Ellipse detection and phase demodulation for wood grain orientation measurement based on the tracheid effect

The methods of ellipse detection and phase demodulation for determining wood grain orientation are proposed. These methods are based on the tracheid effect—laser beam impinging upon a wood surface forms an elongated laser spot with its direction indicative of the grain orientation. Experimental results show that the method of ellipse detection is suitable for the grain orientation measurement on planed softwood surfaces, while the method of phase demodulation is capable of extracting the grain orientation precisely from laser images with low signal-to-noise ratio, such as the images on the surfaces of hardwood species or roughsawn materials.     

A derivative based simplified phase tracker for a single fringe pattern demodulation

In this paper, a novel fringe demodulation method for the estimation of phase and its first-order derivative from a closed-fringe interferogram is proposed. The proposed method determines the phase derivatives in both x&y directions from fringe orientation and density. The phase derivatives are subsequently used to determine phase values using a novel simplified phase tracker. In the phase tracking model, the complexity of the cost function is reduced using predetermined derivatives so computation time required for phase tracking is reduced considerably. The proposed model is more robust while dealing with saddle points in fringes than the conventional phase tracker model. Hence it does not require any specialized scanning strategy. The proposed method is validated with simulated and experimental fringe patterns (obtained using electronic speckle pattern interferometry and optical holographic interferometry) and a comparison study is carried out with conventional regularized phase tracker. The simulation results show that the proposed method has good accuracy and requires less computation time than existing phase-tracking algorithms. The experimental results demonstrate the robustness of the proposed method against speckle noise and its practical applicability for static and dynamic applications.     

Application of passive quadrature phase demodulation for the detection of laser ultrasound

In this paper we describe a laser ultrasound detection scheme based on a new passive phase demodulation technique. Typical laser interferometers suffer from the loss of sensitivity because of phase drifts resulting from the mechanical movements of optical components and normally require closed loop stabilisation control. Through the use of a custom-designed grating mask, the present design completely eliminates the need for any feedback control by simultaneously sampling the interferometer output in the four quadrants of the optical phase circle. The signals are then processed to reproduce the actual waveform of the ultrasound pulse. The operation of the proposed technique is demonstrated through the detection of laser-generated ultrasound waves propagating inside an aluminium block.     

New demodulation filter in digital phase rotation beamforming

In this paper, we present a new quadrature demodulation filter to reduce hardware complexity in digital phase rotation beamforming. Due to its low sensitivity to phase delay errors, digital quadrature demodulation is commonly used in ultrasound machines. However, since it requires two lowpass filters for each channel to remove harmonics, the direct use of conventional finite impulse response (FIR) filters in ultrasound machines is computationally expensive and burdensome. In our new method, an efficient multi-stage uniform coefficient (MSUC) filter is utilized to remove harmonic components in phase rotation beamforming. In comparison with the directly implemented FIR (DI-FIR) and the previously-proposed signed-power-of-two FIR (SPOT-FIR) lowpass filters, the proposed MSUC filter reduces the necessary hardware resources by 93.9% and 83.9%, respectively. In simulation, the MSUC filter shows a negligible degradation in image quality. The proposed method resulted in comparable spatial and contrast resolution to the DI-FIR approach in the phantom study. These preliminary results indicate that the proposed quadrature demodulation filtering method could significantly reduce the hardware complexity in phase rotation beamforming while maintaining comparable image quality.     

An improved windowed Fourier transform for fringe demodulation

A modified algorithm of windowed Fourier transform (WFT) for phase retrieval from electronic speckle-shearing fringe patterns with carriers is proposed. The algorithm is based on the introduction of a fast Fourier transform (FFT) in WFT to reduce computation time for fringe demodulation. Since boundary effects in FFT will influence the accuracy of phase retrieval, the Gerchberg method is employed to extrapolate the fringe pattern at the boundaries to reduce boundary effects. A theoretical analysis of the algorithm is presented. Both simulated and experimental results show that the proposed method has reduced the computation time significantly compared with the convolution method of WFT without sacrificing measurement accuracy.     

光纤离子浓度测量中相关解调方法的研究

提出了一种光纤离子浓度测量的数字解调方案。采用双通道互相关检测和重复采样平均的方法,利用所设计的软件对低信噪比信号进行了解调,实现了对弱信号中信号成分的提取,对该解调方法在信号变化的分辨能力和信噪比改善能力方面进行了分析。     

The study of grain orientation distributions and grain boundary misorientation distributions in 304 and 316L stainless steels

Orientation distribution functions in two recrystallized austenitic stainless steels (AISI types 304 and 316L) with known grain boundary misorientation distributions have been studied. Previously obtained data on grain boundary spectra in these steels have been re-examined and analyzed from the point of view of texture analysis.The results obtained have shown that there is no unambiguous relatonship between grain boundary misorientation distribution and grain orientation distribution (ODF) determined by the X-ray analysis in the materials under study. This ambiguity is due to the following reason. In the grain boundary misorientation statistics only nearest-neighbor grains are taken into account, but in the orientation distribution function orientations are averaged over the entire volume of the specimen independent as to whether the grains are adjacent or not. Two main results were established for the steels under study: (i) Textures of the two steels differ, though their grain boundary misorientation distributions are similar; and (ii) misorientations of the majority of grain boundaries can be described as rotations about the axes close to 110.     

