Non-catalyzed oscillation reaction in the aniline-KBrO3?H2SO4 system. II. Reaction products and their oscillating behavior

By means of thin-layer and gas chromatography the reaction products have been determined in the oscillation system of aniline, KBrO₃ and H₂SO₄. These products include: 2-bromoaniline, 4-bromoaniline, 2,4-dibromoaniline, 2,4,6-tribromoaniline, 1,4-benzoquinone, 2-bromo-1,4-benzoquinone, 2,6-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone and a brominated oxidation product. The brominated aniline derivatives do not exhibit an oscillating behavior, and the addition of these substances to an oscillating mixture damps the course of other oscillations.

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, KBrO₃ H₂SO₄. : 2-, 4-, 2,4-, 2,4,6-, 1,4-, 2--1,4-, 2,6--1,4- . , , , .

     

Temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) of Co?Ni/Al2O3 catalysts

Reducibility of Co–Ni/Al₂O₃ catalysts has been studied by the TPR method in the temperature range 293–900 K. Results seem to indicate alloying of cobalt and nickel in the process of reduction of the bimetallic systems.

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Co–Ni/Al₂O₃ 293–900 K. .

     

Reactivity of coordinated O2? towards. One-electron oxidants

Ion-radical complexes Ti(IV) (O ₂ ^– ) are unreactive towards most oxidants except Ce(IV) and Cr₂O ₇ ^2– . The one-electron redox potential for the O_{2 coord.}/O _{2 coord.} ^– couple lies between 1 and 1.6 V.

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- O ₂ ^– Ti(IV) , Ce(IV) Cr₂ O ₇ ^2– . - O_{2 .}/O ₂ ^– . 1 1,6 .

     

Various dynamic behavior of Ag+-induced oscillations in uncatalyzed bromate oscillators

Silver ion induces the uncatalyzed bromate oscillators /aromatics-bromate-acid/on a variety of dynamic behavior, including high frequency and complex oscillations. The behavior of a reacting system depends on the chemical composition of the armatics, the time of addition of Ag⁺, and the concentration of Ag⁺. The chemistry underlying the phenomena is discussed.

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(--) , . , Ag⁺ Ag⁺. .

     

Nature of the active oxygen of Co3O4

The differentiation of surface oxygen forms of Co₃O₄ by energy, reactivity and centers of adsorption has been carried out.

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Co₃O₄ , .

     

Selectivity of catalytic processes under forced cyclic operation

The influence of oscillations in the feed concentration on the selectivity of a catalytic process has been studied for parallel reactions. The selectivity increase in periodic operations depends on both the type of kinetic functions and the non-steady-state properties of the catalysts.

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. , .

     

Reactivity of electronically excited Br(2P1/2) atoms towards CH3F

The rate constants for Br(²P_1/2) and Br(²P_3/2) atoms in the reaction Br+CH₃FHBr+CH₂F in photobromination of CH₃F have been determined. Their ratio is 10^{–(2.6±0.5)} exp(10100±1000/RT) in the temperature range of 60–200 °C.

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Br(²P_1/2) Br(²P_3/2) Br+CH₃FHBr+CH₂F CH₃F. 60–200 °C 10^{–(2,6±0,5)} exp (10100±1000/RT).

     

Promotive effect of H2S for hydrocarbon conversions over Na zeolites

H₂S promotes remarkably the catalytic cracking of n-butane and the isomerization of cyclopropane over various Na zeolites, presumably because of the formation of new Brönsted acid sites on catalyst surface.

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H₂S - Na-, , .

     

Cyclohexane photooxygenation by air oxygen in CH2Cl2 in the presence of chromium oxocomplex-iodosylbenzene system

Cyclohexane is oxidized by air oxygen in CH₂Cl₂ solution to yield cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone and cyclohexyl chloride when irradiated by light (>310 nm) in the presence of (Bu₄N)₂CrO₄ or (Bu₃SnO)₂CrO₂. The addition of PhIO greatly accelerates the reaction and increases the yield of products. The reaction mixture contains neither cyclohexanol nor cyclohexanone when the photoreaction in the presence of the Cr(VI)–PhIO system is carried out in argon atmosphere. Hence neither iodosylbenzene nor oxochromium compounds can be oxygen atom donors in alkane oxygenation. The accelerating effect of iodosylbenzene may be due to the enhanced oxidizing power of photo-excited oxochromium species when coordinated to iodosylbenzene.

