卡塞格林系统光学装调技术研究

介绍卡塞格林系统非球面主镜使用三坐标测量仪进行定心装调的方案。系统的主镜口径为300 mm,需要使用结构胶进行胶结固定,选用微应力粘接方法,将胶层粘接应力与热应力变形控制在极小的范围内。利用ZYGO干涉仪获得光学系统的波前信息,将测得的波相差转化为初级像差,根据光学系统失调量与像差的关系对卡塞格林系统进行计算机辅助装调。调试后,系统的RMS值达到0.10,分辨率达到1以内,检测结果表明:该系统的成像质量接近理论衍射分辨率,该方案可以实现快速定心,并且能够满足计算机辅助装调对定心精度的要求。     

红外双波段卡塞格林光学系统设计

定性地论述了卡塞格林系统设计中焦距、场镜焦距和后工作距离大小的选择.并论述了在设计中主、次镜必须根据设计结果的分析,调整主、次镜的半径和间隔,从而使后工作距离,遮栏比都能满足设计要求,最终使系统能够获得最优的设计性能以满足设计需要,在系统的垂轴像差难以消除时,也需考虑变换系统的光栏位置.     

New type optical Cassegrain antenna with lenses telescope system

The loss, which caused by the secondary mirror of Cassegrain antenna, is analyzed with Gaussian theory. Under the diameter of secondary mirror being one-fifth of the primary diameter, the loss goes beyond 15%. Optimum structure of optical antenna, which is made up of Cassegrain antenna and lenses system, is devised to solve the waste effectively. The optimal diameter of the mirror is analyzed with Matlab. The relation, the transmitting distance with the ratio of P_{r min}/P_out1 is attained by Gaussian theory, where P_{r min} is the minimum power of receiver signals required by optimum antenna; P_out1 is the power emitted by the optimum antenna.     

Analysis of space off-axis and performance of Cassegrain optical antenna system

The research of optical antenna is of greatest importance in the field of modern optical communication. For optical antenna, alignment of optical system is a significant factor, which influences the transmission quality of optical antenna system. Antenna off-axis is one of the important factors influencing the transmission quality of optical antenna system. In this paper, we analyze and numerically simulate how power attenuation ratio and gain of Cassegrain antenna vary with the antenna deflection angle and the distance that the central axis of receiving antenna deviates from z-axis, when space off-axis happens to the system. Finally, the coupling efficiency of Cassegrain antenna is tested experimentally, and the results show that the coupling efficiency of the Cassegrain antenna dramatically reduces in the case of off-axis. These studies provide a theoretical basis for optical antenna system to achieve accurate alignment in optical communication.     

卡塞格伦光学天线偏轴及性能分析

设计了具有抛物面结构的卡塞格伦光学天线.通过对偏轴下的卡塞格伦光学天线系统的分析,得到了不同偏转角所对应的接收光斑面积表达式和功率衰减曲线.讨论了偏轴下的接收天线增益与波长及偏转角的关系,仿真出在偏轴与轴对准两种情形下的增益曲线.仿真结果表明,〖JP2〗最大偏轴比轴对准情形增益降低了6.564dB.最后分别针对轴对准与某种偏轴情形下的系统做了光斑测试实验与天线耦合效率测试实验.结果为：偏轴下天线耦合效率降低了26.966%.这些研究为星间光通信中控制系统实现光轴的精确对准提供了理论依据,具有重要的实用价值 关键词： 偏轴 卡塞格伦光学天线 偏转角 增益     

Cassegrain激光发射系统的光路设计

为了提高激光探测系统激光的发射功率,在出射激光为基模的高斯光束的光路设计中,根据高斯光束经过光学系统的变换与传输特性,分析了系统采用Cassegrain望远镜时,其遮拦比以及入射光束束腰半径对光功率透过率的影响。通过具体的数值计算得出,随着遮拦比及入射光束束腰半径的增大,系统光功率透过率将减小,给出了望远镜遮拦比与发射孔径处光斑尺寸之间的最佳匹配关系,最后讨论了离焦误差（安装误差）为0.2mm时对出射光斑尺寸的影响。     

Analysis of athermalizing performance of thermal infrared optical system with Cassegrain antenna

The thermal infrared imaging system is of greatest importance in modern optics and the image quality closely relies on the accuracy of the optical system. Heat-induced mirror deformation influences the transmission performance of the optical antenna system significantly, which further degrades the accuracy of the whole system. In this work, the simulation on lens deformation circumstances under the thermal environment is carried out using the finite-element analysis software ANSYS. The focus shift property caused by the thermal effect is studied in the cases of reflective and refractive Cassegrain optical antennas, and the athermalizing performance of Cassegrain optical antenna system is also concluded. This work presents a direction to accurate designing of the thermal infrared optical system.     

