/CO=2.0、260 ℃、2.5 MPa和1 000 h－1条件下在固定床反应器上考察了焙烧温度对Fe-Mn催化剂F-T合成反应活性、烃产物选择性和运行稳定性的影响。XRD和TPR结果表明，随着焙烧温度的升高，催化剂中α-Fe2O3晶粒增大，催化剂比表面积降低，促进Mn3+渗入α-Fe2O3晶格中，形成了铁锰固溶体物相，使得催化剂难于还原，当焙烧温度升高到700 ℃时，催化剂中的α-Mn2O3相完全消失。催化剂F-T合成反应评价表明，在不降低催化剂活性的同时，焙烧温度的升高可显著地提高催化剂的反应运行稳定性，并促使烃产物分布向高碳数方向偏移；600 ℃焙烧的Fe-Mn催化剂运行200 h，总体活性高，失活速率较低，对低碳烯烃和中间馏分油段产物选择性好。     

焙烧温度对含Mg助剂的铁基催化剂F-T合成反应性能的影响

采用连续共沉淀和喷雾干燥技术相结合的方法制备了Mg助剂的Fe/Cu/K/SiO2催化剂,采用N2物理吸附、XRD、MES 和H2-TPR等表征手段,考察了焙烧温度对催化剂比表面积、体相结构和还原性能的影响。结果表明,随着焙烧温度的升高,催化剂的比表面积降低,平均孔径增大,体相中α-Fe2O3晶粒逐渐增大,催化剂变的越来越难还原,其结构更加稳定。在H2/CO （摩尔比）= 2.2、250 ℃、2.0 MPa和2 000 h－1于固定床反应器考察了焙烧温度对该催化剂F-T合成反应性能的影响,结果表明,随着焙烧温度的升高,催化剂的F-T合成反应活性降低,在运行过程中反应活性逐渐增加直至达到平稳,但达到平稳所需的诱导期越来越长;提高焙烧温度使烃产物分布向重质烃方向转移,有利于降低CH4的选择性,促进重质烃的生成。     

Promoter Effect of Potassium on an Iron Catalyst in the Carbon Dioxide Hydrogenation Reaction

Catalysts containing copper, zinc and aluminium oxides are used extensively in hydrogenation reactions, low temperature water-gas shift and low pressure methanol synthesis processes. In the present study, the effects of certain pertinent preparation parameters on catalysts' activity have been studied, applying the saturated fractional factorial experimental design method. The influence of time and temperature of calcination, aging time, the method of mixing of reactant solutions, the nature of the precipitant and the molar ratio of the latter to metal nitrates have been investigated. The catalysts prepared, using sodium carbonate showed higher activities relative to those synthesized by applying sodium hydrogen carbonate. Higher temperatures and longer time of calcination have profound effects on the activity of catalysts prepared, using sodium hydrogen carbonate. Shorter aging times and higher molar ratios of precipitant to metal nitrates promoted the activity of catalysts prepared by sodium carbonate. In case of catalysts synthesized, using sodium hydrogen carbonate as the precipitant, the aging time should be maintained as short as possible in order the catalysts to acquire higher activities.     

溴代甲烷在TiO2上的光催化降解研究

系统地研究了CH₃Br在溶胶-凝胶法制备的TiO₂催化剂上的气相光催化氧化行为,考察了催化剂煅烧温度、催化剂中残留NO-3、反应物料中的水份、反应温度等催化剂制备及反应条件对催化剂反应性能的影响,并结合XRD、BET比表面积和FTIR等表征结果对TiO₂催化剂的反应行为进行了解释.实验结果表明,CH₃Br在TiO₂上的气相光催化氧化是典型的一级反应,表观活化能为13.7kJ/mol.反应初始阶段存在显著的催化剂失活现象,催化剂高温煅烧,NO-3及水等对该反应活性都有明显的抑制作用,提高反应温度有利于改善催化剂的反应性能.     

