纳米荧光探针用于核酸分子的检测及成像研究

核酸,包括脱氧核糖核酸和核糖核酸,在生物的生长、发育、突变、炎症、癌症等正常或异常的生命活动中发挥着重要的作用,它们的异常表达与多种疾病的发生、发展也密切相关.因此,发展准确、有效的方法实现核酸分子的检测,对深入探究核酸的功能调控以及相关疾病的早期检测与治疗都具有重要的意义.荧光检测法与荧光成像技术具有灵敏度高、时空分辨率高等优点,为实时、准确的检测核酸分子提供了有力的工具.本文着重综述了近年来发展的纳米荧光探针用于疾病相关核酸分子的检测与细胞和活体成像工作的研究进展,最后提出了进一步构建新型纳米荧光探针用于核酸检测面临的挑战、未来发展方向与展望.     

基于PEG-Gd2O3和适配体-银纳米簇的荧光/磁共振双模态分子成像探针的制备及其在肿瘤细胞成像中的应

随着临床医学的发展,医学影像学不但要求提供形态学信息,而且要求提供功能信息,疾病的诊断也从大体形态学诊断发展到要求发现微小病灶,以达到早期诊断、早期治疗的目的。分子影像学着眼于在分子或细胞水平上对人体生物活动的发生、发展过程进行成像,使得医学影像发展到微观领域,为临床"早早期"诊断、治疗提供重要的影像信息。     

偶氮苯衍生物探针在乏氧细胞成像中的应用

细胞不受控制的生长增殖和异常的血管系统导致肿瘤部位氧气供应不足,氧气浓度低于正常组织.细胞乏氧是大多数实体瘤的共同特征,可用作恶性组织和癌症进展的指标.准确的乏氧检测和成像对癌症患者的诊断和临床治疗至关重要.荧光成像具有高灵敏度、无创、实时等优点,常被用于癌症检查.偶氮基团由于其对荧光基团的荧光猝灭作用和还原断裂荧光恢...     

NEWS

随着临床医学的发展,医学影像学不但要求提供形态学信息,而且要求提供功能信息,疾病的诊断也从大体形态学诊断发展到要求发现微小病灶,以达到早期诊断、早期治疗的目的。分子影像学着眼于在分子或细胞水平上对人体生物活动的发生、发展过程进行成像,使得医学影像发展到微观领域,为临床“早早期”诊断、治疗提供重要的影像信息。     

检测活性氮/活性氧的分子荧光探针

活性氮和活性氧是具有强生物活性的化学物质.在人体细胞中,由于酶促或非酶促过程均可生成过氧化物,该物种的异常水平会引起氧化损伤与衰老和各种疾病,如心血管疾病、神经性疾病、阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病甚至癌症.因此,发展选择性识别和高灵敏度的分子荧光探针,实现活性氮或活性氧的有效检测具有重要意义.分子荧光探针检测法与成像技术具有灵敏度高、选择性强、损伤性小和细胞相容性好等优点,并在阐述活性氮和活性氧的病理生理过程中起到重要作用,在生物和医学等领域应用广泛.然而,由于活性氮和活性氧自身的特殊性而存在许多难题,例如反应活性高、存在周期短等一直困扰研究人员.着重综述了近年来发展的分子荧光探针用于活性氮和活性氧的检测及细胞成像工作的研究进展,提出进一步构建新型分子荧光探针用于活性氮和活性氧检测面临的挑战、未来发展方向及展望.     

肿瘤病理可视化纳米探针的研究进展※

癌症的发生和发展伴随着一系列复杂的分子病理学变化, 具有极大的个体差异性. 因此, 实现肿瘤的精准诊断, 尤其是分子病理学的诊断尤为重要. 在临床检测中, 传统影像学检查可以反映肿瘤的位置和解剖学结构, 却难以对其分子病理做出判定; 而病理活检虽然可以获取肿瘤的分子学特征, 但需通过创伤性手段获取样本, 且具有时空局限性. 相比之下, 借助于特异性探针成像的肿瘤分子影像学, 直接以肿瘤病理分子标志物作为成像对比度的来源, 旨在从分子层面对肿瘤进展中的病理学特征进行在体定量化分析, 在肿瘤的精准诊断中具备独特的优势. 近年来, 纳米材料由于优越的理化性质, 已经成为构建高灵敏肿瘤分子影像探针的重要信号载体之一. 基于此, 本综述从基本的纳米靶向探针, 到光、磁学智能响应型纳米探针, 系统总结归纳了基于纳米材料的分子影像技术对肿瘤病理在体可视化的研究进展, 并对未来临床环境中实施该纳米探针技术进行了展望.     

