The transmission of sound by ventilation ducts—A design guide

It has recently been shown that for situations in which two rooms are connected by a ventilation duct, the principal acoustic path from one room to the adjacent room is that via the duct cavity. As existing theories were found to be inadequate in predicting this path noise reduction, experiments have been carried out to determine the values of the unknown variables. These are described and a design guide for determining the overall noise reduction of the system has been produced.     

Development of high durability plasma filter for air circulating disinfection system

Deadly diseases are caused by pathogenic bacteria and viruses that spread, among other means, through air circulating systems; hence, it is important to focus on pathogen removal from the air before circulating air through the system. Our paper introduces a novel plasma-based filter that, when used in an air circulating system with particulate air filter, disinfects the air flow. This device, based on dielectric filter discharge (DFD) structure with low pressure drops, indicates easy installation into existing air circulating system. Its performance was evaluated in accordance with the specifications of duct used in hospitals, with consistent O₃ generation during 200 h showing high durability. Escherichia coli and Micrococcus luteus were used as the target airborne bacteria; the system exhibited a removal efficiency of approximately 99.99% on bacterial aerosols and continuous bactericidal action, demonstrating that the DFD system can be directly applied to existing air circulating systems.     

Duct effects on the heave stability of plenum air cushions

Linear heave stability boundaries for a fun-duct-plenum air cushion suspension system are presented. These were obtained by using a quasi-static pressure-flow relationship for the fan, a finite element discretization for one dimensional unsteady duct flow, and a lumped capacitance model for the plenum. They indicate that even relatively short ducts can have a major effect at practical flow rates on the stability of cushion systems typically used for amphibious and overland operations. Some results obtained from a non-linear analysis, in which the method of characteristics was used for the duct flow, suggest that the linear approach should be adequate for practical stability calculations. Comparisons with lumped parameter models indicate that here the duct effect is associated primarily with the inertance of the air in the duct. It is also shown that for some operating conditions the duct-plenum system behaves as an Helmholtz resonator. Good agreement is obtained with an earlier transmission line analysis based on the wave equation.     

Effect of Mean Flow on Acoustic Wave Propagation in a Duct with a Periodic Array of Helmholtz Resonators

Sound propagation properties of a duct system with Helmholtz resonators(HRs) are affected by mean flow.Previous studies have tended to focus on the effects of mean flows on acoustic response of a duct system with a finite number of HRs. Employing an empirical impedance model, we present a modified transfer matrix method for studying the effect of mean flow on the complex band structure of an air duct system with an infinite periodic array of HRs. The efficiency of the modified transfer matrix is demonstrated by comparison between an example of transmission response calculation for a finite single HR loaded duct and the finite element simulation result calculated using the COMSOL software. Numerical results are presented to analyze the effect of mean flow on the band structure and transmission loss of the sound wave in the duct system. It is hoped that this study will provide theoretical guidance for acoustic wave propagation of HR silencer in the presence of mean flow.     

Development of a prediction method for flow-generated noise produced by duct elements in ventilation systems

Flow-generated noise generated on the quiet side of the primary attenuators of a ventilation system is the result of interaction between air flow and duct discontinuities. It is of engineering importance to predict the flow-generated noise caused by air duct elements in ventilation systems at the design stage. However, all prediction methods are based upon an isolated in-duct element that is very different from a real ventilation system. Until recently, Mak and Yang have produced a prediction method for flow-generated noise produced by the interaction of two elements in air ducts. In this paper, an attempt has been made to modify their equations so that their predictive equations can possibly be used to predict noise produced by “real” duct discontinuities. By comparing their predictive values with the experimental results of Oldham and Ukpoho, their validity can be proved. The modified Mak-Yang predictive equations, therefore, provide a basis for permitting a more accurate prediction of flow-generated noise produced by various configurations of two in-duct elements and duct dimensions.     