Noise reduction in the Fourier spectrum of Hartmann patterns for phase demodulation

A simple method to reduce the noise in the Fourier spectrum of Hartmann patterns for filtering the fundamental sidelobes (first harmonics) is presented. The method consists on replacing the Hartmann pattern by a fringe pattern within a circular pupil. The fringes are cosine square type and the pupil is apodized with a Gaussian function. These fringes follow the centroid spots of the Hartmann pattern along the horizontal and vertical directions. The width of the fringes in each direction is constant and it is determined according to the distortion of the Hartmann pattern. In this way, it is possible to obtain the wavefront’s slopes more accurate in comparison with the traditional method. We present experimental results to show the advantages of our method.     

超声动态测距的一种直接数字解调处理方法

为了减少传统的相位差超声动态测距的复杂性,提出了一种基于直接数字解调的信号处理方法。运用STM32内部两路A/D同步采集超声测量信号与参考信号,对这两组信号数据通过最小二乘椭圆拟合方法,计算[-π,π]单周期范围内的实时相位差。在此基础上,对实时相位差进行解包裹运算,得到绝对相位差。最后,通过绝对相位差的变化量与距离变化量成正比的关系,计算出实时的动态变化距离值。实验结果表明:当目标速度不超过2.5 m/s时,该方法能够准确地将距离值直接解调出来,满足动态变化条件下跟踪测距要求。     

用光纤光栅传感器测量外压力的动态调制方法

为了提高光纤布拉格光栅压力传感器的精度和降低系统成本，提出一种使用光纤双布拉格光栅测定压力的测量方法，即在外界压力作用下，传感光纤布拉格光栅反射波长的飘移被转变成在交变力策动下发生弯曲的等强度悬臂梁调制的扫描光栅的反射光脉冲间隔的变化。实验结果表明：光纤布拉格光栅反射波长漂移的测量范围为0～3nm，波长测量的不确定度为1pm；压力传感器的量程为0～6MPa时，压力的测量不确定度为0.005MPa。     

一种基于光纤激光水听器的PGC改进解调算法

基于分布反馈式（DFB）光纤激光水听器,针对传统相位生成载波（PGC）解调方案中的不足,提出了一种新型的单路微分相除（PGC-SDD）解调算法。与传统的微分交叉相乘（PGC-DCM）和反正切（PGC-Arctan）解调算法相比,该方法仅需要双通道的1路信号作微分处理,以较少的运算步骤和计算量达到解调信号的目的。PGC-SDD算法能够更有效地应对环境引起的光强扰动和调制深度引起的谐波畸变,使解调结果更接近待测信号。对3种解调算法进行仿真和实验验证,结果表明:采用PGC-DCM解调其信噪比约12.4 dB,PGC-Arctan算法的信噪比约13.9 dB,PGC-SDD算法的信噪比达到了17.5 dB。     

一种激光定向的多窗口设计

在激光侦察告警等应用领域需要精确测定入射激光的方向。通过对平行激光在光学劈尖上产生等厚干涉条纹的分析，得到了激光入射倾角与条纹间距的关系，提出了利用入射激光在相邻3个光学劈尖上产生干涉条纹的间距来确定激光入射方向的探测模型，并详细论证了该模型的探测原理。给出了一种由9个光学劈尖组成的可实现半球空间激光定向的多窗口设计方案。理论计算表明，该方案切实可行，且在探测精度、反应速度和系统组成等方面与现有的激光定向技术方案相比具有一定的优越性。     

调制与解调用于随机共振的微弱周期信号检测

提出了调制随机共振方法，实现了在大参数条件下从强噪声中检测微弱周期信号.将混于噪声中的较高频率的弱信号经调制变为一差频的低频信号作用于随机共振体系，该低频信号满足绝热近似理论，因而能产生随机共振；再经解调可获得埋于噪声中的原较高频率的弱信号.对埋于噪声中的未知频率，可采用连续改变调制振荡器的频率，以获得一个适当的差频信号输入到随机共振体系，根据输出信号共振谱峰的变化经解调而得待检弱信号的未知频率.该方法应具有较高的应用前景. 关键词： 调制与解调 非线性双稳系统 随机共振 微弱信号检测     