同步辐射X射线成像技术在纳米探针细胞成像中的应用

纳米探针在肿瘤的高灵敏成像和高效治疗可视化方面具有重要的应用前景.通过细胞原位成像技术揭示纳米探针与细胞间的相互作用将为其临床应用奠定生物学基础.同步辐射X射线成像技术是研究纳米探针细胞原位摄取、胞内代谢及构效关系的重要方法.本文系统总结了基于同步辐射光源X射线成像技术在纳米探针细胞原位成像方面的研究进展,包括纳米探针的细胞原位成像、亚细胞结构原位成像、细胞原位价态分析、细胞原位定量成像以及细胞原位三维成像.此外,本文还对可用于纳米探针细胞成像的X射线成像技术的发展趋势进行了探讨.     

基于水溶性共轭聚合物的多色荧光体系的构建及生物医学应用

共轭聚合物(CPs)具有强的光捕获能力和独特的荧光信号放大效应,已经被广泛地用于生物大分子的检测以及细胞及动物水平上的荧光成像.在过去的十几年里,为了满足多色荧光检测及成像的需要,科研工作者设计并发展了一系列基于共轭聚合物的荧光共振能量转移(CPs-FRET)的多色荧光体系.这类多色荧光体系具有荧光强度高、光稳定性好以及细胞毒性低的优点.利用这类体系在单波长的激发光激发下即可实现目标分子的多色荧光检测及多色荧光成像.本文阐述了CPs的FRET机制以及基于CPs-FRET的多色荧光体系的构建方法,同时介绍了近期这类体系在生化检测和细胞成像领域中的研究进展以及目前所存在的问题和未来的发展展望.     

喹啉基粘度荧光探针的合成及其检测应用

作为细胞微环境的一个重要参数,粘度通过影响生物分子之间的相互作用实现对生物功能的调节.粘度的异常会导致多种疾病,如阿尔茨海默病、肺炎等.因此,实现粘度变化的精准检测对相关疾病的预防和诊断具有重要意义.本工作构建了新型喹啉基荧光探针QUI-VI.通过分子内的空间扭转(扭曲的光诱导分子内电荷转移机制),该探针实现了对粘度的检测.光学实验表明探针QUI-VI具有高化学和光稳定性能以及灵敏的粘度检测性能等优点.通过光谱实验、细胞成像以及组织成像实验,表明该探针具有显著的粘度敏感性,荧光强度会随着测试体系粘度的增强而增强.结合首次报道的小鼠肺炎组织粘度成像实验表明探针QUI-VI有望对肺炎的早期诊断提供一定的理论支撑.     

同步辐射X射线成像技术在脑成像研究中的应用

脑疾病的诊疗、 探索高级脑功能机制和理解意识本源对脑科学研究具有重要意义. 成像技术在阐明脑科学神经系统结构和功能中发挥了重要作用. 迄今, 核磁共振成像、 光学成像和电子显微镜成像技术已为脑科学研究提供了强有力的手段, 取得了突出的进展. 同步辐射X射线显微成像技术具有高分辨率、 快成像速度和高穿透深度等优点, 是一类与已有技术互补的新型脑成像技术. 本文介绍了核磁共振波谱、 光学显微镜和电子显微镜等成像方法在脑成像领域中的应用, 重点阐述了同步辐射X射线成像的优势以及在脑结构成像和功能成像中的应用. 在此基础上, 展望了同步辐射X射线成像应用于脑科学研究的未来发展方向, 讨论了该技术在绘制人脑联接图谱中的优势及可行性.     

