光热效应用于光纤光镊焦点位置的研究

光镊是利用光穿过处于系统焦点的物体时产生的动量变化对其施加力的作用,因此确定光镊系统焦点位置是极其重要的.但目前缺少有效确定光镊焦点的方法.本文提出利用测量皮安培量级电流的膜片钳技术,基于光在溶液中产生的光热效应来确定光纤端面出射光斑的焦点.基于水的吸收光谱,选用波长为980 nm、845 nm和功率为100 mW的激光作为光源.由于光热效应引起溶液电导的改变,影响流过玻璃微电极的电流,再用标准温度引起电流变化对膜片器放大器记录的电流标定,将电流值转换成温度值,获得微电极尖端点的温升值.用三维微操纵器控制玻璃微电极的空间位置,获得温度空间分布,从而确定该光斑焦点位置.     

有限远共轭显微镜光镊设计和误差分析

光镊是研究单分子生物物理特性的独特工具, 因而光镊设备的研发是一个极为重要的课题. 本文根据矩阵光学, 对基于有限远共轭显微镜的光镊操控光路进行计算, 得出了阱位径向操控和轴向操控方程, 并分析了光束调控系统、 共焦系统后置透镜和耦合透镜安装位置误差及物镜轴向位置调整对光镊阱位径向及轴向操控精度的影响. 计算结果显示, 当物镜初级像面和耦合透镜像方焦面完全重合, 光束调控系统和耦合透镜的距离误差对阱位径向和轴向操控精度没有影响. 光镊系统元器件定位不准时, 基于无限远共轭显微镜光镊的阱位径向操控误差和轴向操控误差都小于基于有限远共轭显微镜光镊的阱位径向操控误差和轴向操控误差. 当光镊耦合透镜定位误差控制在小于10 mm时, 基于有限远共轭显微镜光镊的径向和轴向操控误差分别小于5.9%和11.4%, 有限远共轭显微镜仍然存在改造为光镊的价值.本文理论为基于有限远共轭显微镜的光镊设计、改造和操控提供理论和实验指导. 关键词： 光镊 光学设计 矩阵 误差     

光纤探针型近场光镊光阱力特性研究

基于动量守恒原理,结合麦克斯韦应力张量和三维时域有限差分方法,建立了近场空间内激光光镊对纳米微粒的光阱力计算模型.分析了光纤探针型近场光镊的近场分布以及操作纳米微粒时各轴向光阱力的分布情况,并探讨了光纤探针尖端的捕获尺寸、捕获位置和操作稳定性.结果表明:微粒应处于光纤探针针尖的近场空间内才可实现稳定可靠的纳米操作,不同尺寸的微粒具有不同的捕获效果,且随初始位置的不同微粒的捕获位置亦不同.计算结果为激光近场光镊纳米操作装置的设计和制造提供了理论基础.     

光纤探针型近场光镊光阱力特性研究

基于动量守恒原理,结合麦克斯韦应力张量和三维时域有限差分方法,建立了近场空间内激光光镊对纳米微粒的光阱力计算模型.分析了光纤探针型近场光镊的近场分布以及操作纳米微粒时各轴向光阱力的分布情况,并探讨了光纤探针尖端的捕获尺寸、捕获位置和操作稳定性.结果表明:微粒应处于光纤探针针尖的近场空间内才可实现稳定可靠的纳米操作,不同...     

光镊力影响因素的计算分析

运用基于T矩阵算法的开源光镊计算工具包对可能影响光镊力的微粒尺寸、相对折射率以及光束模式进行了研究,计算结果表明,这三方面因素都会对光镊力产生显著影响,微粒直径与波长相等、相对折射率尽可能大时选择恰当的光束模式能够产生最佳的光镊捕获效果.     

