Structure of the Loday–Ronco Hopf algebra of trees

Loday and Ronco defined an interesting Hopf algebra structure on the linear span of the set of planar binary trees. They showed that the inclusion of the Hopf algebra of non-commutative symmetric functions in the Malvenuto–Reutenauer Hopf algebra of permutations factors through their Hopf algebra of trees, and these maps correspond to natural maps from the weak order on the symmetric group to the Tamari order on planar binary trees to the boolean algebra.We further study the structure of this Hopf algebra of trees using a new basis for it. We describe the product, coproduct, and antipode in terms of this basis and use these results to elucidate its Hopf-algebraic structure. In the dual basis for the graded dual Hopf algebra, our formula for the coproduct gives an explicit isomorphism with a free associative algebra. We also obtain a transparent proof of its isomorphism with the non-commutative Connes–Kreimer Hopf algebra of Foissy, and show that this algebra is related to non-commutative symmetric functions as the (commutative) Connes–Kreimer Hopf algebra is related to symmetric functions.     

Combinatorics of rooted trees and Hopf algebras

We begin by considering the graded vector space with a basis consisting of rooted trees, with grading given by the count of non-root vertices. We define two linear operators on this vector space, the growth and pruning operators, which respectively raise and lower grading; their commutator is the operator that multiplies a rooted tree by its number of vertices, and each operator naturally associates a multiplicity to each pair of rooted trees. By using symmetry groups of trees we define an inner product with respect to which the growth and pruning operators are adjoint, and obtain several results about the associated multiplicities.

Now the symmetric algebra on the vector space of rooted trees (after a degree shift) can be endowed with a coproduct to make a Hopf algebra; this was defined by Kreimer in connection with renormalization. We extend the growth and pruning operators, as well as the inner product mentioned above, to Kreimer's Hopf algebra. On the other hand, the vector space of rooted trees itself can be given a noncommutative multiplication: with an appropriate coproduct, this leads to the Hopf algebra of Grossman and Larson. We show that the inner product on rooted trees leads to an isomorphism of the Grossman-Larson Hopf algebra with the graded dual of Kreimer's Hopf algebra, correcting an earlier result of Panaite.

     

Comparison of Hopf algebras on trees

Several Hopf algebra structures on vector spaces of trees can be found in the literature (cf. [10], [8], [2]). In this paper, we compare the corresponding notions of trees, the multiplications and comultiplications. The Hopf algebras are connected graded or, equivalently, complete Hopf algebras. The Hopf algebra structure on planar binary trees introduced by Loday and Ronco [10] is noncommutative and not cocommutative. We show that this Hopf algebra is isomorphic to the noncommutative version of the Hopf algebra of Connes and Kreimer [3]. We compute its first Lie algebra structure constants in the sense of [7], and show that there is no cogroup structure compatible with the Hopf algebra on planar binary trees.     

Trees, Renormalization and Differential Equations

The Butcher group and its underlying Hopf algebra of rooted trees were originally formulated to describe Runge–Kutta methods in numerical analysis. In the past few years, these concepts turned out to have far-reaching applications in several areas of mathematics and physics: they were rediscovered in noncommutative geometry, they describe the combinatorics of renormalization in quantum field theory. The concept of Hopf algebra is introduced using a familiar example and the Hopf algebra of rooted trees is defined. Its role in Runge–Kutta methods, renormalization theory and noncommutative geometry is described.     

Bidendriform bialgebras, trees, and free quasi-symmetric functions

We introduce bidendriform bialgebras, which are bialgebras such that both product and coproduct can be split into two parts satisfying good compatibilities. For example, the Malvenuto-Reutenauer Hopf algebra and the non-commutative Connes-Kreimer Hopf algebras of planar decorated rooted trees are bidendriform bialgebras. We prove that all connected bidendriform bialgebras are generated by their primitive elements as a dendriform algebra (bidendriform Milnor-Moore theorem) and then is isomorphic to a Connes-Kreimer Hopf algebra. As a corollary, the Hopf algebra of Malvenuto-Reutenauer is isomorphic to the Connes-Kreimer Hopf algebra of planar rooted trees decorated by a certain set. We deduce that the Lie algebra of its primitive elements is free in characteristic zero (G. Duchamp, F. Hivert and J.-Y. Thibon conjecture).     

