一维阵列电极法研究钢筋在混凝土中的腐蚀行为

建立一维阵列微电极技术,通过对阵列电极腐蚀电位、极化曲线以及微电极之间宏电流的测量,研究在腐蚀环境作用下钢筋混凝土腐蚀过程中宏电池电流和微电池电流的形成、发展及其相互作用.结果表明,腐蚀发生早期,腐蚀宏电池和微电池在不同区域优先形成而且并存.随着腐蚀的发展,受氧扩散控制,在腐蚀宏电池区域出现微电池,而某些腐蚀微电池区域与阴极区耦合,也形成腐蚀宏电池.腐蚀宏电池与微电池电流大小最终趋于一致.     

Review of corrosive environments for copper and its corrosion inhibitors

This review paper deals with corrosion of copper and its alloys in corrosive environments and their corrosion inhibitors. The main corrosion inhibitor groups for copper are introduced and a review of adsorption models is provided. The main part of this work is to investigate different corrosive environments for copper and its alloys and their corrosion inhibitors used in such environments to protect copper. According to the literature, the corrosion inhibition behavior of organic corrosion inhibitors and their derivatives in comparison with inorganic ones are further evaluated. Knowing maximum corrosion inhibition efficiency of a specific corrosion inhibitor in a specific corrosive environment is helpful to choose the most appropriate corrosion inhibitor compound.     

Corrosion Inhibition of a Green Scale Inhibitor Polyepoxysuccinic Acid

The corrosion inhibition of a green scale inhibitor, polyepoxysuccinic acid (PESA) was studied based on dynamic tests. It is found that when PESA is used alone, it had good corrosion inhibition. So, PESA should be included in the category of corrosion inhibitors. It is not only a kind of green scale inhibitor, but also a green corrosion inhibitor. The synergistic effect betweenPESA and Zn2 or sodium gluconate is poor. However, the synergistic effect among PESA, Zn2 and sodium gluconate is excellent, and the corrosion inhibition efficiency for carbon steel is higher than 99%. Further study of corrosion inhibition mechanism reveals that corrosion inhibition of PESA is not affected by carboxyl group, but by the oxygen atom inserted. The existence of oxygen atom in PESA molecular structure makes it easy to form stable chelate with pentacyclic     

Poisoning the corrosion of magnesium

Despite possessing excellent specific properties, rapid corrosion of magnesium is a significant barrier in its widespread use. Alloying Mg to enhance mechanical properties nominally increases susceptibility to corrosion from microstructural heterogeneity. Furthermore, alloying Mg nominally accelerates cathodic kinetics and hence also accelerates corrosion. To date, no alloying additions to Mg suggest that a reduction in corrosion rate can be imparted, however we reveal for the first time that alloying additions of arsenic can impart significant corrosion resistance to Mg via retarding the cathodic reaction.     

Electrochemical Corrosion Behavior of Monel Alloy in Carbonate Melts

The interaction of the monel alloy and its corrosion resistance in a melt of alkali metal carbonates in an oxidizing atmosphere was studied. The selectivity of alloy dissolution and modification of the electrode surface after storage at a constant anode potential were analyzed. The generation and development of local corrosion defects (pit corrosion, intercrystallite corrosion, corrosion cracking) on monel alloy (70% nickel, 28% copper), copper, and nickel electrodes in the molten eutectic of lithium, sodium, and potassium carbonates at a working temperature of 773 K were studied. The anode polarization was accompanied by a change in the state of the electrode surface.     

Characterization of a heavily corroded bronze statue from Pharaonic Egypt

The current study aims to characterize a heavily corroded bronze statue from Pharaonic Egypt, in terms of the morphology and mechanism of corrosion. The characterization was carried out by a combination of methods, including the scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDS), USB digital microscope, X-ray micro-diffraction, and Raman micro-spectroscopy. Insights into the morphology and corrosion mechanisms of two corrosion stages are presented. Specifically, the metallic-wall layer was first converted into grayish-brown corrosion mottled with green and gray spots in the central part, in which a greenish-white corrosion phase was formed in the second stage. The EDS analysis of the greenish-white phase revealed the predominance of tin, copper, oxygen, and carbon and a low chlorine content. The greenish-white phase consisted of four corrosion products: romarchite, cassiterite, malachite, and a small amount of atacamite. The morphology developed upon corrosion was attributed to the selective dissolution and depletion of copper in the central layer, internal oxidation of tin, and conversion of cuprite into malachite. Moreover, the usual bronze corrosion products were formed as a superficial layer on the statue.     