光镊轴向阱位操控及器件安装误差对径向阱位操控的影响

光镊利用光学梯度力捕获和操控微小粒子,已经成为深入研究生物分子间相互作用等微观机制的独特技术.光镊光束操控系统一般由扩束输入镜、扩束输出镜、调焦透镜、耦合透镜和压电转镜等光学元器件组成,以保证物镜后瞳充满的前提下实现光镊阱位操控.光镊阱位的三维精确操控是实现光镊位钳和力钳模式的基本条件.本文根据矩阵光学,对基于无穷远校正显微镜的光镊操控光路进行计算,分析扩束输入镜、调焦透镜和物镜轴向位置调整,以及压电转镜、调焦透镜和耦合透镜安装位置误差对光镊径向阱位操控精度的影响,得到了物镜高度调整基本不会影响光镊径向位置操控,压电转镜和调焦透镜的安装位置误差对光镊径向阱位操控精度影响最大等结论,提出了能够实现径向阱位精确操控的轴向阱位动态操控范围,为光镊设计和操控提供理论和实验指导.     

高数值孔径聚焦三维光链的研究

通过设计衍射光学元件对入射矢量光进行调制，在高数值孔径聚焦系统焦点附近产生沿光轴方向的三维多点光俘获结构——光链.并针对不同的入射矢量偏振、聚焦透镜的数值孔径以及衍射光学元件结构，对光链性能的影响分别进行了系统的分析，实现对该独特光俘获结构的可控性研究. 关键词： 衍射光学元件 矢量光 光镊     

基于有限元仿真的硅基纳米光镊结构的设计

针对金属表面等离激元光镊热损耗问题,设计了一种硅基双纳米柱加纳米环的光镊结构.通过有限元仿真在1 064nm入射光场下计算了三种不同硅基纳米结构(硅基纳米球、纳米柱、纳米环)的场增强效果.利用硅基纳米结构光学共振机理,设计了一种电场增强倍数达到7.39倍的硅基双纳米柱光镊结构.在此基础上,增加纳米环使光镊结构的环中心与双纳米柱间隙产生光学共振耦合现象,得到的电场增强倍数高达11.9倍,形成了稳定的光学势阱.最后采用麦克斯韦应力张量法对硅基光镊中不同直径的聚苯乙烯小球进行了捕获分析,并在x、y、z方向上计算分析了直径为25nm的聚苯乙烯小球在不同位置的捕获力、捕获势能以及捕获刚度.设计的硅基纳米双圆柱加纳米环的光镊结构能够对聚苯乙烯小球起到良好的捕获效果.     

泽尼克多项式校正全息阵列光镊像差的实验研究

像差会影响光镊对粒子的捕获效果. 全息阵列光镊中, 像差不仅来自光学元件, 由特定算法设计的光阱相位片也会在光路中引入像差. 本文通过液晶空间光调制器加载泽尼克多项式相位图, 对全息阵列光镊中由光栅透镜组型算法引起的像差进行校正. 结果显示: 利用三阶泽尼克多项式可有效消除光路中由光栅透镜组型算法引 起的慧差, 使得捕获2 μm聚苯乙烯小球的阵列光阱刚度提高了约40%; 对比不同项的像差校正结果发现, 全息阵列光镊中由算法引起的慧差 与光学元件引起的像差一样, 也会对阵列光阱的捕获效果产生较大影响; 同时根据一阶像差校正结果可得光栅透镜 组型算法对于一阶泽尼克像差具有鲁棒性. 实验结果表明, 对全息阵列光镊中由 算法引起的像差进行校正, 对于提高光阱的捕获效果和深化对算法特性的认识都具有重要意义.     

基于片层光照明的新型单分子横向磁镊

磁镊是一种高精度的单分子技术,它用磁场对连有生物大分子的超顺磁球产生磁力,通过追踪磁球的位置来测量生物大分子的长度信息.磁镊包括横向磁镊和纵向磁镊.纵向磁镊空间精度高,但昂贵;横向磁镊简单便宜,但由于受其成像原理的限制,一般情况下只能连接较长的DNA等生物大分子,且其空间精度较差,进而限制了其应用范围.为了解决这个问题,本文改进了横向磁镊,用片层光照明的方法使光线主要被磁球散射,从而能够直接观察到吸附在样品槽侧壁上的磁球,这使得测量短连接的底物成为可能.对于实际应用的检测,首先测试了包含270 bp发卡结构的0.5μm双链DNA,用其中发卡结构的"折叠-去折叠"跳变过程证明了改进后的横向磁镊的确可以追踪短DNA等生物大分子.然后,进一步用16μm的λ-DNA检验了实验系统.最后,将新型横向磁镊与普通横向磁镊及纵向磁镊在小力和大力条件下拉伸不同长度DNA的噪声进行了比较,发现改进后的横向磁镊在空间精度上明显优于普通横向磁镊,与纵向磁镊相比也无明显差异.以上结果证明了改进后的横向磁镊的精度优势,并扩展了横向磁镊的应用范围.     