用于干涉型光纤传感器的相位生成载波解调技术

相位生成载波技术是用于光纤传感器中很重要的一种信号解调方法。简要说明了相位生成载波调制的原理和两种基本的调制方法 ,着重介绍了相位生成载波调制信号的解调方法 ,包括 :零差法、伪外差法和合成外差法 ,并对以上各种方法进行了分析比较。对相位生成载波技术在干涉型光纤传感器中的应用作了详细的介绍。针对现在最有希望用于智能结构的光纤布拉格光栅传感器 ,介绍了相位生成载波技术在这方面的应用。     

Frequency guided methods for demodulation of a single fringe pattern with quadratic phase matching

Phase demodulation from a single fringe pattern is a challenging task but of interest. A quadratic phase matching and frequency-guided regularized phase tracker (QFGRPT) and a quadratic phase matching and frequency-guided sequential demodulation (QFSD) for demodulation of a single fringe pattern are proposed. The algorithms are characterized by their improvements on both robustness and accuracy, which are realized by quadratic phase matching and frequency guided scanning strategy, respectively. Quadratic phase matching improves accuracy compared with the existing regularized phase tracker techniques and the frequency-guided sequential demodulation technique using linear phase matching. Frequency guidance ensures high robustness compared with the recently published path-independent regularized phase-tracking technique. Demodulation results from computer-simulated and experimental fringe patterns using the proposed methods are demonstrated and analyzed.     

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介绍了一种新的相位比较技术——傅里叶变换法，并将其成功地应用到了HL-2A装置激光干涉测量等离子体电子密度的计算中。通过对大量实验数据的脱机计算后，将其结果与硬件比较方法、传统软件计算方法的结果进行了对比，证实了傅里叶变换相位比较技术的正确性和可靠性；它不仅能够真实地反映电子密度变化行为，还能一定程度上改善密度曲线起始时刻不归零和跳变行为，但不能够实时计算电子密度是该方法存在的不足。     

Measurement of surface topography by RGB Shadow-Moiré with direct phase demodulation

In this paper we present the application of a direct demodulation method for the measurement of surface topography by means of Shadow-Moiré. In our set-up, we use three LEDs (with green, red and blue peak wavelengths) to illuminate the grating. Due to the different position of these light sources, a polychromatic Shadow-Moiré fringe pattern is produced, which can be described as the superposition of three monochromatic (red, green and blue) fringe patterns. Taking the image of this polychromatic fringe pattern with a RGB CCD camera, we get a monochromatic fringe pattern stored at each RGB channel of the CCD. The direct demodulation algorithm employed uses these fringe patterns to calculate the wrapped phase map. After unwrapping the phase map using a standard multi-grid technique, we implemented an automatic procedure to detect the area of interest of the phase map by removing low modulation zones and to calculate the absolute value of the phase. In this way it is possible to determine the topography of a surface with a single RGB snapshot maintaining a simple experimental set-up, which is an important feature, especially for the study of dynamic phenomena such as deformations. We present the experimental results obtained after measuring different objects with both smooth and rough surface textures.     

Error analysis of dual wavelength quadrature phase demodulation for low-finesse Fabry-Pérot cavity based fibre optic sensor

An analysis of the errors in the dual wavelength quadrature phase demodulation technique for low-finesse Fabry-Pérot cavity based fibre optic sensor is presented. A simple numeric model for calculating the error is established. For sensors that experience only small cavity length changes during measurement, a simplified analytical expression of relative error is also derived. Errors for various sets of interrogation wavelengths are calculated and analyzed. The results show that two wavelengths with very slight difference should be chosen to avoid significant errors.     

Quadrature demodulation technique for self-mixing interferometry displacement sensor

A new, to the best of our knowledge, signal processing method based on quadrature demodulation technique is presented for laser diode self-mixing interferometry(LDSMI) displacement sensor. Phase modulation of the laser beam is obtained by an electro-optic modulator (EOM) in the external cavity. Detection of the target's displacement can be easily achieved by sampling the interference signal at those times which satisfied certain conditions. The major advantage of the technique is that it does not involve any complicated calculation and insensitive to the sampling error. Experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively improve the displacement measurement resolution of the laser diode self-mixing displacement sensor to a few nanometers.     

A simple phase unwrapping approach based on filtering by windowed Fourier transform: The phase near edges

A simple phase unwrapping approach based on windowed Fourier filtering (WFF) was proposed recently. In this paper, the effects of the WFF on edges are further investigated, which show that the phase near an edge remains unchanged and no special consideration is needed for the edges. This useful property will be theoretically proven and numerically verified.