集成式光读出FPA红外成像系统设计

本文对读出原理、像差要求、图谱质量进行深入研究,进而对读出技术进行深度整合与简化,实现光读出FPA红外成像系统小型化、轻量化、集成化。首先,从FPA的热-机械效应出发,介绍了光读出FPA红外成像系统的工作原理;然后,针对通常采用的光读出FPA红外成像系统体积大、重量大、结构复杂缺陷,提出了高集成度的新型光读出系统;接着,在分析讨论读出光路像差容限、特点的基础上,对以异形棱镜为核心元件的光读出系统进行了具体的光学仿真设计;最后,设计了集光、机、电、软技术的集成式光读出FPA红外成像系统。对系统样机测试结果表明:在确保成像性能的前提下,光读出FPA红外成像系统的体积减小到175 mm×83 mm×105 mm。以异形棱镜为核心元件的光读出技术,在满足成像精度和灵敏度的前提下,可减小读出系统的复杂程度,有效降低了光读出FPA红外成像系统的体积和重量,从而促进光读出FPA成像系统的工业化应用。     

用于激光测距的小F数接收光学系统设计

为解决远距离漫反射激光测距系统能量损耗严重问题,并提高测距系统的响应速度,设计了一种小探测靶面大通光孔径的接收镜头。以3组4片式Petzval结构作为接收镜头的初始原型,将孔径光阑前移放置在第一面,同时增大其孔径以提高接收效率,最后一片引入非球面,以减小球差并使系统小型化;靶面采用直径为75 μm的雪崩光电二极管探测器,保证响应速度小于45 ns。经过优化设计得到通光孔径为120 mm的接收镜头,F数为0.6,可用于远距离漫反射激光测距领域。     

Design of unobscured reflective zoom system with three mirrors

A method for the design of an unobscured reflective zoom system with three mirrors is described. This method applies the vector aberration theory, which helps designers analyze third-order aberrations for optical systems with decentered and tilted surfaces. As the vector aberration theory presents the variation of third-order aberrations in asymmetric systems through analytic expressions, real ray tracing is unnecessary. Hence, the design with vector aberration theory is faster, and the analytic expressions are more comprehensive and intuitive. To demonstrate the practicability of the method, a design example is given, which shows that the presented method can guide designers achieve a good unobscured reflective zoom system with three mirrors.     

外差探测系统中马卡望远镜离轴使用的研究

鉴于马卡望远镜离轴能够减小因副镜遮挡引起的光能量损失,分析了马卡望远镜离轴使用时,合作目标和非合作目标发射和接收光路的区别。讨论了马卡望远镜在外差探测系统离轴使用时,发射能量提高,但外差效率下降的原因;在合作目标外差探测系统离轴使用时发射能量提高30%以上,外差效率也有很大提高;通过对散射体目标物和平面镜的测量,分别得到了17%和85%的外差效率,验证了马卡望远镜在合作目标外差探测系统中可以离轴使用。     

外场多光轴平行性测试的光学系统设计

针对外场条件下因大气环境影响导致多光轴平行性误差的问题,设计了一种可见光、1.06μm激光及812μm的长波红外多光轴平行性测试的光学系统,系统采用卡塞格林系统为共光路并以可见光为基准光轴.卡塞格林系统的主次镜均采用双曲面校正球差及慧差,添加校正透镜减小了轴外像差.设计结果表明,该光学系统成像质量达到了衍射极限,在大气...     

高变倍比红外变焦距光学系统设计

 采用长波160×120元非制冷焦平面阵列探测器,设计了工作于8μm～12μm波段折射式红外连续变焦光学系统,该系统具有大相对孔径,F数为1.2,变倍比10×,高成像质量等特点。系统使用锗和氯化钾两种普通红外材料,通过引入非球面校正系统轴外像差和高级像差,在中焦时采用平滑换根快速提高变倍比。系统在空间频率17lp/mm处,全焦距范围内调制传递函数（MTF）均在0.55以上,接近衍射极限;系统在接收半径17μm的探测器敏感元内,能量集中度大于72%,表明该系统具有良好的成像质量。     