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CH₂Cl₂ , , (>310 ) (Bu₄N)₂CrO₄ (Bu₃SnO)₂CrO₂. PhIO . Cr(VI)–PhIO , , . , ( ) . .

     

Relation between the catalytic and acidic properties of zeolite catalysts

Influence of the strength and concentration of non protic centers on the catalytic activity of metal-zeolite catalysts in isomerization of n-butane has been studied. A relationship between the specific activity and the center strength is suggested.

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-. , .

     

Activation of magnesia by hydrogen spillover

Magnesia aerogel activated by hydrogen spillover at 430 °C or at 200 °C becomes a catalyst for the hydrogenation of ethylene. This catalytic activity, observed already at 50 °C, is further enhanced by a treatment in oxygen at 430 °C.

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, 430 200°C, . 50°C 430°C.

     

Effect of vanadium content on the character of acidic sites on V2O5/Al2O3 catalysts

By IR spectroscopy and TPD the effect of vanadium content on the relative proportion of strongly acidic sites of V₂O₅/Al₂O₃ catalyst was studied.

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- - V₂O₅/Al₂O₃.

     

Thermal decomposition of 10-molybdo-2-vanadosilicic heteropolyacid:29Si and51V-NMR study

Thermal decomposition of 10-molybdo-2-vanadosilicic heteropolyacid has been studied by²⁹Si and⁵¹V-NMR method.²⁹Si-NMR MAS spectra of solid samples indicate that the HPA begins to decompose at T<300°C and the decomposition is complete at 300–400°C.

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²⁹Si ⁵¹V Si–Mo-V () 12- . ²⁹Si MAS , 300°C 300–400°C.

     

Sorption of H2, O2 and CO on bimetallic catalysts Pd?Ag/Al2O3 over a wide temperature range

Adsorption of hydrogen, oxygen and carbon monoxide on Pd–Ag/Al₂O₃ catalysts of different compositions within the temperature range from 293 to 773 K has been investigated. Adsorption measurements have been carried out by the pulse chromatographic method. The results obtained reflect interactions of the above adsorbates with the alloy surface, strongly enriched in silver atoms, as a result of surface segregation processes.

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, Pd–Ag/Al₂O₃ 293–773 K. . , , .

     

Ammoxidation of propylene over SnO2?Sb2O4 mixed oxide catalysts doped with Ga, In or Tl

In studying the catalytic activities of SnO₂–Sb₂O₄ (SnSb=11) mixed oxides doped with Ga, In or Tl in the ammoxidation of propylene, a selectivity improvement was observed when the dopants Ga₂O₃ and Tl₂O₃ were used in low concentrations. At higher concentrations and for In₂O₃ the characteristics of the dopant prevail, disclosing that the admixed oxides are not evenly distributed in the bulk, but that the doping is rather confined to the surface layers of the catalyst.

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, Ga, In Tl 673 . , Ga₂O₃ Tl₂O₃ (0,5–2 . %). In₂O₃ . , , .

     

Studies on catalytically active surface compounds, IX. Formation of O2? radicals on VCl4/SiO2 catalysts

The conditions for the formation of O ₂ ^– on VCl₄/SiO₂ catalysts have been investigated. It is shown that thermal vacuum treatment (TVT) of unhydrolyzed catalysts leads to partial hydrolysis of the surface vanadium complex caused by the silanol groups of the support. The ability of the catalysts to generate O ₂ ^– radicals was found to depend on the degree of hydrolysis caused by thermal vacuum treatment.

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O ₂ ^– VCl₄/SiO₂. , , . , O ₂ ^– , .

     

Stopped-flow study of the oxidation of ascorbic acid by the oxo-bridged trinuclear ruthenium complex [(NH3)5RuORu(NH3)4 ORu(NH3)5]7+

The kinetics of the oxidation of ascorbic acid by [(NH₃)₅RuORu(NH₃)₄ORu(NH₃)₅]⁷⁺ has been studied by the stopped-flow method. The activation parameters have been calculated and a possible mechanism is suggested.

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[(NH₃)₅RuORu(NH₃)₄ORu·(NH₃)₅]⁷⁺ . .

