Experimental investigation of free convection above a heated horizontal wire

Results are presented of an experimental investigation of the convective plume above a fine horizontal wire, heated by a constant current in air and in water. The temperature distribution in the plume was investigated using the IAB-451 shadow instrument in the diffraction interferometry method. The experimental results are in good agreement with laminar convection theories above a linear heat source. In the air, a comparison was made with the experimental results of other authors.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhicheskoi Fiziki, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 169–173, March–April, 1970.The author wishes to express his indebtedness to V. D. Zimin and N. V. Eyzhanov for their assistance with numerical solutions of Eqs. (1.3).     

Free convection above a horizontal circular disk in a saturated porous medium

The boundary-layer flow above a horizontal impermeable circular disk embedded in a saturated porous medium is considered in the cases both when the disk is held at a constant temperature above ambient and when heat is supplied to the convective fluid by the disk at a constant rate. Series solutions are obtained based on the flat plate solution, which holds at the edge of the disk, as the leading order terms. These series solutions can then be used to describe the flow nearly all the way across the disk. A simple approximate solution, based on an integrated form of the energy equation, is also obtained and is shown, for the constant wall temperature case, to be useful in indicating how the solution behaves near the centre of the disk. The solutions asr0, wherer measures distance from the centre is discussed in both cases, and it is shown that the solution develops a singularity with the boundary layer having a thickness of 0[(–logr)^1/2].

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Freie Konvektion über einer waagerechten Kreisscheibe in einem gesättigten porösen Medium

Zusammenfassung Es wird die Grenzschicht über einer waagerechten undurchlässigen Kreisscheibe, die in einem gesättigten porösen Medium eingebettet ist, untersucht. Zwei Möglichkeiten werden betrachtet: bei der einen ist die Oberflächentemperatur der Scheibe konstant, aber größer als die der Umgebung, bei der anderen ist die Scheibe gleichförmig beheizt. Es werden Lösungen in Form von Reihenentwicklungen erzielt, wobei die ersten Glieder den Lösungen einer ebenen Platte entsprechen, die an dem Rand der Scheibe gültig sind. Danach werden diese Lösungen zur Beschreibung der Bewegung der Flüssigkeit über einen großen Bereich der Scheibe benutzt. Eine einfache Lösung für den Fall der konstanten Wandtemperatur wird durch Integration der Energiegleichung erhalten und zur Beschreibung des Verhaltens der Lösung in der Nähe der Scheibenmitte verwendet. Man untersucht die Lösung fürr0 in beiden betrachteten Fällen, wobeir der Abstand von der Scheibenmitte ist. Bei einer Dicke von 0[(–logr)^1/2] der Grenzschicht weist die Lösung eine Singularität auf.

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Nomenclature a radius of disk - g acceleration due to gravity - K permeability of the porous medium - k thermal conductivity - q prescribed wall heat flux - Q (non-dimensional) heat transfer coefficient - r, coordinate measuring distance from the centre of the disk - R _a,R _a ^* Rayleigh number - T temperature of the convective fluid - T ₀ ambient temperature - T ₁ prescribed wall temperature - u Darcy's law velocity in ther-direction - V _w (non-dimensional) wall velocity - w Darcy's law velocity in thez-direction - x coordinate measuring distance from the edge of the disk - z, coordinate measuring distance normal to the disk - equivalent thermal diffusivity - coefficient of thermal expansion - non-dimensional temperature - _w (non-dimensional) wall temperature - viscosity of the convective fluid - stream-function - stream function at the edge of the boundary layer     

Similarity solution of mixed convection over a horizontal moving plate

Investigation to the mixed convective heat and mass transfer over a horizontal plate has been carried out. By applying transformation group theory to analysis of the governing equations of continuity, momentum, energy and diffusion, we show the existence of similarity solution for the problem provided that the temperature and concentration at the wall are proportional to x ^4/(7-5n) and that the moving speed of the plate is proportional to x ^(3-n)/(7-5n), and further obtain a similarity representation of the problem. The similarity equations have been solved numerically by a fourth-order Runge–Kutta scheme. The numerical results obtained for Pr=0.72 and various values of the parameters Sc, K ₁, K ₂ and K ₃ reveals the influence of the parameters on the flow, heat and mass transfer behavior.     

Laminar free convection heat transfer from a horizontal ring

The analytical solution of laminar free convective heat transfer in an unlimited space from an isothermal horizontal ring with an adiabatic plug is presented. The results of theoretical considerations are presented as relation of the Nusselt and Rayleigh numbers: $$Nu_D = 1.151 \cdot (Ra_D )^{1/5} \cdot \Phi (\phi _0 )$$ \] where Φ(φ₀) is a function of shape coefficient of the ring (φ₀=d/D). The solution presented has been verified experimentally with rings of constant external diameter (D=0.06 [m]) and various internal diameters (d=0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.04 and 0.05 [m]). The fluid tested was glycerin. The theoretical predictions agree well with the experimental results.     