细胞外溶液的近红外光热响应取决于其吸收特性

光热效应是激光与生物组织相互作用中的一个主要因素, 但其产生、传输和作用机理尚不十分清晰. 本文采用双波长近红外激光辐照和膜片钳技术相结合的方法, 选择980 nm和845 nm两个波长的近红外激光, 因其在水中的吸收系数分别为0.502 cm^-1和0.0378 cm^-1, 接近十倍差异. 若溶液是产生光热响应的主要介导物质, 则期望这两个波长的激光辐照所产生的溶液温升也将呈现相应的十倍比例关系. 研究中把溶液光热响应过程分为温升的建立和耗散两个阶段. 在温升建立阶段,理论模型的建立采用长时程 (激光作用时程长于介质的热弛豫时间)作用理论的研究结果, 实验是使用膜片钳系统来测量细胞外溶液中, 已进行温度标定的、充灌溶液的玻璃微电极电导变化, 根据这个电导变化来定量研究溶液光热响应与其吸收特性的关联性; 在耗散阶段, 使用膜片钳系统监测神经细胞的电生理功能变化. 理论和实验两方面的结果都表明, 溶液对低强度近红外激光的吸收特性决定了其光热响应. 这一结果, 可以直接用于生物组织光热响应特性相关的机理研究. 关键词： 光热响应 双波长的方法 近红外激光和生物组织相互作用 空电极方法     

A theoretical study of the feasibility of acoustical tweezers: ray acoustics approach

The optical tweezer has been found to have many biomedical applications in trapping macromolecules and cells. For the trapping mechanism, there has to be a sharp spatial change in axial optical intensity and the particle size must be much greater than the wavelength. Similar phenomenon may exist in acoustics. This work was undertaken to demonstrate theoretically that it is possible to acoustically trap particles near the focal point where most of the acoustic energy is concentrated if certain conditions are met. Acoustic force exerted on a fluid particle in ultrasonic fields is analyzed in a ray acoustics regime where the wavelength of acoustic beam is much smaller than the size of the particle. In order to apply the acoustical tweezer to manipulating macromolecules and cells whose size is in the order of a few microns or less, a prerequisite is that the ultrasound wavelength has to be much smaller than a few microns. In this paper, the analysis is therefore based on the field pattern produced by a strongly focused 100 MHz ultrasonic transducer with Gaussian intensity distribution. For the realization of acoustic trapping, negative axial radiation force has to be generated to pull a particle towards a focus. The fat particle considered for acoustic trapping in this paper has an acoustic impedance of 1.4 MRayls. The magnitude of the acoustic axial radiation force that has been calculated as the size of the fat particle is varied from 8lambda to 14lambda. In addition, both Fresnel coefficients at various positions are also calculated to assess the interaction of reflection and refraction and their relative contribution to the effect of the acoustical tweezer. The simulation results show that the feasibility of the acoustical tweezer depends on both the degree of acoustic impedance mismatch and the degree of focusing relative to the particle size.     

微安表改装欧姆表实验的研究

当微安表改装为欧姆表后,当电池电压变化时,改装表测量值会产生很大误差。本通过分析得出改进方案,实验证明,效果比较好。     

Construction of an optical tweezer for nanometer scale rheology

The optical tweezer is a versatile set-up that can be employed in a wide variety of studies investigating the microscopic properties of materials. In particular, this set-up has in recent times been gainfully employed in probing rheological properties of materials that exhibit viscoelasticity. These measurements can provide data at the micro and nanometer scales, not normally accessible by rheometers that are used for measurements on bulk samples. In this work we describe a single laser beam optical tweezer set-up, which is built around an inverted open microscope. The trapped polystyrene particle bead’s deviation from the trap potential minimum is monitored by laser backscattering technique and the bead position measured by a quadrant photodiode detector. Additionally, a provision is made for video microscopic studies on dispersed beads using a CCD camera. A single particle microrheological experiment that can be performed using the set-up is described with relevant calculations.     