     

Thermal and some other properties of the complexes crystallizing from the system Ni(II)-en-[Ni(CN)4]2−-H2O

Seven complex compounds exhibiting the compositions Ni(en)₃Ni(CN)₄·H₂O (I), Ni(en)₃Ni(CN)₄ (II),-Ni(en)₂Ni(CN)₄ (III), Ni(en)Ni(CN)₄·2H₂O (IV), Ni(en)Ni(CN)₄ (V), Ni(en)₂Ni(CN)₄ · 2.5H₂O (VI) and-Ni(en)₂Ni(CN)₄ (VII) were prepared from the system Ni-en-[Ni(CN)₄]^2–-H₂O. These compounds were examined by the methods of infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffractometry, UV-VIS reflectance spectroscopy, and also by the measurement of magnetic moments. The thermal stability, the stoichiometry of thermal decomposition and the mutual transformations were investigated with a derivatograph. The reactions proceeding according to the following schemes were observed if the system was heated to appropriate temperature: (I)(II)(III)(V)(IV) and (VI)(VII)(III)(V)(IV) Process (VII)(III) represents isomerization. The reversibility of the process (V)(IV) is due to the high hygroscopicity of the anhydrous complex. The changes in structure in the course of the individual processes are discussed.

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Zusammenfassung Aus einem System Ni-en-[Ni(CN)₄]^2–-H₂O wurden sieben Komplexe der Formeln Ni(en)₃Ni(CN)₄·H₂O (I), Ni(en)₃Ni(CN)₄ (II),-Ni(en)₂Ni(CN)₄ (III), Ni(en)Ni(CN)₄·2H₂O (IV), Ni(en)Ni(CN)₄ (V), Ni(en)₂Ni(CN)₄ · 2.5H₂O (VI) und-Ni(en)₂Ni(CN)₄ (VII) hergestellt. Diese Verbindungen wurden mittels IR-Spektroskopie, Röntgenpulverdiffraktometrie, UV-Reflexionsspektroskopie und durch Messungen des magnetischen Momentes untersucht. Die Wärmestabilität, die Stöchiometrie des thermischen Zerfalles und die gegenseitigen Umwandlungen wurden mittels eines Derivatographen untersucht. Wird das System auf geeignete Temperaturen erhitzt, kann der Reaktionsverlauf durch folgendes Schema dargestellt werden: (I)(II)(III)(V)(IV) und (VI)(VII)(III)(V)(IV).Der Prozeß (VII)(III) verkörpert eine Isomerisierung. Die Umkehrbarkeit von Prozeß (V)(IV) ist auf die ausgeprägten Hygroskopieeigenschaften des wasserfreien Komplexes zurückzuführen. Es werden die im Ablaufe der einzelnen Prozesse vorgehenden Strukturveränderungen besprochen.

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Ni- -[No(N)]² -₂ Ni(en)₃Ni(CN)₄ · ₂ (I), Ni(en)₃Ni(CN)₄ (II),-Ni(en)₂Ni(CN)₄ (III), Ni(en)Ni(CN)₄-2H₂O (IV), Ni(en)Ni(CN)₄ (V), Ni(en)₂Ni(CN)₄ · 2,5H₂O (VI) -Ni(en)₂Ni(CN)₄ (VII). , , - , . , . (I)(II)(III)(V)(IV) (VI)(VII)(III)(V)(IV). (VII)(III) . (V)(IV) . .

     

Methanol formation on Cu/ZnO catalysts,measured by High Pressure DSC

The activity of copper containing catalysts for the formation of methanol from CO and H₂ is investigated with High Pressure DSC. The activity is measured at 40 atm. and 230 C. The DSC signal has been calibrated with melting experiments with tin under reaction conditions. Comparison with flow reactor measurements shows a good relation with the DSC experiments.

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Zusammenfassung Die Aktivität kupferhaltiger Katalysatoren bei der Bildung von Methanol aus CO und H₂ wurde mittels Hochdruck-DSC untersucht. Sie wurde bei 40 bar und 230 C gemessen.Die Eichung des DSC-Signals erfolgt mittels Schmelzen von Zinn unter Reaktionsbedingungen. Ein Vergleich mit Messungen im Strömungsreaktor zeigte eine gute Korrelation mit den DSC-Ergebnissen.

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- , . 40 230. . .

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We express our thanks to Dr. E. C. Kruissink and Drs. W. Glasz for delivery of the catalysts and measurement of the reactor activities.     

On the state of Re in the Pt/Re reforming catalysts

Both Pt/Al₂O₃ and (Pt+Re)/Al₂O₃ industrial catalysts contain, after reduction (at 450 °C) ions, extractable by acetylacetone. However, a substantial part of Re is reduced.

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Pt/Al₂O₃ (Pt+Re)/Al₂O₃ ( 450 °C) , . , .