运动激波和气泡串相互作用的初步数值模拟

通过对激波和流体界面相互作用诱导的大变形界面演化的数值模拟,验证Level set方法精确模拟多个流体界面的有效性.采用2阶迎风TVD求解欧拉方程得到流场解,采用5阶WENO求解Level set方程追踪多流体界面,采用GFM方法处理流体内界面.利用文[1]的计算结果校核本文程序.在此基础上,对运动激波和气泡串相互作用过程进行了初步数值模拟,得到了不同时刻运动激波和圆管内的两个气泡作用后的演化图象,包括压力和密度等值线分布.计算结果表明:针对推广后的多界面Level set方程,该方法仍可高质量地捕捉多个流体界面.     

Dynamic Spallation in Uranium under Laser Shock Loading

The spall behavior of uranium is investigated using direct laser ablation loading experiments. The uranium targets are cut and ground to 0.05 mm, 0.1 mm, and 0.15 mm in thickness. Laser energies are varied to yield a constant peak pressure. This results in different strain rates and varying degrees of damage to the uranium targets. The spall strength is calculated and analyzed from the free surface velocity histories recorded using a line velocity interferometer for any reflections system. The spall strength increases from 4.3 GPa to 9.4 GPa with strain rates ranging from 4.0 × 10~6 s~(-1) to 1.7 × 10~7 s~(-1). Post-mortem analysis is performed on the recovered samples, revealing the twin-matrix interfaces together with the inclusions to be the primary factor governing the spall fracture of uranium.     

Measurement and Analysis of Spall Characteristics of High-Pure Aluminium at One-Dimensional Strain Loading

With an impact velocity varying from 196.9m/s to 317.9m/s and ratios of flyer/sample thickness of 2：4 and 3：6, the free-surface velocity profiles of the shock compressed high purity aluminium （HPA 99.999%） samples are measured with a velocity interferometer system for any reflector. Based on the vibrating features of the velocity profiles, the damage behaviour of HPA is analysed. The results indicate that the vibrating amplitude increases with increasing shock stress, and the subsequent reverberations describing the spall become more obvious. When the shock stress in the material is below a critical or smaller than the threshold level, the free-surface velocity profile replicates virtually the form of the compression pulse inside the sample. When the impact stress exceeds a critical value （1.4 GPa）, the micro damage would appear, and the free-surface velocity profile changes significantly, showing a series of short-duration reverberations in the profile. When the impact stress exceeds the threshold of damage, a compressive disturbance called the ＂spall pulse＂ appears in the free-surface velocity profile, and the subsequent reverberation becomes regular again. The measured spall strength of HPA is much higher than those of commercially pure aluminium reported in many references. In addition, the strength of HPA is similar to that of single-crystal aluminium.     

冲击加载下金属铝中氦泡演化行为的相场模拟

氦泡等缺陷对金属材料动态强度的影响一直是动态强度研究关注的重点。将相场方法引入冲击加载下氦泡演化行为研究中,通过与晶体塑性理论耦合,建立了可描述冲击下氦泡早期演化行为的介观模拟技术。应用该方法,针对含氦泡的金属铝材料,从介观尺度对氦泡的演化行为及其对位错集体演化行为的影响进行了研究。结果表明:氦泡结构的非均匀性导致局域应力集中和塑性变形集中,局域塑性变形集中会导致沿冲击波传播方向发射稀疏波;从能量守恒角度上看,在材料变形过程中氦泡生长与塑性变形呈竞争关系,塑性耗散的快慢直接影响氦泡的生长速率,使其发生改变。研究结果可为解读含氦泡材料的宏观屈服强度和层裂行为提供理论支撑。     

Spall Strength of Amorphous Carbon (Glassy Carbon) under Shock Loading in the Region of Its Anomalous Compressibility

JETP Letters - The spall strength of SU-2000 amorphous glassy carbon has been studied in two series of shock experiments. The one-dimensional shock loading of samples has been performed by the...     