最大偏心圆环空间自然对流传热的数值分析

采用正切圆坐标变换 ,对不同直径比以及上、下、侧面三种偏心位置 ,偏心率达到最大值± 1的变壁温水平圆柱环形封闭空间内空气的自然对流传热进行了数学模拟 ,求出的二维空间温度分布与实验拍摄相应的温度干涉条纹图片吻合良好。计算结果同时给出流线分布及内、外壁面的局部传热系数、热流量。并与现有的偏心率小于 1的有关资料作对比分析。数值计算的范围是 :2 .0× 1 0 2 ≤ Ra≤ 3 .0× 1 0 5,1 .3≤ Do/Di≤ 3 .8,Pr=0 .70 6,|ε|=1 .     

An experimental investigation on performance of fins on a horizontal base in free convection heat transfer

 Natural convection heat transfer in rectangular fin-arrays mounted on a vertical base was investigated experimentally. An experimental set-up was constructed and calibrated to test 15 different fin configurations. Fin length and fin thickness were kept fixed at 100 and 3 mm respectively, while fin spacing was varied from 4.5 to 58.75 mm and fin height was varied from 5 to 25 mm. Base-to-ambient temperature difference was also varied through a calibrated wattmeter ranging from 10 to 50 W. The results showed that fin spacing is the most significant parameter in the performance of fin arrays; and for every fin height, for a given base-to-ambient temperature difference, there exists an optimum value for the fin spacing for which the heat transfer rate from the fin array is maximized. It was seen that higher heat transfer enhancement are obtained with vertically oriented bases than with horizontally oriented bases for fin arrays of the same geometry. Received on 16 February 2000     

Numerical and experimental investigations into the upstream transpiration problem in free convection

The influence of uniform upstream transpiration on downstream heat transfer at a vertical plate in free convection is investigated numerically. The governing equations in their von Mises form are solved using a simple finite difference scheme forPr=0.72, in the blowing parameter range, – 1.9x<1.9. Experiments are conducted to verify the numerical predictions for uniform upstream blowing case.It is found that upstream transpiration effect persists upto a very considerable distance downstream of the discontinuity where transpiration ceases. Upstream suction has (relatively) less influence than upstream blowing. The down-stream heat transfer depends not only on the upstream transpiration velocity, but also on the length over which transpiration is applied.

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Numerische und experimentelle Untersuchungen zur stromaufwärts gerichteten Verdunstung bei freier Konvektion

Zusammenfassung Es wird der Einfluß gleichmäßiger, aufwärts gerichteter Verdunstung auf den Wärmeübergang bei freier Konvektion an einer vertikalen abwärts umströmten Platte numerisch untersucht. Der von Misessche Gleichungssatz wird unter Verwendung einer einfachen finiten Differenzenmethode fürPr=0,72 gelöst. Zur Bestätigung der rechnerischen Vorhersagen werden Experimente durchgeführt, bei denen jedoch eine gleichmäßige Aufwärtsströmung erzwungen wird.Es wurde ein starker Einfluß der aufwärts gerichteten Verdunstung über eine sehr lange Strecke auch noch unterhalb der Stelle festgestellt, wo die Verdunstung beginnt. Die Überlagerung eines Aufwärtssoges hat weniger Einfluß als eine durch Gebläse erzwungene Aufwärtsströmung. Der Wärmeübergang in der Abwärtsströmung hängt nicht nur von der Geschwindigkeit der aufwärts gerichteten Verdunstung, sondern auch von der Länge, über die Ausdampfen erfolgt, ab.

     

Transient laminar free convection in horizontal cylinders

A numerical study of laminar natural convection inside uniformly heated, partially or fully filled horizontal cylinders is made. A coordinate transformation which simplifies the discretization of the equations of motion and energy is utilized. The resulting system of partial differential equations with their boundary conditions is solved using central differences for various Prandtl and Grashof numbers for two different grid sizes. The flow in completely filled cylinders for which experimental data are available is predicted. Close agreement between steady-state predictions and experiments is obtained for temperature and velocity profiles as well as for the streamline contours and isotherms. The technique is further demonstrated by solving the transient natural convection flow inside a partially filled horizontal cylinder with an adiabatic free surface and subjected to uniform wall heating.