The Lie Group Structure of the Butcher Group

The Butcher group is a powerful tool to analyse integration methods for ordinary differential equations, in particular Runge–Kutta methods. In the present paper, we complement the algebraic treatment of the Butcher group with a natural infinite-dimensional Lie group structure. This structure turns the Butcher group into a real analytic Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff Lie group modelled on a Fréchet space. In addition, the Butcher group is a regular Lie group in the sense of Milnor and contains the subgroup of symplectic tree maps as a closed Lie subgroup. Finally, we also compute the Lie algebra of the Butcher group and discuss its relation to the Lie algebra associated with the Butcher group by Connes and Kreimer.     

Étude de l'algèbre de Lie double des arbres enracinés décorés

The double Lie algebra LD of rooted trees decorated by a set D is introduced, generalising the construction of Connes and Kreimer. It is shown that it is a simple Lie algebra. Its derivations and its automorphisms are described, as well as some central extensions. Finally, the category of lowest weight modules is introduced and studied.     

A rough path over multidimensional fractional Brownian motion with arbitrary Hurst index by Fourier normal ordering

Fourier normal ordering (Unterberger, 2009) [34] is a new algorithm to construct explicit rough paths over arbitrary Hölder-continuous multidimensional paths. We apply in this article the Fourier normal ordering algorithm to the construction of an explicit rough path over multi-dimensional fractional Brownian motion B$B$ with arbitrary Hurst index α$\alpha$ (in particular, for α≤1/4$\alpha \le 1/4$, which was till now an open problem) by regularizing the iterated integrals of the analytic approximation of B$B$ defined in Unterberger (2009) [32]. The regularization procedure is applied to ‘Fourier normal ordered’ iterated integrals obtained by permuting the order of integration so that innermost integrals have highest Fourier modes. The algebraic properties of this rough path are best understood using two Hopf algebras: the Hopf algebra of decorated rooted trees (Connes and Kreimer, 1998) [6] for the multiplicative or Chen property, and the shuffle algebra for the geometric or shuffle property. The rough path lives in Gaussian chaos of integer orders and is shown to have finite moments.     

On spineless cacti, Deligne’s conjecture and Connes-Kreimer’s Hopf algebra

Using a cell model for the little discs operad in terms of spineless cacti we give a minimal common topological operadic formalism for three a priori disparate algebraic structures: (1) a solution to Deligne’s conjecture on the Hochschild complex, (2) the Hopf algebra of Connes and Kreimer, and (3) the string topology of Chas and Sullivan.     

The Hopf Algebra of Rooted Trees in Epstein-Glaser Renormalization

We show how the Hopf algebra of rooted trees encodes the combinatorics of Epstein-Glaser renormalization and coordinate space renormalization in general. In particular, we prove that the Epstein-Glaser time-ordered products can be obtained from the Hopf algebra by suitable Feynman rules, mapping trees to operator-valued distributions. Twisting the antipode with a renormalization map formally solves the Epstein-Glaser recursion and provides local counterterms due to the Hochschild 1-closedness of the grafting operator B₊.submitted 29/03/04, accepted 01/06/04     

带权无穷小双代数*

作为非齐次结合经典Yang-Baxter 方程的代数抽象,带权无穷小双代数在数学和数学物理领域扮演着重要的角色. 本文引入了带权无穷小Hopf模的概念,证明了带权拟三角无穷小单位双代数上的任意模都有一个自然的带权无穷小单位Hopf模结构.利用一种新的方式装饰平面根森林, 并证明根森林的空间,连同它上边的余乘和一组嫁接算子是集合上权为零的自由多重1-余圈无穷小单位双代数. 给出了余乘的一个组合解释.作为应用, 得到了未装饰的平面根森林上的余圈无穷小单位双代数范畴中的初始对象,它也是(非交换)Connes-Kreimer-Hopf代数中的研究对象. 最后,分别从任意带权无穷小双代数和带权交换无穷小双代数导出了两个预李代数,其中第二个构造推广了Novikov 代数上的Gelfand-Dorfman定理.     