Molecular Targeting of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor (VEGFR)

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) are two extensively studied membrane-bound receptor tyrosine kinase proteins that are frequently overexpressed in many cancers. As a result, these receptor families constitute attractive targets for imaging and therapeutic applications in the detection and treatment of cancer. This review explores the dynamic structure and structure-function relationships of these two growth factor receptors and their significance as it relates to theranostics of cancer, followed by some of the common inhibition modalities frequently employed to target EGFR and VEGFR, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), antibodies, nanobodies, and peptides. A summary of the recent advances in molecular imaging techniques, including positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and optical imaging (OI), and in particular, near-IR fluorescence imaging using tetrapyrrolic-based fluorophores, concludes this review.     

分子影像探针

分子影像是近年出现并迅速发展的一个生物医学领域,在疾病的治疗与诊断中发挥着重要作用。同时它又是一门交叉学科,涉及化学、医学、生物、计算机科学、放射科学、材料科学等。分子影像的发展除了需要先进的成像设备外,最关键的是合成新型而高效的成像探针。目前,分子影像探针广泛应用于科学研究和临床,并且也取得了巨大进步。本文主要综述了5种常见的分子影像探针:超声成像探针、X-射线计算机断层成像探针、光学成像探针、核磁共振成像探针、正电子发射计算机断层扫描成像探针,并对分子影像探针的应用进行了概述,最后对分子影像探针的发展进行了展望。     

Bridging X-ray computed tomography and computational modeling for electrochemical energy-conversion and –storage

X-ray imaging techniques are powerful tools for understanding morphology, transport and even reactions within the electrochemical energy systems. Transmission X-ray microscopy (TXM) and X-ray computed tomography (CT) have been widely used in ex-situ studies to probe morphology of electrochemical energy materials. Emerging operando studies highlight the possibility of imaging energy materials and devices under realistic operating conditions. We present an overview of recent advances in the X-ray CT methods with application to fuel cells, batteries and other energy technologies, and describe how the information obtained with multimodal imaging is used within the multi-scale computational models. Overall, the progress in imaging outran the modeling progress, and current models are limited in their utility to incorporate vast amount of multimodal image data.     

The use of computed tomography in non-destructive testing of polymeric materials, aluminium and concrete: Part 1—basic principles

In 1895 Wilhelm C. Röntgen discovered the X-ray as an important instrument for medical diagnosis. During the first 50 years of the 20th century X-ray technology developed slowly. It is only within the last decade that growth in imaging technology in the range of techniques available has been rapid. In the 1970s computed tomography (CT) was discovered by Cormack^1,2 and Hounsfield³. This article describes the principal differences between X-radiography and computed tomography.     

Solute-solvent halogen bonding during adsorption on silver nanostructures

Multimodal imaging technique is an alternative approach to improve sensitivity of early cancer diagnosis. In this study, highly fluorescent and strong X-ray absorption coefficient gold nanoclusters (Au NCs) are synthesized as dual-modality imaging contrast agents (CAs) for fluorescent and X-ray dual-modality imaging. The experimental results show that the as-prepared Au NCs are well constructed with ultrasmall sizes, reliable fluorescent emission, high computed tomography (CT) value and fine biocompatibility. In vivo imaging results indicate that the obtained Au NCs are capable of fluorescent and X-ray enhanced imaging.     

Hard and soft X-ray microscopy and tomography in catalysis: bridging the different time and length scales