气流管道有源降噪研究

如何消除气流的影响是管道有源降噪的难点之一，本文分析了湍流对有源降噪系统的影响，并开发了一种抗湍流传声器探管，最后在某种通风系统的进气管段进行了降噪试验，气流速度为２０ｍ／ｓ时，在６０－６３０Ｈｚ频带取得了１５ｄＢ（Ａ）的降噪效果。     

Jet forking driven by pipe tone

The present work deals with an experimental investigation of flow of air through a square-edged circular orifice at the downstream end of a circular duct. Self-excited acoustic oscillations at the natural duct modes are observed for certain flow velocities when the orifice is sufficiently thick. For a specific Reynolds number based on the orifice diameter and the mean jet velocity (9150 < Re < 9850), the jet forks into two trains, with the alternating vortices falling into the same branch of the forked train. Whereas this phenomenon has been reported earlier to have occurred when the density ratio of the jet is less than 0.72, the present results show that it is possible for a jet having the same density as the ambient atmosphere. The jet forking is coincident with jump in the acoustic frequency from one natural acoustic mode to another with comparable amplitudes of both the modes.     

冰蓄冷低温送风空调系统风管管路分析研究

研究得出冰蓄冷低温送风空调系统较常规空调系统在风管管路阻力及风管截面积的优越性。依据管路阻力计算公式利用VB语言编写风管比摩阻的计算程序,并利用该计算程序对相同工况下的典型的低温送风温度与常规送风温度的比摩阻进行计算,进而得到风管管路阻力,同时计算得出各送风温度下的风管截面积,并进行对比分析。相同计算条件下,冰蓄冷低温送风空调系统的风管沿程阻力是常规送风系统的40%—70%;采用8℃低温送风方式时,其风管截面积较常规空调可减少20%—30%。与常规空调系统相比,采用冰蓄冷低温送风空调系统可明显减小风管的沿程阻力和截面积,大大降低了风机耗能和建筑层高,节省了运行及建材费用。     

Numerical simulations of shock-wave interaction with a boundary layer in the plane supersonic flows with jet injection

A supersonic air flow in a plane channel with a transverse turbulent jet of hydrogen injected through a slot on the bottom wall is simulated. The algorithm for solving the Favre-averaged Navier-Stokes equations for the flow of a perfect multispecies gas on the basis of the WENO scheme is proposed. The main attention is paid to the interaction of the shock-wave structure with the boundary layers on the upper and lower duct walls under the conditions of an internal turbulent flow. Namely, a detailed study of the structure of the flow is done, and separation and mixing depending on the jet slot width are investigated. It is found that in addition to well-known shock-wave structures produced by the interaction of the free stream with the transverse jet and the bow shock interaction with the boundary layers near the walls, an additional system of shock waves and the flow separation arise on the bottom wall downstream at some distance from the jet. The comparison with the experimental data is performed.     

流管实验装置中声传播计算的模态方法

流管实验装置是测量有流动情况下航空发动机消声短舱内声衬声阻抗的主要装置。本文发展了一种解析的模态匹配方法进行在平均流有声衬条件下矩形流管中声传播的计算。用同伦方法求解特征值问题,并与用环绕积分求解的结果进行比较。声场通过轴向阻抗间断面的声压和声质点速度积分相等计算。第一个算例是无流动、硬壁、有限长、考虑端口反射的情况,并与北航流管实验台测量数据进行了对比;第二个算例为有流动情况下有限长声衬管道不考虑端口反射的声场计算,它与文献中NASA流管实验结果和CAA计算结果符合得很好。     