Zimmermann type cancellation in the free Faà di Bruno algebra

Haiman and Schmitt showed that one can use the antipode SF of the colored Faà di Bruno Hopf algebra F to compute the (compositional) inverse of a multivariable formal power series. It is shown that the antipode SH of an algebraically free analogue H of F may be used to invert non-commutative power series. Whereas F is the incidence Hopf algebra of the colored partitions of finite colored sets, H is the incidence Hopf algebra of the colored interval partitions of finite totally ordered colored sets. Haiman and Schmitt showed that the monomials in the geometric series for SF are labeled by trees. By contrast, the non-commuting monomials of SH are labeled by colored planar trees. The order of the factors in each summand is determined by the breadth first ordering on the vertices of the planar tree. Finally there is a parallel to Haiman and Schmitt's reduced tree formula for the antipode, in which one uses reduced planar trees and the depth first ordering on the vertices. The reduced planar tree formula is proved by recursion, and again by an unusual cancellation technique. The one variable case of H has also been considered by Brouder, Frabetti, and Krattenthaler, who point out its relation to Foissy's free analogue of the Connes-Kreimer Hopf algebra.     

Faà di Bruno subalgebras of the Hopf algebra of planar trees from combinatorial Dyson-Schwinger equations

We consider the combinatorial Dyson-Schwinger equation X=B⁺(P(X)) in the non-commutative Connes-Kreimer Hopf algebra of planar rooted trees HNCK, where B⁺ is the operator of grafting on a root, and P a formal series. The unique solution X of this equation generates a graded subalgebra AN,P of HNCK. We describe all the formal series P such that AN,P is a Hopf subalgebra. We obtain in this way a 2-parameters family of Hopf subalgebras of HNCK, organized into three isomorphism classes: a first one, restricted to a polynomial ring in one variable; a second one, restricted to the Hopf subalgebra of ladders, isomorphic to the Hopf algebra of quasi-symmetric functions; a last (infinite) one, which gives a non-commutative version of the Faà di Bruno Hopf algebra. By taking the quotient, the last class gives an infinite set of embeddings of the Faà di Bruno algebra into the Connes-Kreimer Hopf algebra of rooted trees. Moreover, we give an embedding of the free Faà di Bruno Hopf algebra on D variables into a Hopf algebra of decorated rooted trees, together with a non-commutative version of this embedding.     

Sur l'algèbre enveloppante d'une algèbre pré-Lie

We construct an associative product on the symmetric module $S(L)$ of any pre-Lie algebra L. It turns $S(L)$ into a Hopf algebra which is isomorphic to the envelopping algebra of $L_{\mathrm{Lie}}$. Then we prove that in the case of rooted trees our construction is dual to that of Connes and Kreimer. We also show that symmetric brace algebras and pre-Lie algebras are the same. Finally, we give a similar interpretation of the Hopf algebra of planar rooted trees. To cite this article: J.-M. Oudom, D. Guin, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 340 (2005).     

A noncommutative symmetric system over the Grossman-Larson Hopf algebra of labeled rooted trees

In this paper, we construct explicitly a noncommutative symmetric ( CS) system over the Grossman-Larson Hopf algebra of labeled rooted trees. By the universal property of the CS system formed by the generating functions of certain noncommutative symmetric functions, we obtain a specialization of noncommutative symmetric functions by labeled rooted trees. Taking the graded duals, we also get a graded Hopf algebra homomorphism from the Connes-Kreimer Hopf algebra of labeled rooted forests to the Hopf algebra of quasi-symmetric functions. A connection of the coefficients of the third generating function of the constructed CS system with the order polynomials of rooted trees is also given and proved.     

The Hopf Algebra of Fliess Operators and Its Dual Pre-lie Algebra

We study the Hopf algebra H of Fliess operators coming from Control Theory in the one-dimensional case. We prove that it admits a graded, finite-dimensional, connected grading. Dually, the vector space ? ? x ₀, x ₁ ? is both a pre-Lie algebra for the pre-Lie product dual of the coproduct of H, and an associative, commutative algebra for the shuffle product. These two structures admit a compatibility which makes ? ? x ₀, x ₁ ? a Com-Pre-Lie algebra. We give a presentation of this object as a pre-Lie algebra.     

Differential Algebraic Birkhoff Decomposition and the renormalization of multiple zeta values

In the Hopf algebra approach of Connes and Kreimer on renormalization of quantum field theory, the renormalization process is viewed as a special case of the Algebraic Birkhoff Decomposition. We give a differential algebra variation of this decomposition and apply this to the study of multiple zeta values.     

Higher Order Peak Algebras

Using the theory of noncommutative symmetric functions, we introduce the higher order peak algebras (Sym(N))_N≥1, a sequence of graded Hopf algebras which contain the descent algebra and the usual peak algebra as initial cases (N=1 and N=2). We compute their Hilbert series, introduce and study several combinatorial bases, and establish various algebraic identities related to the multisection of formal power series with noncommutative coefficients. Received November 19, 2004