Gold catalysts for pure hydrogen production in the water-gas shift reaction: activity, structure and reaction mechanism

The production of hydrogen containing very low levels of carbon monoxide for use in polymer electrolyte fuel cells requires the development of catalysts that show very high activity at low temperatures where the equilibrium for the removal of carbon monoxide using the water-gas shift reaction is favourable. It has been claimed that oxide-supported gold catalysts have the required high activity but there is considerable uncertainty in the literature about the feasibility of using these catalysts under real conditions. By comparing the activity of gold catalysts with that of platinum catalysts it is shown that well-prepared gold catalysts are significantly more active than the corresponding platinum catalysts. However, the method of preparation and pre-treatment of the gold catalysts is critical and activity variations of several orders of magnitude can be observed depending on the methods chosen. It is shown that an intimate contact between gold and the oxide support is important and any preparative procedure that does not generate such an interaction, or any subsequent treatment that can destroy such an interaction, may result in catalysts with low activity. The oxidation state and structure of active gold catalysts for the water-gas shift reaction is shown to comprise gold primarily in a zerovalent metallic state but in intimate contact with the support. This close contact between small metallic gold particles and the support may result in the "atoms" at the point of contact having a net charge (most probably cationic) but the high activity is associated with the presence of metallic gold. Both in situ XPS and XANES appear unequivocal on this point and this conclusion is consistent with similar measurements on gold catalysts even when used for CO oxidation. In situ EXAFS measurements under water gas shift conditions show that the active form of gold is a small gold cluster in intimate contact with the oxide support. The importance of the gold/oxide interface is indicated but the possible role of special sites (e.g., edge sites) on the gold clusters cannot be excluded. These may be important for CO oxidation but the fact that water has to be activated in the water gas shift reaction may point towards a more dominant role for the interfacial sites. The mechanism of the water gas shift reaction on gold and other low temperature catalysts has been widely investigated but little agreement exists. However, it is shown that a single "universal" model is consistent with much of the experimental literature. In this, it is proposed that the dominant surface intermediate is a function of reaction conditions. For example, as the temperature is increased the dominant species changes from a carbonate or carboxylate species, to a formate species and eventually at high temperatures to a mechanism that is characteristic of a redox process. Similar changes in the dominant intermediate are observed with changes in the gas composition. Overall, it is shown that reported variations in the kinetics, structure and reaction mechanism for the water gas shift reaction on gold catalysts can now be understood and rationalised.     

焙烧温度对低温水煤气变换Au/Fe2O3催化剂性能的影响

采用改性沉积-沉淀法制备了系列低温水煤气变换Au/Fe2O3催化剂,发现经300℃焙烧的样品具有较好的催化活性和稳定性.并运用N2物理吸附、原位X射线粉末衍射(in situ XRD)、程序升温还原(H2-TPR)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等技术,探讨焙烧温度对催化剂性能的影响机制,同时对样品的失活原因进行了分析.结果表明,催化剂性能与焙烧温度引起的金和载体氧化铁的相互作用以及载体还原性质的变化密切相关.XPS表征结果说明,尽管反应后在催化剂表面有碳酸盐或类碳酸盐物种生成,但半定量分析表明这些物种的形成不是催化剂失活的主要原因;根据在低温水煤气变换反应过程中Au/Fe2O3催化剂的比表面积明显下降,载体的结晶度也明显提高,推断Au/Fe2O3催化剂载体的结构性质的变化才是其失活的主要原因.     

CeO2-Al2O3负载金催化剂用于水煤气变换反应的催化活性

采用浸渍法和沉积 沉淀法制备了CeO₂-Al₂O₃复合氧化物,比较了复合氧化物负载纳米金催化剂对水煤气变换反应的催化活性。通过N2物理吸附、XRD、TEM、H₂-TPR等表征手段对复合氧化物及其负载金催化剂的物相和结构进行分析,发现复合氧化物的制备方法及其焙烧温度对其比表面积、孔结构及水煤气变换反应活性有明显的影响。与沉积 沉淀法相比,浸渍法制备的CeO₂-Al₂O₃复合氧化物具有较大的CeO₂晶粒尺寸,经500℃焙烧后再负载金,所得催化剂具有更高的活性,250℃时CO转化率可达78.1%。     

焙烧温度对低温水煤气变换Au/Fe2O3催化剂性能的影响

采用改性沉积-沉淀法制备了系列低温水煤气变换Au/Fe2O3催化剂, 发现经300 ℃焙烧的样品具有较好的催化活性和稳定性. 并运用N2物理吸附、原位X 射线粉末衍射(in situ XRD)、程序升温还原(H2-TPR)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等技术, 探讨焙烧温度对催化剂性能的影响机制, 同时对样品的失活原因进行了分析. 结果表明, 催化剂性能与焙烧温度引起的金和载体氧化铁的相互作用以及载体还原性质的变化密切相关. XPS表征结果说明, 尽管反应后在催化剂表面有碳酸盐或类碳酸盐物种生成, 但半定量分析表明这些物种的形成不是催化剂失活的主要原因;根据在低温水煤气变换反应过程中Au/Fe2O3催化剂的比表面积明显下降, 载体的结晶度也明显提高, 推断Au/Fe2O3催化剂载体的结构性质的变化才是其失活的主要原因.     