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Laminare freie Konvektion in horizontalen Zylindern

Zusammenfassung Es wurde eine numerische Berechnung der laminaren, freien Konvektion in gleichmäßig beheizten, teilweise oder ganz gefüllten, horizontalen Zylindern durchgeführt. Dabei wird eine Koordinatentransformation benützt, welche die Diskretisierung der Bewegungs- und der Energiegleichung vereinfacht. Das so resultierende System von partiellen Differentialgleichungen wird, zusammen mit seinen Randbedingungen, unter Verwendung einer Differenzenmethode für verschiedene Prandtl und Grashof-Zahlen sowie für zwei verschiedene Gittergrößen gelöst. Für den vollständig gefüllten Zylinder, für den experimentelle Daten verfügbar sind, wird die Strömung vorhergesagt. Dabei wird für stationäre Zustände gute Übereinstimmung zwischen Rechnung und Experiment erzielt. Dies gilt sowohl für den Verlauf der Stromlinien als auch für den der Isothermen. Das Verfahren wird weiterhin am Beispiel der Berechnung instationärer, freier Konvektion in einem partiell gefüllten, horizontalen Zylinder demonstriert, wobei eine adiabate, freie Oberfläche und gleichmäßige Beheizung der Wand angenommen sind.

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Nomenclature g acceleration due to gravity, m/s² - Gr _R ^* modified Grashof number =gqR⁴/kv² - Gr _R Grashof number =gTR³/v² - H heat function vector, dimensionless - k thermal conductivity, W/mK - L(Y) cord length associated with coordinateY, dimensionless - Pr Prandtl number=v/ - q wall heat flux, W/m² - R radius, m - r(X, Y,Z) distance of a boundary point from the reference axis, dimensionless - S vector derived from the flow field solution, dimensionless - T temperature, K - T _w wall temperature, K - T reference temperature, K - t time, s - u, v velocity components inx, y directions, m/s - U, V dimensionless velocity components inX- and Y-direction normalized withU - U reference velocity=gqR²/k or gTR, m/s - V velocity vector, dimensionless - W vorticity vector, dimensionless - W vorticity, dimensionless - x, y, z cartesian coordinates, m - X, Y, Z cartesian coordinates normalized with a reference length, dimensionless Greek letters thermal diffusivity, m²/s - coefficient of thermal expansion, K^–1 - ,,, non-dimensional coordinates in the transformed domain - non-dimensional temperature =(T–T)_k/q^R or T–T/T_w–T - v kinematic viscosity, m²/s - non-dimensional time=v/R² Gr_Rt or v/R² G _R ^* t - angle measured from the bottom of the cylinder, rads - ^* angle measured from the axis on (– ) plane, rads - heat potential, dimensionless - angle of incidence of the heat flux vector, rads - non-dimensional stream function - vector potential, dimensionless - grid size, dimensionless - ² Laplacian operator - gradient vector     

A study of instability in free convection from an inclined plate

Summary The results of an experimental study of the stability of boundary layer free convection from an inclined plane surface are presented. In particular, the relative contributions of hydrodynamic and thermal effects are investigated. It is demonstrated that thermal effects, through surface inclinations, are increasingly significant as the surface departs further from the vertical position and that positive and negative inclinations do not produce equal and opposite effects.The instability phenomenon was observed with a schlieren apparatus and found to be wave-like. The corresponding characteristics of wavelength, frequency etc., were measured at selected inclinations using thermocouple probes. The effect of inclination on these characteristics is shown to be moderate. The variation in the stability limit of the neutral stability curves is also calculated.     

Transient conduction in a plate cooled by free convection

An approximate analytical solution of the one-dimensional conduction equation with a natural convection boundary condition is presented. The solution is based on the heat balance integral technique and possesses considerable utility. The accuracy of the solution is tested by comparison with an exact solution for a range of linear forced convection problems and with a Crank-Nicolson solution for a range of nonlinear free convection problems. It is demonstrated that significant differences can occur between the temperature responses of a solid cooled by either free of forced convective flow at similar Biot numbers.     

Magnetohydrodynamic unsteady free convection past a hot vertical plate

The free convection flow of an electrically conducting liquid from an infinite plate has been studied in the presence of a uniform magnetic field. General expressions for the velocity field, induced magnetic field, skin-friction and temperature distribution have been obtained when the plate is a perfect conductor and its temperature varies with the law t ⁿ e ^at . The results have been presented through some graphs and tables with the magnetic Prandtl number unity as its value.     

A unified treatment of mixed convection on a permeable horizontal plate

A problem of mixed convection on a horizontal plate is reconsidered assuming that the plate is subjected to a variable temperature or variable heat flux. The plate is considered permeable allowing blowing or suction of the fluid. The results of free and forced convection are obtained as special cases of this study of mixed convection. It is also shown that the results corresponding to prescribed temperature are related to those of prescribed surface heat flux by simple conversion formulae.