冲击加载下 FeMnNi合金相变和层裂特性实验研究

采用激光速度干涉仪(VISAR)、X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)联合测试技术,利用等厚对称加载和逆向加载实验,研究了Fe MnNi合金的冲击相变和层裂行为。结果发现:加载压力大于6.5 GPa时,Fe MnNi合金样品发生α→ε相变;中心稀疏波的卸载作用使内压力降至4~5 GPa时,Fe MnNi合金样品发生ε→α逆相变,并伴有卸载稀疏冲击波形成。分析Fe MnNi合金样品中塑性波、相变波、稀疏波和稀疏冲击波的传播作用过程,发现加载压力大于其相变应力时,等厚对称加载下Fe MnNi合金存在产生层裂行为的物理机制。     

国产PVDF压电薄膜的冲击加载及卸载响应研究

 对两种厚度的国产PVDF压电薄膜,用轻气炮和激波管进行了冲击加载应力-电荷曲线的标定,并与其它若干种国内外的PVDF标定曲线进行了对比和分析;采用阶梯卸载和同时测量质点速度的方法,研究了PVDF压电薄膜的冲击卸载响应特性,发现有明显的滞后效应存在。     

冲击加载下铝中孔洞长大的微观机理分析

 利用扫描电镜和透射电镜观测了冲击加载后高纯铝损伤状态孔洞的分布,发现在冲击波加载后,高纯铝中出现了大量的孔洞,孔洞大小多集中在百纳米尺度,分布不均匀,且呈现出带状形貌,局部区域的孔洞在冲击波作用下优先发展,孔洞长大,形成微米级的大孔洞。进一步的观测发现,在孔洞周围出现了大量的位错发射,发射方向位于{111}晶面上,是面心立方金属的密排面。运用分子动力学模拟进行了对比研究,验证了位错发射方向与观测结果是一致的。     

激光在水中气泡微粒的后向散射特性

从激光能量、目标位置、视场大小及气泡厚度等方面对气泡后向散射特性进行研究.采用实验方法研究脉冲激光气泡后向散射特性.实验结果表明,增大激光能量在一定程度上可以有效地改善气泡探测的效果,而气泡发生器位置和视场的合理选择使得气泡探测更容易些,气泡区域厚度的变化对气泡后向散射并没有明显的影响.该实验结论与蒙特卡洛数值模拟的结果一致.     

冲击下材料质量混合的实验研究及离散元模拟

 利用化爆驱动飞片对铅-锡和铜-铝的颗粒混合物进行冲击加载。回收样品的金相分析发现,在锡颗粒边界有明显的铅锡质量混合带,带宽约60~80 μm。利用扫描电镜对混合带进行点扫描,得到带内铅和锡质量分布。计算出的铅锡动态扩散系数为D=0.9 cm²/s,远高于准静态。利用离散元方法进行了数值模拟,定性的显示了高速冲击下材料细观混合的过程和机理。     

On the Formation of Centered Shock Waves in Gas Bubbles under the Conditions of Acoustic Cavitation

The possibility of the formation of centered shock waves in collapsing gas bubbles under the conditions of acoustic cavitation is considered. In this case, the overturning of the front of compression waves occurs at the instant the waves reach the center of the cavitation bubble, resulting in the highest possible temperatures and pressures inside the bubble. Examination of the magnetohydrodynamic equations has shown that the law of the motion of the wall of a bubble at the final stage of compression, described by the Rayleigh–Plesset equation, has a universal form and coincides with the condition of the formation of a spherically symmetric centered shock wave with the adiabatic constant = 5/3. For < 5/3, the collapse of a bubble occurs within a shorter time than it takes for a spherically symmetric centered shock wave to form. In this case, the overturning of the front of compression waves occurs earlier than they reach the center of the bubble, and shock waves are formed inside the bubble at different points. The most appropriate condition for the detection of centered shock waves is the cavitation in cryogenic fluids, such as helium, for which 5/3.     

冲击作用下HMX晶体孔洞塌缩热点生成机制的细观数值模拟

热点的形成、点火以及成长过程是理解非均匀炸药冲击起爆的关键.采用离散元法,对冲击作用下含孔洞的HMX晶体进行了细观数值模拟.计算结果表明:在较低冲击作用下,孔洞边缘发生了较大的剪切变形,粘塑性功形成热点;而在较高冲击作用下,孔洞塌缩产生射流,汇聚流动,冲击下游炸药形成热点,并获得了孔洞塌缩和热点生成演化的细观过程.     

Deformation and Spallation of Explosive Welded Steels under Gas Gun Shock Loading

We investigate deformation and spallation of explosive welded bi-steel plates under gas gun shock loading. Free surface histories are measured to obtain the Hugoniot elastic limit and spall strengths at different impact velocities.Pre-and post-shock microstructures are characterized with optical metallography, scanning electron microscopy,and electron backscatter diffraction. In addition, the Vickers hardness test is conducted. Explosive welding can result in a wavy steel/steel interface, an ultrafine grain region centered at the interface, and a neighboring high deformation region, accompanied by a hardness with the highest value at the interface. Additional shock compression induces a further increase in hardness, and shock-induced deformation occurs in the form of twinning and dislocation slip and depends on the local substructure. Spall damage nucleates and propagates along the ultrafine grain region, due to the initial cracks or weak interface bonding. Spall strengths of bimetal plates can be higher than its constituents. Plate impact offers a promising method for improving explosive welding.     