Synthesis of isoamyl acetate usin NaX and NaY zeolites as catalysts

A liquid phase esterification reaction between glacial acetic acid and isoamyl alcohol has been studied using NaX and NaY zeolites as catalysts. The influence of calcination temperature, the amount of catalysts, reaction temperature, time of esterification and the molar ratio of the reactants has been investigated. Water insoluble products have been isolated from the reaction mixture and analyzed for the ester. Both NaX and NaY are found to be active as catalysts in the reaction. However, their catalytic activity varies with the reaction conditions and their calcination temperature. The reaction has been found to be 100% selective to ester formation. Catalytic activity of the zeolites has been correlated with their surface acidity.     

改性介孔Al_2O_3负载的高分散铜基催化剂的结构与催化性能

采用浸渍法制备了LaCeZr或YCeZr改性的γ-Al2O3负载的系列Cu基催化剂,运用XRD、BET、EXAFS、XPS和H2-TPR等技术对催化剂的结构进行了详细表征,探讨了催化剂中Cu物种的存在形式及其还原性能,并与CO的氧化性能相关联。氮气吸附-脱附测试结果表明,催化剂具有很高的比表面积以及较均一的介孔结构。XRD结果表明,未改性的γ-Al2O3负载的Cu基催化剂经800℃高温焙烧后,Cu物种与载体作用强烈,形成了CuAl2O4尖晶石相,而EXAFS结果显示,助剂改性后的γ-Al2O3负载的Cu基催化剂上Cu物种主要以高分散的CuO形式存在,促进了催化剂对CO的低温氧化性能。H2-TPR结果表明,同一系列样品随焙烧温度提高,CuO的还原温度升高,晶格氧的活动度降低,导致活性的下降。LaCeZr改性的γ-Al2O3负载的铜基催化剂于650℃焙烧后显示出了较强的抗硫和抗水性能。     

焙烧温度对Ni-Mg基蜂窝状催化剂生物燃气重整调变性能的影响

采用浸渍法制备了Ni、Mg双金属负载在堇青石表面形成的蜂窝状催化剂,研究了焙烧温度对催化剂结构和生物质粗燃气重整反应性能的影响.结果表明,在不同焙烧温度下主要有NiO和NiMgO₂固溶体物相生成.相比于其他焙烧温度,催化剂在650 ℃焙烧温度下更有利于镍活性金属位的分散和活性位数量的增加.在干重整反应条件下,CH₄、CO₂的转化率以及H₂、CO产率随焙烧温度的升高呈现先增加后降低的变化趋势,在650 ℃焙烧温度下达到最高.在水蒸气重整反应条件下主要发生烃类产物与H₂O和CO₂的重整反应以及水煤气变换反应,焙烧温度的升高有利于水煤气反应的进行.此外,焙烧温度对于干重整反应条件下的H₂/CO体积比调节影响较小,而对于水蒸气重整反应条件下的H₂/CO体积比可进行选择性调节.     

铁系高温变换催化剂上水煤气变换反应本征动力学的研究

采用活塞流管式积分反应器,在1.0 MPa压力下,对环境友好铁系无铬NBC-1型高温变换催化剂上变换反应本征动力学数据进行了测试。根据测定得到的数据,对幂函数动力学模型进行了模型参数估计和模型检验,得到了高度显著的动力学回归方程。从动力学方程可以得出:该高温变换催化剂上变换反应活化能比较低,因此其低温活性较好；该催化剂上H2O组分对反应速率的影响比较大；CO2对变换反应速率的抑制作用很大,因此为提高变换反应速率,应当设法减小CO2的不利影响；H2组分对反应速率的影响很小,在实际应用过程中,可以忽略。     

正磷酸硅晶相形成温度与配酸比的研究

4,4-二甲基二氧六环-1,3(DMDO)催化制异戊二烯P₂O₅-SiO₂(0.6)催化剂,高温长时间活化能形成Si₃(PO₄)₄,有良好的选择性.前文^[1]配酸比在0～2都可形成Si₃(PO₄)₄,0.8和1.2的选择率虽然不变,但DMDO转化率却明显下降,同时发现颗粒间粘接.     