大视场空间对地遥感卡塞格林光学系统设计

设计了用于空间对地遥感的卡塞格林光学系统,系统的焦距为1000mm,F=5．6,光谱范围0．4～O．9μm,视场为3°,畸变小于1％。采用CODEV软件优化出两种系统结构形式,这两种结构形式的光学传递函数都接近衍射极限。将第二种形式的主镜的抛物面改成双曲面,并在校正组中引入了两个高次非球面,校正透镜组减少了两片透镜,其结构简单、体积小、重量轻,更适用于空间遥感应用环境。     

微球动态涂敷状态实时监测光学系统的设计

 介绍了一种可用于实时监测直径0.2～1.0 mm激光核聚变靶球涂敷状态的光学系统的设计,系统采用环形LED照明系统以适合特殊的照明要求,用Petzval型物镜使500 mm处的微球清晰成像于CCD像面上,CCD输出的图像电信号经图像采集卡转换成数字信号,最后该数字信号由计算机进行处理,实现了系统对靶球膜层涂敷作业的自动监控,大大提高了涂敷效率。所设计的系统轴上点最大弥散斑直径为12.6 mm,轴外最大弥散斑直径为15.8 mm,整个视场的像质比较均匀,分辨率较高,对于波长522 nm的光线,场曲和畸变分别小于15 mm和0.012%,像质优良。     

基于ANSYS的红外光学系统的有限元分析

红外光学系统作为空-空导弹的重要有机组成部分,要经历复杂的动力学环境。采用有限元分析方法对红外光学系统结构在工作状态下的变形、应力及固有频率进行了全面分析。验证了光学系统的结构是否满足光学像质要求和刚度要求,确定了面形变化的显著区域,并专门对其中的关键结构进行了详细分析,进而提出结构优化的途径。该方法对光学系统结构设计和分析具有现实意义,有助于进一步分析研究光学系统结构动力学。     

具有三个二次曲面反射镜的光学系统研究

本文从三级像差理论导出了三镜系统消S_Ⅰ、S_Ⅱ、S_Ⅲ、S_Ⅳ的代数解.以第二及第三镜的遮拦比和放大率,以及三个镜面的面形系数为独立参数,结出消像差条件公式.用国外发表的几个三镜系统验证这些公式,得到很好的吻合.     

一种新型挡光环的设计

传统形式的挡光环是将挡光环与遮光罩内壁垂直设置,文中设计的新型挡光环是将挡光环与遮光罩内壁倾斜设置,使入射杂光的反射光线和一部分散射光线在挡光环与遮光罩内壁所夹的空间内多次衰减无法出射,剩余的散射光线也大多逆向光学系统传播,大大消弱了到达探测器的杂散光。新型挡光环的倾角α要始终保持αβ(β为入射杂光与遮光罩内壁的夹角)的分布,才能避免一些照射到挡光环表面上的杂散光直接散射进入光学系统。文中以探测微弱星体的卡塞格林空间相机为例,在外遮光罩内部分别设置2种构型的挡光环,用T racepro软件进行建模与仿真,结果表明:采用新型挡光环的空间相机与采用传统型挡光环的空间相机相比,其探测的星等提高了4个等级。     

弹载卡式红外光学系统消热差设计

为了消除环境温度变化对弹载红外光学系统成像质量的影响,设计了一种在3.7 m~4.8 m波段工作的弹载卡塞格林式红外消热差光学系统。利用ANSYS软件分析了整流罩在大气中的受热变形对光学系统成像质量的影响,采用光学被动式消热差法对光学系统在-40℃~+65℃范围内进行了温度补偿。设计结果表明,系统MTF在20 lp/mm时轴外可达0.41以上,不同视场下的弥散斑直径小于一个像元尺寸且系统结构简单。该设计可保证光学系统的像面稳定性,有效提高火控系统对目标探测与识别能力。     

Sectoral thermal emitter for testing of modern IR systems

The paper presents multi-sector stable IR grey body radiation source, that can be used for testing of MRT. Its main element is monolithic metal plate with a test pattern, made of material with high thermal conductivity. On the surface of the test plate the sectors of different emissivity are created during manufacturing process. As a result when viewed by a thermal camera those sectors exhibit thermal contrast depending mainly on the radiative properties of each sector. The value of thermal contrast between particular sectors can be adjusted by changing the temperature of a test plate with respect to ambient. The emissivity values of particular sectors have been calculated and the procedure of adjusting the thermal contrast has been described, as well as the technology used to create the test plate. The model of described emitter has been tested and the results of temperature values obtained from thermal camera were compared with theoretical, calculated figures. The proposed emitter is dedicated for testing and calibrating of modern observations IR systems.