Steric carbonyl protection metalation and cleavage of highly hindered ureas. Preliminary communication

Ureas of type 3 with sterically protected carbonyl groups such as 4a-7a are prepared by successively adding 2 equivalents of a highly substituted sec. amine and an excess of dimethylamine to benzene or toluene solutions of phosgene. The piperidine derivatives 6a and 7a are metalated in high yields to 6b and 7b , respectively, with sec.-butyllithium/TMEDA in THF at 0° [see derivatives 6, 7 , ( c-i ) in Table 1]. Methods of cleaving urethanes 2 (see 8 → 9 ) and ureas 3 are described, among which the retro-Mannich reaction, removing the piperidine ring from 7 under acidic hydrolysis conditions, appears to be promising also for other applications of sterically blocked carbonyl compounds in organic synthesis.     

Debenzylation of tertiary amines using phosgene or triphosgene: an efficient and rapid procedure for the preparation of carbamoyl chlorides and unsymmetrical ureas. Application in carbon-11 chemistry

Efficient and rapid preparations of carbamoyl chlorides and unsymmetrical ureas from tertiary amines and phosgene or its safe equivalent triphosgene [bis(trichloromethyl)carbonate, BTC] are described. First, the reaction of stoichiometric amounts of phosgene with secondary amines was revisited, and it was shown that the formation of carbamoyl chlorides in high yields required careful adjustments of experimental conditions and the use of pyridine as an HCl scavenger. A phosgene-mediated dealkylation of triethylamine was observed when this base was used instead of pyridine. Taking advantage of this observation, a strategy of synthesis of carbamoyl chlorides from tertiary amines and phosgene has been developed. N-Alkyl-N-benzyl(substituted)tetrahydroisoquinolines, -piperazines, -piperidines, or -anilines were treated with stoichiometric amounts of phosgene (or BTC) in CH(2)Cl(2). Tertiary amines bearing electron-enriched benzyl group(s) afforded carbamoyl chlorides in excellent yields and without any contamination by symmetrical ureas. Subsequent additions of primary or secondary amines to these carbamoyl chlorides produced unsymmetrical ureas in single-pot and high-yielding operations. This methodology was applied in (11)C-chemistry. From [(11)C]phosgene, a common precursor used in the preparation of radiotracers for positron emission tomography, a rapid and efficient synthesis of (11)C-carbamoyl chlorides and (11)C-unsymmetrical ureas derived from tetrahydroisoquinoline and piperazine is described. The first example of (11)C-amide formation from the reaction of a (11)C-carbamoyl chloride and an organometallic (cyanocuprate or a Grignard reagent in the presence of a nickel catalyst) is also presented.     

Stereoselective synthesis of 2-dienyl-substituted piperidines using an eta4-dienetricarbonyliron complex as the stereocontrolling element in a double reductive amination cascade

In the presence of NaBH(OAc)(3), a 1,5-keto-aldehyde, contained within a side-chain of an eta(4)-dienetricarbonyliron complex, undergoes a double reductive amination sequence with a series of primary amines, to provide the corresponding piperidine products in good to excellent yield. The dienetricarbonyliron complex functions as a powerful chiral auxiliary in this cascade process, exerting complete control over the stereoselectivity of the reaction, with the formation of a single diastereoisomeric product. The sense of stereoinduction has been confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Removal of the tricarbonyliron moiety can be effected with CuCl(2) to afford the corresponding 2-dienyl-substituted piperidine in excellent yield. Attempted extension of this cyclisation strategy to the corresponding azepane ring system using a 1,6-keto-aldehyde as the cyclisation precursor was unsuccessful; in this case, the reaction stopped after a single reductive amination on the aldehyde to provide an acyclic keto-amine product.     

Concise and highly stereocontrolled synthesis of 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin and its congeners using dioxanylpiperidene,a promising chiral building block

[reaction: see text] A concise and stereoselective synthesis of the chiral building block, dioxanylpiperidene 4 as a precursor for deoxyazasugars, starting from the Garner aldehyde 5 using catalytic ring-closing metathesis (RCM) for the construction of the piperidine ring is described. The asymmetric synthesis of 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin and its congeners 1-3 was carried out via the use of 4 in a highly stereocontrolled mode.     