Analysis of pitting corrosion rate

A method for estimating pitting corrosion rate is proposed. The method is based on the analysis of anodic and cathodic voltammograms that were measured on the specimens of two types: on the test specimen coated with an oxide film, which formed under the open-circuit conditions, and on the specimen, whose surface was totally activated with aggressive ions. The use of Tafel portions of these voltammograms in various combinations enables us to estimate the corrosion potential and corrosion current for general corrosion proceeding in the induction period, for pitting corrosion at the initial stage of its development, for a highly developed pitting corrosion, when the major area of specimen surface is occupied with pits, and also in the intermediate case.     

Effect of CO2 on Atmospheric Corrosion of UNS G10190 Steel under Thin Electrolyte Film

IntroductionThe carbon dioxide concentration in atmosphere increases rapidly because of the development of industry, the notabe increasing use of petroleum fuel/coal and the gradual reductionof green plants. From 1920s to 1980s, the concentration of carbon dioxide in atmosphere was650 mg/m', in some big cities, it reached 786 mg/m'. At present, the concentration of carbon dioxide is between 638--1965 mg/m'['j.Much attention has not been paid to the effect of the increasing carbon dioxide conce…     

Investigation of filiform corrosion of coated aluminium

Filiform corrosion on different aluminium alloys, coated with a clear varnish has been studied. Image analysis and metallographies were used to characterize the corrosion. It has been shown, that filiform corrosion consists of a lateral propagation of filaments and an attack on the aluminium under the filaments. The extent of filiform corrosion is dependent on the sort of alloy and the pretreatment of metall surfaces.     

基于癸二酸二异辛酯的环保型复合缓蚀剂对钢筋的缓蚀效应

应用缓蚀剂控制混凝土中钢筋的腐蚀具有高效、廉价和易操作等优点,越来越受腐蚀研究者的关注。近年来,对环保型缓蚀剂的需求日益增加。因此,本工作发展了由癸二酸二异辛酯、D-葡萄糖酸钠和硫酸锌组成的环保型复合缓蚀剂并应用电化学测试技术和表面分析方法研究其对钢筋的缓蚀作用。结果表明,Q235钢筋在pH为11.00,含0.5 mol∙L^-1 NaCl的模拟污染的混凝土孔隙液中处于活化状态并发生局部腐蚀。含有59 mmol∙L^-1癸二酸二异辛酯,0.5 mmol∙L^-1 D-葡萄糖酸钠和1.5 mmol∙L^-1硫酸锌组成的复合缓蚀剂对钢筋具有良好的协同缓蚀效应,在模拟污染混凝土孔隙液中和水泥砂浆试样中对钢筋的缓蚀效率分别达到96.8%和90.0%。该复合缓蚀剂是一种混合型缓蚀剂,对钢筋腐蚀的阴极反应和阳极反应均有抑制作用。     

Q235钢在假单胞菌和铁细菌混合作用下的腐蚀行为

采用腐蚀失重法、电化学阻抗谱(EIS)和表面分析技术研究了Q235钢在假单胞菌和铁细菌共同作用下的腐蚀行为.结果表明:与单种菌相比,两种菌混合作用下Q235钢腐蚀受到了抑制.混菌体系中金属电极自腐蚀电位升高,腐蚀电流密度减小,交流阻抗值随时间增大.扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析结果表明混合菌体系中Q235钢表面形成了均匀致密的腐蚀产物膜.     