Au负载催化剂应用于水煤气变换制氢反应的研究进展

水煤气变换反应是目前广泛应用于制氢的方法 ,应用于水煤气变换反应的催化剂成为了重要的研究热点.我们在简述传统水煤气变换催化剂的基础上,重点介绍了Au负载型催化剂应用于水煤气变换反应的相关文献,针对Au负载型催化剂的载体种类、制备方法以及催化剂活性机理做出了详细分析.强调了影响水煤气变换反应催化剂的重点参数及Au负载型催化剂的发展趋势,以便为提高催化剂催化活性、设计Au负载催化剂并应用在水煤气变换反应中的研究者提供必要的参考信息.     

CeO_2-Al_2O_3负载金催化剂用于水煤气变换反应的催化活性

采用浸渍法和沉积-沉淀法制备了CeO2-Al2O3复合氧化物,比较了复合氧化物负载纳米金催化剂对水煤气变换反应的催化活性。通过N2物理吸附、XRD、TEM、H2-TPR等表征手段对复合氧化物及其负载金催化剂的物相和结构进行分析,发现复合氧化物的制备方法及其焙烧温度对其比表面积、孔结构及水煤气变换反应活性有明显的影响。与沉积-沉淀法相比,浸渍法制备的CeO2-Al2O3复合氧化物具有较大的CeO2晶粒尺寸,经500℃焙烧后再负载金,所得催化剂具有更高的活性,250℃时CO转化率可达78.1%。     

CuO/ZrO_2催化水煤气变换反应制氢:ZrO_2载体焙烧温度的影响

以经不同温度(120、250、350、450℃)焙烧处理的ZrO_2为载体,采用沉积-沉淀法制备了系列CuO/ZrO_2催化剂;考察了富氢气氛下催化剂的水煤气变换反应(WGS)催化性能。结果表明,CuO/ZrO_2催化剂的催化活性随ZrO_2载体焙烧温度的升高呈现先升高后降低的"火山型"变化趋势,在焙烧温度为250℃时取得最高值。采用X射线粉末衍射、N_2物理吸附-脱附、N_2O滴定、H_2程序升温还原和CO程序升温还原及质谱跟踪等技术研究了系列ZrO_2载体及CuO/ZrO_2催化剂的结构和还原性能。结果表明,随着ZrO_2焙烧温度的升高,一方面,CuO/ZrO_2催化剂的Cu分散度逐渐降低,与ZrO_2具有强相互作用的高分散活性Cu-[O]-Zr物种("[]"表示ZrO_2表面氧空位)逐渐减少;另一方面,Cu-[O]-Zr物种的还原能力逐渐增强,并诱导催化剂活性表面羟基的还原能力也相应增强(CO为还原剂),即降低了催化剂对WGS反应的起活温度。两方面的综合作用使得ZrO_2载体焙烧温度为250℃(中等温度)时,CuO/ZrO_2催化剂的WGS催化活性最高。     

CeO2-ZrO2-La2O3-Al2O3 composite oxide and its supported palladium catalyst for the treatment of exhaust of natural gas engined vehicles

Composite supports CeO2-ZrO2-Al2O3 (CZA) and CeO2-ZrO2-Al2O3-La2O3 (CZALa) were prepared by co-precipitation method. Palladium catalysts were prepared by impregnation and their purification ability for CH4, CO and NOx in the mixture gas simulated the exhaust from natural gas vehicles (NGVs) operated under stoichiometric condition was investigated. The effect of La2O3 on the physicochemical properties of supports and catalysts was characterized by various techniques. The characterizations with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy revealed that the doping of La2O3 restrained effectively the sintering of crystallite particles, maintained the crystallite particles in nanoscale and stabilized the crystal phase after calcination at 1000 ℃. The results of N2-adsorption, H2-temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR) and oxygen storage capacity (OSC) measurements indicated that La2O3 improved the textural properties, reducibility and OSC of composite supports. Activity testing results showed that the catalysts exhibit excellent activities for the simultaneous removal of methane, CO and NOx in the simulated exhaust gas. The catalysts supported on CZALa showed remarkable thermal stability and catalytic activity for the three pollutants, especially for NOx. The prepared palladium catalysts have high ability to remove NOx, CH4 and CO, and they can be used as excellent catalysts for the purification of exhaust from NGVs operated under stoichiometric condition. The catalysts reported in this work also have significant potential in industrial application because of their high performance and low cost.     

Copper Promoted Au/ZnO-CuO Catalysts for Low Temperature Water-gas Shift Reaction

IntroductionThe water-gas shift(WGS)reaction is an impor-tant step in many important chemical processes[1].Re-cently,the renewed interest in the removal of CO bythe WGS reaction has grown significantly because of theincreasing attention to pure hydrogen p…