Stereoselective total synthesis of (+)-β-conhydrine from d-mannitol

An asymmetric synthesis of the piperidine alkaloid (+)-β-conhydrine has been developed starting from (R)-protected glyceraldehyde as the chiral precursor using Barbier allylation, azide nucleophilic substitution, and ring-closing metathesis as the key steps.     

二-(1-甲基-1-七氟异丙基)五氟丙基过氧化二碳酸酯的合成

报道了一个可能的自由基前体——二-(1-甲基-1-七氟异丙基)五氟丙基过氧化二碳酸酯(1)的合成方法及其特性. 以全氟2-甲基-3-戊酮(2)为原料, 与甲基碘化镁反应后所得到的醇再与光气进行氯甲酰化反应, 随后与过氧化钠的过氧化反应后, 以17%的总产率首次合成了目标化合物.     

Asymmetric synthesis of acyclic 1,3-amino alcohols by reduction of N-sulfinyl beta-amino ketones. Formal synthesis of (-)-pinidinol and (+)- epipinidinol

Stereoselective reduction of acyclic N-sulfinyl beta-amino ketones with (LiEt(3)BH) and Li(t-BuO)(3)AlH, respectively, gave anti- and syn-1,3-amino alcohols with excellent selectivity. A formal asymmetric synthesis of the hydroxy piperidine alkaloids (-)-pinidinol and (+)-epipinidinol from a common N-sulfinyl beta-amino ketone ketal precursor was developed. The pinidinol piperidine ring was formed via a novel acid-catalyzed cascade reaction of a N-sulfinylamino silyl protected alcohol ketal.     

Stereocontrolled synthesis of quinine and quinidine

Disubstituted cyclopentene was prepared from cyclopentene monoacetate and transferred into disubstituted piperidine via oxidative cleavage of the olefin moiety followed by piperidine ring formation. The piperidine was then condensed at the side chain with a quinoline part to afford the olefin precursor of quinine. Finally, the olefin was converted into quinine through the corresponding epoxide. Quinidine was synthesized in a similar way.     

Analysis of chemical warfare agents III. Use of bis-nucleophiles in the trace level determination of phosgene and perfluoroisobutylene

The reactivity of phosgene and perfluoroisobutylene (PFIB) towards 1,2-bis-nucleophiles was exploited to allow determination of these gases in air samples. 2-Aminothiophenol (ATP), 3,4-dimercaptotoluene (DMT) and 2-hydroxymethylpiperidine (HMP) were evaluated as bis-nucleophiles capable of forming thermally-stable derivatives with phosgene and PFIB when loaded with triethylamine onto Tenax TA. Experimental design was used to optimise thermal desorption conditions. Detection limits in the low ngm(-3) range were observed for the five derivatives investigated. This work represents the most sensitive analytical method for trace level quantitation of phosgene and PFIB published to date.     

聚碳酸酯的绿色合成工艺研究进展

综述了采用环境友好方法合成聚碳酸酯的工艺,并与光气法进行了对比分析.新方法以二氧化碳为原料,通过系列反应可以依次制得碳酸乙烯酯(EC)、碳酸二甲酯(DMC)、碳酸二苯酯(DPC),最后得到高纯度、高性能的聚碳酸酯(PC).其中,在得到的碳酸酯系列产品中,EC的收率为98%,选择性为100%;DMC的收率和选择性均可达到99.5%;DPC在出料口流出液中的含量可达92.6%,选择性为98%.     

A stereoselective route toward polyhydoxylated piperidines. A total synthesis of (+/-)-deoxymannojirimycin

[reaction: see text] A chemo- and stereoselective palladium-catalyzed amination of silylated butenediol dicarbonates has allowed for the introduction of a glycine moiety to obtain a desired functionalized epoxysilane. A stereoselective aldolization then delivered the piperidine ring which may be used as a precursor for the synthesis of a variety of polyhydroxylated azasugars. This efficient approach has been illustrated by the synthesis of 1-deoxymannojirimycin including a stereoselective reduction with LAH and a Tamao-Fleming oxidation of a C-SiMe(2)Ph bond.     