Acoustic characterization and prediction for fan-duct-plenum-room integrations

This paper investigates mutual influence of duct and room acoustics in the whole fan-duct-plenum-room integrations. Applying the parametric design language of finite element software ANSYS (APDL), dimensional and positional influence on system acoustics has been studied. Models with different room dimensions, duct lengths, duct cross-sections, duct locations, duct discharges and duct elbow were constructed, and their characteristics were compared qualitatively. Results show that small rooms, short ducts, large duct cross-sections and bell mouth duct discharges help to increase room sound pressure levels (SPLs); SPLs in ducts and plenums are sensitive to duct dimensions and duct discharge types but insensitive to duct locations and room dimensions; duct elbows have relatively indistinct acoustic influence in each component. Based on the calculation results, a semi-experimental method was proposed for simply and approximately evaluating indoor acoustic spectra of fan-duct-plenum-room integrations, then an example was used to demonstrate the prediction process. Finally, by adopting several ideal models, sound field constitutions, duct and room wall admittances and duct end reflection were explored quantitatively. This study may give a detailed understanding of fan-duct-plenum-room acoustics for researchers, also it might provide a new, simple and approximate prediction method for professionals to evaluate and improve fan-ducted acoustics.     

有限长导管声场预报的一种边界元方法

为了研究介质流动情况下有限长导管中点声源产生的声场,提出了一种以源势密度作为未知数的间接边界元方法.首先将整个求解空间划分为管内和管外两个相互独立的封闭域,然后利用压力和速度在开口处的连续条件和壁面边界条件将内外域的声场方程联立为一个矩阵方程,求解出源势密度后由源势密度计算出任意位置的声场.与Myers的基准数据比较表...     

The effect of an air flow on a single side branch helmholtz resonator in a circular duct

A single side branch Helmholtz resonator has been tested in a circular duct in which both sound and an air flow could be passed in the same direction. The sound input was broad band and the transfer function across the resonator was determined by using two microphones and a cross-correlation analysis technique in which the broad band sound input was cross-correlated with each microphone signal in turn. The fundamental resonant frequency, as obtained from the transfer function of the resonator, was found to increase with increasing flow velocities in the duct. It was possible for the entire mass end correction of the orifice of the resonator to be eliminated by the flow. The higher natural frequencies of the resonator were not affected as much by the air flow.     

集中送风式陈列柜的CFD整体模拟

将集中送风式陈列柜的五大部件送风管道、送风结构、陈列柜风幕、回风结构和回风管道结合成为一个整体,采用双流体改进模型进行CFD模拟,分析了CFD模拟的陈列柜温度场分布特性,并与测试结果进行了对比分析。对比分析的结果表明,CFD模拟温度与实测温度十分吻合,说明所采用的CFD整体模拟是成功的。     

Experimental measurements of two-dimensional planar propagating edge flames

The study of edge flames has received increased attention in recent years. This work reports the results of a recent study into two-dimensional, planar, propagating edge flames that are remote from solid surfaces (called here, “free-layer” flames, as opposed to layered flames along floors or ceilings). They represent an ideal case of a flame propagating down a flammable plume, or through a flammable layer in microgravity. The results were generated using a new apparatus in which a thin stream of gaseous fuel is injected into a low-speed laminar wind tunnel thereby forming a flammable layer along the centerline. An airfoil-shaped fuel dispenser downstream of the duct inlet issues ethane from a slot in the trailing edge. The air and ethane mix due to mass diffusion while flowing up towards the duct exit, forming a flammable layer with a steep lateral fuel concentration gradient and smaller axial fuel concentration gradient. We characterized the flow and fuel concentration fields in the duct using hot wire anemometer scans, flow visualization using smoke traces, and non-reacting, numerical modeling using COSMOSFloWorks. In the experiment, a hot wire near the exit ignites the ethane-air layer, with the flame propagating downwards towards the fuel source. Reported here are tests with the air inlet velocity of 25 cm/s and ethane flows of 967-1299 sccm, which gave conditions ranging from lean to rich along the centerline. In these conditions the flame spreads at a constant rate faster than the laminar burning rate for a premixed ethane-air mixture. The flame spread rate increases with increasing transverse fuel gradient (obtained by increasing the fuel flow rate), but appears to reach a maximum. The flow field shows little effect due to the flame approach near the igniter, but shows significant effect, including flow reversal, well ahead of the flame as it approaches the airfoil fuel source.     