Corrosion challenges in petroleum refinery operations: Sources,mechanisms, mitigation,and future outlook

Corrosion is one of the most important challenges facing petroleum refineries. It has received wide attention in recent decades due to the continued dependence of the global economy on industries based on oil and natural gas. With annual corrosion cost estimated at billions of dollars, suitable corrosion mitigation approaches are required to prevent assets failure due to the menace of corrosion. A vast amount of information on corrosion mitigation in the petroleum refinery is available. However, it is spread in various scientific publications, and gathering such information is critical in building a body of knowledge on the corrosion issues arising from refinery operations. A perusal of the literature reveals that a review focused on corrosion mitigation in the refinery is scarce. So, a comprehensive and up-to-date review of corrosion mitigation in the refinery is timely. In the present review, the corrosion issues at the different units of the refinery are presented. Physicochemical basics in corrosion at refinery units have been considered. In addition, the sources of the corrosion problem and the current mitigations approaches such as engineering design, cathodic protection, the use of corrosion inhibitors and metal coating were discussed. Finally, the existing knowledge gaps were identified, and future research directions were proposed. The review concludes that corrosion in the refinery has not received wide attention in the literature like other corrosion issues in the petroleum industry. The advancement of research in the area of real time and accurate prediction models, collection of sufficient data regarding ammonium bisulfide (NH₄HS) corrosion in the refinery plant, development of novel smart nanomaterials coating, and environmentally friendly high temperature corrosion inhibitors are needed for effective mitigation of refinery corrosion.     

海水环境中典型阴离子对5083铝合金腐蚀行为的影响

采用析因分析试验及动电位极化曲线、电化学阻抗谱(EIS)等测试方法,研究了海水环境因素中的典型阴离子（Cl^-、HCO₃^-、SO₄^2-交互作用对5083铝合金耐蚀性的影响. 结果表明,三种阴离子中,Cl^-、HCO₃^-对铝合金点蚀起促进作用. Cl-与HCO₃^-交互作用时,在Cl^-浓度一定的情况下,随着HCO₃^-浓度的增加,5083铝合金耐蚀性呈现出上升→下降→再上升的趋势,在70～90mg•L^-1时耐蚀性能明显降低;在HCO₃^-浓度一定的情况下,Cl^-浓度较低时5083铝合金耐蚀性比Cl^-浓度较高时差. 在Cl^-、HCO₃^-浓度较低情况下,SO₄^2-具有抑制腐蚀的作用;当Cl^-、HCO₃^-浓度较高时,SO₄^2-抑制腐蚀的作用不明显.     

An arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian model for studying the influences of corrosion product deposition on bimetallic corrosion

In this paper, a model is established to simulate the time-dependent deposition of corrosion product on the metal surface by considering mass transfer, electrochemical reactions and precipitation reaction. The model is also capable of tacking the movement of metal corrosion interface and the growing interface of the corrosion product deposits via arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian finite element method. The current model not only can be used to predict the time-dependent metal corrosion but also for investigating the influences of the deposits’ nature on metal corrosion. The numerical results of current density and corrosion rate are in good agreement with experiments. The presented model predicts that an exponential relationship exists between the maximum corrosion depth and the porosity of corrosion product deposits, and it is also predicted that the growth of the corrosion product layer is linear relative with the root of time, which is consistent with the existing theories.     

Chromatographic studies of corrosion sites in metallic materials

Many types of corrosion phenomena are controlled by the ionic composition of a small volume of solution at the surface. Localized corrosion and atmospheric corrosion are two examples in which < 1 μl of solution can cause dramatic damage. Ion chromatographic (IC) techniques have been used to analyze these solutions in order to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms which govern them. Two examples are presented. The presence of minor alloying elements at localized corrosion sites in two aluminum alloys has been demonstrated, indicating non-stoichiometric dissolution of the alloy during localized corrosion. In addition, IC analysis allowed the determination of the species responsible for the atmospheric corrosion failure of electrical connectors, including their likely origin.     