材料中氦泡迁移-融合的蒙特卡罗模拟及其参数优化

基于迁移-融合机制, 建立了一套用于模拟材料中氦泡生长行为的蒙特卡罗程序, 探讨了时间步长等控制参数对演化的影响。 研究指出,在考察此类参数对计算的影响时必须考虑氦的初始分布,另外指出在选取邻居半径时除了要考虑到初始分布外还要考虑邻居更新的快慢。 The evolution of helium bubbles in materials has been simulated by Monte Carlo methods based on the migration coalescence mechanism. The influences of simulation parameters on the results are studied. It is found that the initial depth distribution must be considered when assessing the parameters influence, and the frequency of updating neighbor list should also be taken into account when selecting the cutoff range for neighbors.     

The Formation of Helium Bubbles in Silicon Surface Layers via Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation

The surface layers of single-crystal silicon Si(001) substrates subjected to plasma-immersion implantation with 2- and 5-keV helium ions to a dose of 5 × 10¹⁷ cm^–2 were probed via grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy. A surface layer formed by helium ions was found to possess a multilayer structure, wherein the upper layer is amorphous silicon, being on top of a sublayer with helium bubbles and a sublayer with a disturbed crystal structure. The in-depth electron density distribution, as well as the concentration and pore-size distribution, were established. The average pore sizes of bubbles at the above implantation energies are 4 nm and 8 nm, respectively.     

强冲击载荷下边界对固支方板的毁伤破坏试验

冲击载荷作用下边界条件对方板的毁伤破坏具有很大影响。利用落锤试验机开展了不同边界支撑下固支方板的冲击试验,为获取固支方板边界撕裂的典型破坏模式,专门设计加工了与固支方板尺寸相当的冲击锤头和可改变倒角的方板支撑框架。研究结果表明:(1)冲击载荷作用下,固支方板呈现出塑性大变形、单边撕裂、双边撕裂等典型破坏模式,倒角越小,方板越容易撕裂;(2)边界支撑对固支方板中心位移、整体变形轮廓影响较小,但对方板的撕裂长度、临界撕裂阈值存在较大影响;(3)不同边界支撑主要改变方板边界处的剪切应变,边界支撑倒角越小,剪切效果越明显,方板边界临界撕裂应变位于[0.191,0.241]区间。     

冲击相边界传播过程中梯度材料的形成

 采用一种基于简单混合物模型的本构，研究了不可逆相变材料中一维的冲击相边界的传播规律，发现在突加载荷并连续卸载的应力边界条件下，样品内部有梯度材料形成。分析了边界条件对材料梯度变化的影响，并且用基于特征线的数值方法计算了不同的边界条件下材料的梯度分布，从而提出利用冲击相边界的传播制备梯度材料的可能性。最后对这种方法的利弊做了探讨。     

两种光纤探针在冲击波作用下的时间响应特性

 对冲击波参数的测量开发了两种光纤探针，以满足强电磁环境和冲击压力较低的情况。一种是冲击自发光光纤探针，另一种是闪光隙光纤探针。这两种光纤探针分别利用融凝石英在受到冲击压缩时发光和氩气（或空气）隙在受到压缩时会产生很强的光辐射的机理研制而成的。自发光光纤探针在大于70 GPa冲击压力下，其信号上升时间在1~3 ns之间；闪光隙光纤探针在10～30 GPa的冲击压力下，其信号上升时间稳定在2~7 ns之间。     

Agglomeration Evolution of Nano-Particles Aluminium in Normal Incident Shock Wave

Agglomeration behaviour of nano-particle aluminium （nano-Al） in normal incident shock waves is investigated by our devised shock tube technology. The morphology, particle size, agglomeration process of nano-Al studied in normal incident shock waves are comprehensible evaluated by x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The above-mentioned techniques show that the high strength and temperature of incident shock wave give a chance for activity of nano-Al in the reactions and decrease the agglomeration, and the morphology of agglomeration is affected by the temperature of nano-Al reaction region. The dynamic temperature of reaction region determined by the intensity ratio of two A10 bands is 2602K, which is closer to nano-Al actual reacted temperature than the determined temperature of ordinary methods （i.e. six channel instantaneous optical pyrometer; plank black body radiation law, etc.）