表面活性剂改性碳气凝胶吸附亚甲基蓝性能的研究

以间苯二酚和甲醛为碳前体,分别以十二烷基苯磺酸钠、十二烷基硫酸钠、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵为模板剂,采用溶胶凝胶法制备碳气凝胶材料.采用TG、XRD、SEM、N2吸脱附法等技术手段对其结构、形貌及热稳定性进行表征,探讨了吸附时间、染料初始浓度等因素对亚甲基蓝吸附性能的影响.结果表明,表面活性剂改性后的碳气凝胶孔结构较原生的碳气凝胶丰富;以十二烷基苯磺酸钠作模板剂所制得的样品吸附性能最佳,吸附条件为:样品用量为25 mg、染料浓度为300 mg/mL、吸附时间为5 h.对吸附机理研究表明,吸附剂去除亚甲基蓝符合Langmuir吸附模型,吸附动力学研究表明吸附行为符合二级动力学模型.     

原位氮掺杂大孔径介孔碳材料的制备及表征

以壳聚糖为新型碳氮源、三嵌段共聚物F127为软模板、正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为硅模板,利用混合模板法制备了原位氮掺杂大孔径介孔碳.利用N2吸附脱附等温线、XRD、SEM、XPS和TEM对样品进行表征.结果 表明,以F127和TEOS作为共模板,制备得到的介孔碳材料具有大的孔径(18.6 nm)和高的介孔孔容(2.56 cm3/g);最佳制备条件为:Si/C=1.33、pH =4.5、反应温度为30℃;氮元素成功原位掺杂到大孔径介孔碳材料中,其含量为3.95;.样品对牛血清白蛋白(BSA)有较好的吸附能力.     

常压干燥法制备铁掺杂二氧化钛气凝胶

以钛酸四丁酯(TRIP)为原料、硝酸铁为掺杂剂、冰醋酸为催化剂、甲酰胺为干燥控制化学添加剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备Fe3+掺杂TiO2醇凝胶,并结合常压干燥工艺,实现了Fe3+掺杂TiO2气凝胶的常压干燥法制备.采用XRD、BET、SEM、IR等对样品进行检测.结果表明:制备态Fe3+掺杂TiO2气凝胶密度为0.24 g/cm3,比表面积为529.17 m2/g,平均孔径约为20.10 nm,晶型为无定形;经850℃空气气氛下煅烧2h后,样品转变为锐钛矿型结构,平均孔径增大到22.32 nm,比表面积为136.22 m2/g.通过甲基橙溶液光催化降解实验,相比未掺杂二氧化钛气凝胶,掺入nFe∶nTi=0.05时,样品具有更高的光催化性能.     

有序氮掺杂介孔碳的水热自组装合成及其CO2吸附性能研究

以Pluronic F127为软模板,三聚氰胺和尿素为氮源,通过无需预聚合的一步水热协同自组装法制备了有序氮掺杂介孔碳CO2吸附剂.采用N2吸附/脱附、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、傅里叶红外光谱仪(FT-IR)以及X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)等多种表征手段考察了吸附剂的结构及表面特性.测定了不同温度下CO2和N2在有序氮掺杂介孔碳上的吸附等温线,应用多种吸附等温模型(Langmuir、Freundlich、Temkin、Dual-site Langmuir(DSL)模型)进行了拟合分析,并结合IAST模型预测了吸附剂在模拟烟气中的CO2/N2吸附选择性.结果表明,有序氮掺杂介孔碳具有较大的比表面积(可达498.6 m2/g)、高度有序的介观结构(P6mm空间群)以及较高的氮含量,其中氮元素以多种形式均匀掺杂在碳骨架中.研究发现,有序氮掺杂介孔碳对CO2和N2的吸附高度符合DSL吸附等温模型.此外,氮含量更高的NOMC-M具有更大的CO2吸附量(0℃,3.55 mmol/g;25℃,2.67 mmol/g)和CO2/N2吸附选择性(>40),且在连续CO2吸附/脱附循环测试后仍可保持良好的再生稳定性.     

水热/溶剂热法制备锂电池负极材料碳气凝胶/Fe2O3及其电化学性能

采用水热/溶剂热法,通过在碳气凝胶(CA)表面负载纳米Fe2O3颗粒,制备了具有不同外观形貌的CA/Fe2O3复合负极材料.通过X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和热重(TG)等测试手段表征了碳气凝胶、Fe2O3及CA/Fe2O3的结构、形貌和Fe2O3负载率,并对复合负极的电化学储锂性能进行了研究.结果表明,采用水热或溶剂热法时,在碳气凝胶表面合成的Fe2O3颗粒分别呈橄榄球状和微球状.电化学结果表明,采用溶剂热法合成的CA/Fe2O3复合材料作为锂电池负极材料具有较高的储锂容量和倍率性能,在100 mA·g-1电流密度下循环50次,可逆容量为634.9 mAh·g-1,充电容量保持率高达97.9;.     