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Eine einheitliche Behandlung der Mischkonvektion bei einer durchlässigen horizontalen Platte

Zusammenfassung Ein Problem der Mischkonvektion bei einer horizontalen Platte ist in der Annahme erörtert worden, daß die Platte einer veränderlichen Temperatur und einem veränderlichen Wärmestrom ausgesetzt wird. Hierbei wurde die Platte als durchlässig für Einblasen und Absaugen des Fluids angenommen. Die Ergebnisse der freien und erzwungenen Konvektion wurden als Spezialfälle dieser Studie für Mischkonvektion erhalten. Es wird angezeigt, daß die Ergebnisse, welche die Temperatur beschreiben, mit denen die die Wandwärmestromdichte beschreiben, durch einfache Umrechnungsformeln in Verbindung gebracht werden können.

     

Group theory analysis of mixed convection over a horizontal moving plate

I.Introducti0nlncustomarytreatmentofforcedconvectiveboundary-layernowoverahorizontalplate,buoyancyforcecomp0nentn0rmaltothesurfaceisneglectedashigher-0rderterms,withtheresultofn0pressurevariationacrosstheboundarylayer-However,thecrosswisepressuregradient,…     

An experimental investigation on performance of rectangular fins on a horizontal base in free convection heat transfer

This paper reports an experimental study of free convection heat transfer from rectangular fin-arrays on a horizontal base. An experimental set-up was constructed and calibrated, 15 sets of fin-arrays and a base plate without fins were tested in atmosphere. Fin height was varied from 6 mm to 26 mm, fin spacing was varied from 6.2 mm to 83 mm. The base-to-ambient temperature difference was also varied independently and systematically with the power supply to heater ranging from 8 W to 50 W. Fin length and fin thicknesses were fixed at 100 mm and 3 mm, respectively. The experimental program was conducted so as to clearly delineate the separate roles of fin height, fin spacing and base-to-ambient temperature difference. It was found that for a given base-to-ambient temperature difference the convection heat transfer rate from fin-arrays takes on a maximum value as a function of fin spacing and fin height. For a given base-to-ambient temperature difference the enhancement of the convection heat transfer rate of fin-arrays relative to that for base plate without fins is strongly dependent on the fin spacing to fin height ratio and number of fins. A correlation was also presented relating the convection heat transfer rate of fin-arrays relative to that for base plate without fins with the relevant non-dimensional parameters. Received on 7 August 1997     

Numerical study of nanofluid mixed convection in a horizontal curved tube using two-phase approach

Laminar mixed convection of nanofluid consisting of water/Al₂O₃ in a horizontal curved tube is investigated numerically. Three dimensional elliptical governing equations have been solved to study the simultaneous effect of the buoyancy and centrifugal forces throughout the curved tube. The effects of nanoparticle concentrations on the secondary flow and also on the contours of temperature are presented and discussed. Axial velocity profiles with respect to the horizontal and vertical diameter are shown. In addition, the effects of nanoparticle volume fractions on the axial evolution of the local peripheral average convective heat transfer coefficient and the local peripheral average skin friction coefficient are studied. It is shown that the average convective heat transfer coefficient augments with the nanoparticle concentrations. However, its effect on the average skin friction coefficient is negligible.     

Numerical and experimental study of the forced convection inside a rotating disk-cylinder configuration

In this paper, axisymmetric bulk flow patterns generated by moderate disk rotation and counter-rotation inside a coaxial disk-cylinder configuration with a fixed aspect ratio are obtained both experimentally and numerically. Experimental results are based on chronophotographic visualization and image processing techniques, while numerical results are computed using the full stationary Navier-Stokes equations assuming two different dynamic boundary conditions (no-slip and meridional free-slip) for all rigid walls. A comparative analysis between both numerical distributing and the patterns obtained experimentally is carried out in terms of streamfunction and vorticity meridional distributions.     

Natural convection heat transfer from round horizontal plate

A new approach to the model of natural convection from a horizontal, isothermal round plate and a simplified analytical solution of this model have been presented. In this model two separate regions with different fluid motions have been distinguished. In the first region, inside the boundary layer, the fluid flows concentrically towards the centre of the plate, while in the second one (stagnation region) the fluid is motionless. The presented theory has been verified experimentally.Ein neuer Lösungsweg für das Modell der freien Konvektion an einer isothermen, kreisförmigen, horizontalen Platte und eine vereinfachte analytische Lösung für dieses Modell werden hier vorgestellt. An diesem Modell wird zwischen zwei Bereichen mit verschiedenen Fluidbewegungen unterschieden. Im ersten Bereich, innerhalb der Grenzschicht, strömt das Fluid konzentrisch in Richtung Plattenmitte, während im zweiten Bereich (Stau-Bereich) die Flüssigkeit in Ruhe ist. Diese Theorie wurde experimentell überprüft.