Stereoselective total synthesis of (+)-streptazolin by using a temporary silicon-tethered RCM strategy

A stereoselective total synthesis of (+)-streptazolin 1 was accomplished starting from readily available aminocyclopentenol (-)-7. The synthetic sequence highlights an intramolecular aldol condensation strategy to construct the piperidine core and a silicon-tethered ring-closing metathesis strategy to install the Z exocyclic ethylidene side chain of streptazolin. Separate protodesilylation and Tamao oxidation of a common intermediate 32 afforded streptazolin and the precursor for 13-hydroxystreptazolin. The overall yield for (+)-streptazolin 1 from aminocyclopentenol (-)-7 was 4.8% for a total of 16 steps.     

Development of a monitoring tape for phosgene in air

A porous cellulose tape impregnated with a processing solution that includes 4-p-nitroben-zylpyridine, N-benzylaniline and methanol is a highly sensitive means of detecting phosgene and maintains stable sensitivity for at least three months in air in a desiccator. When the sample including phosgene was passed through the tape, the color of tape changed to red. The degree of color change was proportional to the concentration of phosgene at a constant sampling time and flow rate. The degree of color change could be recorded by measuring the intensity of reflecting light (555 nm). The detection limit was 6 ppb for phosgene with a sampling time of 60 sec and a flow rate of 400 ml/min. Reproducibility tests showed that the relative standard deviation of response (n = 10) was 2.6% for 0.2 ppm phosgene. No interference was observed from ethanol (1 vol.%), trichloroethylene (1 vol.%), acetone (1 vol.%), carbon dioxide (4.9 vol.%), carbon monoxide (100 ppm), nitrogen dioxide (100 ppm), sulfur dioxide (50 ppm), hydrogen chloride gas (5 ppm), chlorine (3 ppm), acetic acid gas (24 ppm), ammonia (40 ppm), or benzyl chloride (20 ppm).     

Imino Diels-Alder-Based Construction of a Piperidine A-Ring Unit for Total Synthesis of the Marine Hepatotoxin Cylindrospermopsin

The synthesis of a piperidine A-ring precursor to the alkaloid cylindrospermopsin (1) is described. The initial approach to the A-ring precursor focused on the imino Diels-Alder reaction of diene 8 with ethyl (N-tosylimino)acetate (9) to form the cycloadduct 10 as a single stereoisomer. However, all attempts to convert ester 10 to a requisite diene such as 5 were unsuccessful. An alternative strategy involved the Diels-Alder cycloaddition of N-tosylimine 9 with oxygenated diene 19 under either thermal or Lewis acid-catalyzed conditions to produce a mixture of cis and trans enones 20 and 21. Although the undesired cis-enone 20 was the major product under all reaction conditions, it could be converted to the desired trans enone 21 by acid-catalyzed isomerization. Copper-mediated conjugate addition of vinylmagnesium bromide to cis-enone 20 followed by stereoselective ketone reduction with L-Selectride produced alcohol 23, whose structure was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Similarly, trans-enone 21 was converted to alcohol 25 whose structure and stereochemistry were also established by X-ray analysis. Alcohol 25 was then protected as the silyl ether 26, which was hydroborated at the terminal olefin to produce primary alcohol ester 28having the stereochemistry and functionality needed for cylindrospermopsin.     