喷水室典型空气处理过程中空气流速的实验研究

针对纺织厂空调系统的核心-喷水室,研究喷水室内处理空气的冷却减湿和等焓加湿两个典型热湿交换过程。提出Re准数对传热传质有显著作用,而Re数的大小取决于流体速度。通过实验研究当空气流速从3m/s提高到5m/s时对喷水室热湿交换性能的影响,从而确定空气流动速度因素对两个热湿交换效率的影响趋势。根据拟合的数学曲线,总结出当空气的流动速度提高后,热湿交换效率相应提高。从而推动高速喷水室在实际工程中的应用。     

Sound power flux measurements in strongly exited ducts with flow

This contribution describes new robust procedures for the measurement of sound power flux at appropriate axial positions along a duct with flow, using pairs of flush wall mounted microphones, or pressure transducers. The technology includes the application of selective averaging, order tracking, and optimized sampling rate methods to identify the small fraction of the total fluctuating wave energy that is being propagated along the flow path in a reverberent, or highly reactive duct system. Such measurements can also be used to quantify the local acoustic characteristics that govern the generation, transfer, and propagation of wave energy in the system. Illustrative examples include the determination of the acoustic characteristics of individual silencing elements installed in IC engine intakes and exhausts both on the flow bench and during controlled acceleration or run down on a test bed, where the wave component spectral levels approached 170 dB.     

MEASUREMENTS OF LOCAL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS FROM A FLAT PLATE TO A PAIR OF CIRCULAR AIR IMPINGING JETS

Local heat transfer coefficients from a flat plate to a pair of circular air impinging jets are investigated experimentally, A pair of well-controlled, fully developed circular air impinging jets at room temperature are used in the experiments. The experimental method in this investigation is the transient liquid-crystal technique. During the experiments, the surface liquid-crystal color distribution of the test plate is recorded using a video imaging acquisition system, and the color information is translated into a surface temperature distribution through a digital color image processing unit. Local heat transfer coefficients art obtained using a surface transient heat conduction analysis. The flow Reynolds number of the jet is kept at 23,000. The jet-to-plate distance and the jet-to-jet spacing are varied in the experiment. Detailed radial heat transfer distributions at different radial directions are obtained and analyzed for L/D = 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10. The effect of jet spacing distance (S/D =1.75, 3.5,5.25, 7.0) is analyzed by comparing to data obtained from a single jet with similar flow configurations.     

A quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy sensor for measurement of water vapor concentration in the air

A compact and highly linear quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy(QEPAS)sensor for the measurement of water vapor concentration in the air is demonstrated.A cost-effective quartz tuning fork(QTF)is used as the sharp transducer to convert light energy into an electrical signal based on the piezoelectric effect,thereby removing the need for a photodetector.The short optical path featured by the proposed sensing system leads to a decreased size.Furthermore,a pair of microresonators is applied in the absorbance detection module(ADM)for QTF signal enhancement.Compared with the system without microresonators,the detected QTF signal is increased to approximately 7-fold.Using this optimized QEPAS sensor with the proper modulation frequency and depth,we measure the water vapor concentration in the air at atmospheric pressure and room temperature.The experimental result shows that the sensor has a high sensitivity of 1.058parts-per-million.     

Effect of noise and vibration on the performance of a particle concentration laser meter and optimization of its parameters

Spurious illumination penetrating into a gas duct adversely affects the performance of a laser gage measuring the concentration of solid particles dispersed in the air flow. The noise and gas duct vibration caused by the noise and vibration of the flow driver and other sources mechanically connected to the gas duct modulate the spurious radiation so that it may generate a signal that is perceived as a useful one by a photodetector. The noise-and vibration-modulated spurious illumination, as well as its optical-to-electric conversion with consideration for the spectral characteristics and the connection of the photodetector to the laser gage, is analyzed. From the amplitude and frequency properties of real noise and vibration sources causing the gas duct walls, on which the laser gage is mounted, to vibrate, the effect of the parasitic illumination is estimated. The operating parameters of a laser gage with double amplitude modulation and subsequent double synchronous detection, which make it possible to considerably improve its noise immunity, are proposed.