镁在人体模拟液中的腐蚀行为

探索了镁在人工人体模拟Hank溶液中的腐蚀行为, 发现镁在模拟液中的极化行为与在一般NaCl水溶液中相似. 电化学阻抗谱测试结果表明, 镁在模拟液中的一些具体反应对腐蚀的贡献可能比在NaCl溶液中的小. 在模拟液中, 镁腐蚀速度随时间不断变快. 这可能与模拟液中可抑制腐蚀的离子的消耗有关. 镁腐蚀产生了大量的氢气, 并使模拟液碱化. 这些结果表明, 镁虽然极有希望用作可消溶吸收的人体植入材料, 但仍有一些困难需要克服, 解决这些困难的关键在于适当地控制其腐蚀速度.     

Mechanism of corrosion inhibition of AA2024 by rare-earth compounds

The mechanism of corrosion protection of the widely used 2024-T3 aluminum alloy by cerium and lanthanum inhibitors in chloride media is described in detail in the present work. The corrosion process was investigated by means of scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM), in situ atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy. Employment of the high-resolution and in situ techniques results in a deep understanding of the details of the physical chemistry and mechanisms of the corrosion processes. The applicability of the SKPFM for mechanistic analysis of the effect of different corrosion inhibitors is demonstrated for the first time. The inhibitors under study show sufficient hindering of the localized corrosion processes especially in the case of pitting formation located around the intermetallic S-phase particles. The main role of Ce(3+) and La(3+) in the corrosion protection is formation of hydroxide deposits on S-phase inclusions buffering the local increase of pH, which is responsible for the acceleration of the intermetallics dealloying. The formed hydroxide precipitates can also act as a diffusion barrier hindering the corrosion processes in active zones. Cerium nitrate exhibits higher inhibition efficiency in comparison with lanthanum nitrate. The higher effect in the case of cerium is obtained due to lower solubility of the respective hydroxide. A detailed mechanism of the corrosion process and its inhibition is proposed based on thermodynamic analysis.     

Corrosion of underground pipelines in clay soil with varied soil layer thicknesses and aerations

Underground pipelines suffer from corrosion in the soil. In this work, weight-loss testing, electrochemical measurements and surface analysis techniques were used to investigate the pipeline steel corrosion in a Regina clay soil with varied soil layer thicknesses and gassing conditions (i.e., aerobic, CO₂-containing and anaerobic). Results demonstrate that the steel corrosion is dependent on the soil layer thickness, where a maximum corrosion rate is recorded under the 5 mm thick soil due to the competitive impact of the blocking effect of the soil layer and its moisture-retaining ability on the corrosion. In thin soil layers, the corrosion is accelerated with the increasing soil thickness due to more water contained in the soil. With the further increase of the soil layer thickness, the blocking effect of the soil on diffusion of corrosive species is dominant. The corrosion of the steel also depends heavily on the gassing condition in the soil. Under the specific soil layer thickness, the steel suffers from the highest corrosion rate in aerobic soil, which is followed by the 5% CO₂/N₂-containing soil. The steel corrosion is negligible (0.006 mm/y only) when the soil is purged with N₂. In addition to uniform corrosion, localized corrosion occurs on the steel under soil due to its heterogeneous nature at a much greater rate than the uniform corrosion. The maximum localized corrosion rates in 5% CO₂/N₂-containing 5 mm thick soil layer and in the 3 mm thick soil that is open to air are 1.03 mm/y and 0.72 mm/y, respectively. As a comparison, the uniform corrosion rates are 0.05 mm/y and 0.04 mm/y under the two conditions.     

碳钢土壤腐蚀速度波动性表征的研究

碳钢/土壤腐蚀是复杂的随机现象。按照统计学方法，其腐蚀速度被看作服从正态分布，腐蚀速度的波动性分别用标准偏差或变异系数(CoV)表示。笔者根据大量腐蚀试验数据，将标准偏差分布看作统计分形体系，分别计算了平行腐蚀试验数据和区域腐蚀试验数据的分维，分别为1．343和1．486。通过分形修正提出新的变异系数来描述碳钢土壤腐蚀的随机波动性。此外，当平行试样数量大于6片后分维趋于恒定。新变异系数和腐蚀发生程度无关，是腐蚀速度随机波动特性更好的表征形式。