X-ray microscopic techniques are excellent and presently emerging techniques for chemical imaging of heterogeneous catalysts. Spatially resolved studies in heterogeneous catalysis require the understanding of both the macro and the microstructure, since both have decisive influence on the final performance of the industrially applied catalysts. A particularly important aspect is the study of the catalysts during their preparation, activation and under operating conditions, where X-rays have an inherent advantage due to their good penetration length especially in the hard X-ray regime. Whereas reaction cell design for hard X-rays is straightforward, recently smart in situ cells have also been reported for the soft X-ray regime. In the first part of the tutorial review, the constraints from a catalysis view are outlined, then the scanning and full-field X-ray microscopy as well as coherent X-ray diffraction imaging techniques are described together with the challenging design of suitable environmental cells. Selected examples demonstrate the application of X-ray microscopy and tomography to monitor structural gradients in catalytic reactors and catalyst preparation with micrometre resolution but also the possibility to follow structural changes in the sub-100 nm regime. Moreover, the potential of the new synchrotron radiation sources with higher brilliance, recent milestones in focusing of hard X-rays as well as spatiotemporal studies are highlighted. The tutorial review concludes with a view on future developments in the field of X-ray microscopy that will have strong impact on the understanding of catalysts in the future and should be combined with in situ electron microscopic studies on the nanoscale and other spectroscopic studies like microRaman, microIR and microUV-vis on the macroscale.     

18F-labeling techniques for positron emission tomography

Much research effort has been made to understand various biological processes at levels of molecules using molecular imaging techniques.Because of great sensitivity,high resolution,and rapid detection,positron emission tomography(PET)imaging is becoming one of the most used imaging techniques for medical diagnose and pre-clinical studies.Here we provide a review on molecular imaging and PET imaging.An introduction is also provided on18F-fluorine labeling techniques for the preparation of PET imaging probes.A summary and comparison of currently available18F-fluorine labeling methods is provided.The perspectives for18F-fluorine labeling techniques are also given.     

Functional tumor imaging based on inorganic nanomaterials

Inorganic nanomaterials have attracted substantial research interest due to their unique intrinsic physicochemical properties.We highlighted recent advances in the applications of inorganic nanoparticles regarding their imaging efficacy, focusing on tumor-imaging nanomaterials such as metal-based and carbon-based nanomaterials and quantum dots. Inorganic nanoparticles gain excellent in vivo tumor-imaging functions based on their specific characteristics of strong near-infrared optical absorption and/or X-ray attenuation capability. The specific response signals from these novel nanomaterials can be captured using a series of imaging techniques, i.e., optical coherence tomography(OCT), X-ray computed tomography(CT) imaging, two-photon luminescence(TPL), photoacoustic tomography(PAT), magnetic resonance imaging(MRI), surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS) and positron emission tomography(PET). In this review, we summarized the rapid development of inorganic nanomaterial applications using these analysis techniques and discussed the related safety issues of these materials.     

19F MRI Probes for Multimodal Imaging**

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one of the most powerful imaging tools today, capable of displaying superior soft-tissue contrast. This review discusses developments in the field of ¹⁹F MRI multimodal probes in combination with optical fluorescence imaging (OFI), ¹H MRI, chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI, ultrasonography (USG), X-ray computed tomography (CT), single photon emission tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), and photoacoustic imaging (PAI). In each case, multimodal ¹⁹F MRI probes compensate for the deficiency of individual techniques and offer improved sensitivity or accuracy of detection over unimodal counterparts. Strategies for designing ¹⁹F MRI multimodal probes are described with respect to their structure, physicochemical properties, biocompatibility, and the quality of images.     

Intra-operative optical diagnostics with vibrational spectroscopy

Established methods for characterization of tissue and diagnostics, for example histochemistry, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), X-ray tomography, or positron emission tomography (PET), are mostly not suitable for intra-operative use. However, there is a clear need for an intra-operative diagnostics especially to identify the borderline between normal and tumor tissue. Currently, vibrational spectroscopy techniques (both Raman and infrared) complement the standard methods for tissue diagnostics. Vibrational spectroscopy has the potential for intra-operative use, because it can provide a biochemically based profile of tissue in real time and without requiring additional contrast agents, which may perturb the tissue under investigation. In addition, no electric potential needs to be applied, and the measurements are not affected by electromagnetic fields. Currently, promising approaches include Raman fiber techniques and nonlinear Raman spectroscopy. Infrared spectroscopy is also being used to examine freshly resected tissue ex vivo in the operating theater. The immense volume of information contained in Raman and infrared spectra requires multivariate analysis to extract relevant information to distinguish different types of tissue. The promise and limitations of vibrational spectroscopy methods as intra-operative tools are surveyed in this review.