Measuring lateral efficiency of optical traps: The effect of tube length

An optical tweezer setup is made based on a custom-designed inverted microscope, which can work both in finite and infinite tube length microscopy modes. It is shown that the spherical aberration due to the mismatch in the refractive indices of the specimen (water) and the immersion oil as well as the wavelength can be partially compensated by introducing another source for the spherical aberration provided it has the opposite sign. Changing the tube length is shown to be a good candidate for this effect: an improvement of up to a factor of four has been observed in the lateral efficiency of the trap.     

纳米尺度下光热治疗等离激元耦合影响分析

作为一种高效、 局域化且高度可控的纳米热源, 金纳米棒越来越多的应用于肿瘤的光热治疗之中。 为探讨微观尺度下金纳米棒的产热与传热机理, 以及颗粒之间耦合作用对体系光热效应的影响。 本文运用基于有限元的 COMSOL 软件, 建立了金纳米棒光热耦合的三维模型, 分析了排布方式和颗粒间距等因素对纳米棒光学性质和光热响应的影响。 研究表明, 不同排布方式下近距离耦合颗粒之间的耦合强度随间距的增大呈指数衰减, 在一定间距范围内这种衰减行为可以被等离子体尺度方程描述; 单体共振波长照射下, 颗粒间的聚集影响光热治疗的效果, 在颗粒耦合作用范围内, 分散性越高, 体系加热效果越好。 本文研究模型及所得结论可为金纳米棒的产热与传热机理及肿瘤的光热治疗提供参考与指导。     

Optical trapping of single fluorescent molecules at the detection spots of nanoprobes

We propose a scheme of optical trapping of fluorescent molecules, based on the strongly enhanced optical field due to surface plasmon resonances at laser illuminated metal tips or particles. A semiclassical approach is compared to a quantum-mechanical one. Attractive as well as repulsive forces are possible depending on the wavelength of the optical field. The trapping potential is shown to be strong enough to overcome the Brownian motion in water solution for common optical tweezer light inten-sities. Single molecule resonance Raman spectroscopy probes are particularly well suited for the trap-ping scheme. Finally we propose intracellular probing of the function of biomolecules as an application.     

Demonstration of an all-optical switching operation using an optical fiber grating coupler

An optical fiber grating coupler (FGC) is a fused optical fiber coupler with a tapered region in which refractive index-modulated gratings are written. In the FGC, the light with specific wavelength satisfying the Bragg condition of the grating can be dropped to one output port and other lights are transmitted to another output port when lights with various wavelengths are launched into the input port. The FGC can operate as an all-optical switch by controlling the Bragg wavelength of the grating using a third order nonlinear optical effect caused by a control light that are launched with a signal light. In this paper, an all-optical switching operation due to a third order nonlinear optical effect in an FGC is first demonstrated for a signal light with 1.55 μm-wavelength to be changed from one port of the FGC to another one by the 720 W peak of a control light from a Nd:YAG laser with 1.06 μm-wavelength. The switching efficiency obtained was 7%. It was clarified that a longer pulse length of the control light compared to the grating length is required to obtain a large Bragg wavelength shift for the switching. It was also clarified that the Bragg wavelength shift is caused by a third order nonlinear effect and a photothermal effect. A contribution of the photothermal effect was estimated. We also estimated the switching efficiency for pump power in the FGC switch.     

An optical system with aberrations on diffraction integrals written in terms of a generalized ABCD matrix

Abstract: In this paper, we consider the transformation of a ray beam as it passes through an optical system containing a glass plate with parallel surfaces inclined to the optical axis at the Brewster’s angle, by investigating the effects of the optical system on amplitude and phase distributions. By applying generalized matrix optics and diffraction integrals and considering the influence of a quarter of a wavelength of aberration on the transmitted amplitude and phase distributions at the focus of a de-collimating lens, we find that the central peak amplitude descends from 1.0 to 0.8 and the phase distortion is less than π/2. The general feature of the amplitude distribution shows an elongation along the y-axis perpendicular to the optical axis in the direction of tilt of the inclined plate, and conforms to the inclination direction of the glass plate.