分子模拟研究微孔材料对光气吸附扩散性能的影响及材料筛选

利用分子模拟的方法研究了微量光气(COCl₂)在微孔材料中的吸附和扩散性能, 并分析了材料结构的影响. 结果表明, 光气在金属有机框架材料(MOF)和共价有机框架材料(COF)中的吸附等温线主要表现为第Ⅰ类型和第Ⅴ类型吸附. 当光气压力较低时, COF材料和含有开放金属位点的材料对其吸附性能较好. 通过对不同压力下吸附量的比较发现, 吸附达到饱和前, 随着压力和孔隙率(VF)的升高, 材料对光气的吸附量增大. 通过分子动力学模拟研究光气在微孔材料中的扩散性能发现, 较强吸附位点的存在不利于光气在孔道中的扩散. 通过气体分子在材料中的径向函数分布图及模拟轨迹分析发现, 分子协同效应和空间位阻效应相互竞争决定了扩散速率的快慢. 综合评价材料的吸附和扩散性能发现, COF-102, COF-300, ZnMOF-74, Zn-DOBDC和PCN-60是理想的吸附材料, 这些材料可以应用于环境中光气泄漏的防治.     

A FRET approach to phosgene detection

A FRET approach towards potential detection of phosgene is presented, which is based on a selective chemical reaction between phosgene (or triphosgene as a simulant) and donor and acceptor fluorophores.     

Piperidine adsorption on hydrated alpha-alumina (0001) surface studied by vibrational sum frequency generation spectroscopy

The adsorption of piperidine vapor on the hydrated alumina (alpha-Al2O3, corundum) (0001) surface was investigated using vibrational broad bandwidth and scanning sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy. The interfacial vibrational signature in the C-H stretching region of piperidine at the alumina (0001) surface is shown to be a sensitive spectroscopic probe revealing the adsorption mechanism. The neat piperidine surface, aqueous piperidine surface, and aqueous piperidium chloride surface were also investigated in the C-H stretching region by SFG to establish vibrational reference frequencies. After piperidine adsorption, piperidine vapor was removed and piperidine was found to be chemisorbed onto the alumina (0001) surface through protonation by surface hydroxyl groups. The O-H stretching region of the alumina surface before and after piperidine adsorption was also investigated, and the results revealed the decrease of the surface number density of alumina surface hydroxyl groups.     

光气法制备酰氯的催化剂研究进展

酰氯是一类用途非常广泛的重要有机合成中间体,在工业上制备酰氯主要使用的氯化剂包括PCl3、PCl5、SOCl2、光气等,充分反应后通过过滤、蒸馏等工艺进行脱色提纯制得酰氯。光气法由于对环境污染较低,是目前最常用的方法。三光气可以分解成光气,其优良的物理、化学性质以及便捷的储存和运输条件是光气的最佳替代化学品。但由于光气活性较低,在使用过程中添加催化剂必不可少,本文将重点介绍目前光气法制备酰氯时所使用的各种催化剂及其性能。     

Synthesis of 2,6-disubstituted piperidine alkaloids from ladybird beetles Calvia 10-guttata and Calvia 14-guttata

Optically pure (+)-calvine, (+)-2-epicalvine, (2S,6S)-(6-pentylpiperidin-2-yl)acetic acid methyl ester and (2R,6S)-(6-pentylpiperidin-2-yl)acetic acid methyl ester, four piperidine alkaloids isolated from ladybird beetles of the genus Calvia (Coccinellidae), were synthesised from a common precursor using cyclisative Pd(II)/Cu(II)-catalysed carboamination-(methoxy)carbonylation tandem reaction of alkenylamines as a key step. The first single-crystal X-ray analysis of (+)-calvine confirmed its proposed absolute configuration to be (2S,6S) corresponding to that of natural product.     

Diastereoselective synthesis of an argatroban intermediate,ethyl (2R,4R)-4-methylpipecolate,by means of a Mandyphos/rhodium complex-catalyzed hydrogenation

The synthetic antithrombotic argatroban is a dipeptide between the nonproteogenic (2R,4R)-4-methyl-2-piperidine carboxylic acid and l-arginine, in turn bonded to a methyltetrahydroquinoline sulfonyl group. An extensive screening of transition metal-based complexes with different ligands was performed in order to identify the best catalyst for the diastereoselective hydrogenation of a suitable 4,5-dehydropiperidine precursor aimed toward a synthesis of the (2R,4R)-4-methyl piperidine moiety.