扩孔剂对SiO2气凝胶微观结构与性能的影响

以正硅酸乙酯为硅源,乙醇为溶剂,在溶胶-凝胶法和CO2超临界干燥的基础上,采用分别加入聚乙二醇(400)、六次甲基四胺和尿素作为扩孔剂的方法制备低密度SiO2气凝胶.利用扫描电镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FT-IR)、孔径分布及比表面积测试仪(BET)、纳米压痕仪对未加扩孔剂和加入不同扩孔剂所制备的SiO2气凝胶的表面形貌、结构、比表面积、孔径分布、力学性能以及密度进行研究.结果发现:随着增加扩孔剂的加入量, SiO2气凝胶的密度明显降低;与未加扩孔剂的样品相比,加入扩孔剂所制备的SiO2气凝胶的比表面积和孔径增大;其中,六次甲基四胺具有较佳的扩孔效果,制备得到的SiO2气凝胶的性能较佳,孔径分布主要集中在15~55 nm,平均孔径为35.4 nm,比表面积高达1006 m2· g-1,孔体积为5.3 cm3· g-1,孔隙率高达96.2;.     

Ag-TiO2可见光响应光催化剂的制备及特性研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法技术,以CTAB为模板剂,制备出Ag掺杂TiO2复合光催化材料.利用XRD、XPS、SEM、TEM、N2吸附-脱附、UV-vis等测试手段对样品的组成、结构、形貌等进行表征.结果显示,加入CTAB的Ag-TiO2为锐钛矿型,产物中Ag以单质形式存在,材料表面疏松多孔,吸收光谱红移至可见光区.光催化活性通过在可见光照射下,降解亚甲基蓝来表征.结果表明,同等条件下Ag/CTAB-TiO2催化效率是纯TiO2的3倍,循环使用5次以后降解效率仍能达到85;以上.     

N掺杂MgxZn1-xO薄膜结构和光学性质研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法在玻璃衬底上制备了N掺杂MgxZn1-xO薄膜.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射光谱、光致发光(PL)谱对N掺杂MgxZn1-xO薄膜样品的晶体结构、表面形貌和光学性能进行了研究.XRD结果表明所有样品均形成了MgZnO合金薄膜,没有观察到其它氧化物的衍射峰.样品的结晶质量越差,样品的表面形貌越不规则,但样品在可见光的透射率越强,甚至达到了95;.样品的禁带宽度随Mg含量的增加而增加,随N含量的增加而减小.所有样品的光致发光谱均观察到强的400 nm发光和弱的可见发光.400 nm的发光强度随Mg含量的增加而减弱,随N含量的增加而增强,认为薄膜在400 nm的发光来源ZnO的激子复合.     

莫来石陶瓷超滤膜的制备与表征

以正硅酸乙脂(TEOS)和Al(NO_3)_3·9H_2O为主要原料,聚乙烯醇(PVA)和甘油为添加剂,通过溶胶-凝胶法和浸渍涂覆法在管状α-Al_2O_3支撑体上制备莫来石陶瓷超滤膜.采用XRD、SEM、N2吸附法、渗透通量和截留分子量测定等方法对制备的超滤膜进行了结构和性能表征.结果表明,莫来石单相溶胶浓度为0.28 mol/L、pH=2.0、PVA和甘油加入量分别为1.5 wt;和6 wt;时,经三次涂覆和1200 ℃保温2 h烧成后,可获得表面结构均匀平整、不开裂的莫来石超滤膜;制备的莫来石超滤膜平均孔径为8.4 nm,厚度约1.8 nm,其平均纯净水渗透通量和聚乙二醇(PEG)截留分子量分别为46.8 L·m~(-2)·h~(-1)·(10~5 Pa)~(-1) 和9 kDa.     

非晶前驱体碳热还原法制备超细硼化锆粉体

利用ZrO2-B2O3-C反应体系碳热还原的基本原理,分别选用八水合氧氯化锆(ZrOCl2·8H2O)、硼酸(H3BO3)和蔗糖(C11H22OH)作为ZrO2、B2O3和C的来源,柠檬酸(C6H8O7)为络合剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法制得硼化锆的非晶前驱体,经过碳热还原反应热解制备出超细硼化锆粉体.分别研究了硼酸、蔗糖用量和热解温度对产物的物相组成的影响.采用红外光谱仪、热重-差热分析仪、X射线衍射仪、比表面积分析仪和扫描电镜对硼化锆前驱体及热解产物进行表征和分析.结果表明:初始原料中八水合氧氯化锆:硼酸:裂解碳(物质的量比)=1:4:10时,可在相对较低温度下(1300℃)热解得到硼化锆粉体,且随着热解温度的升高硼化锆粉体的纯度也越高.当热解温度为1600℃、热解时间为2h时碳热还原反应完成,产物中只有硼化锆;硼化锆颗粒呈球形或类球形,粒径分布在0.2～0.6 μm之间、比表面积为74 m2/g.     

Modelling of mechanism of agglomeration of KCl crystallization

The article presents an analysis into agglomeration during KCl vacuum crystallization. The theoretical and experimental investigations into the mechanism of agglomeration during mass crystallization result in an extension of the growth phenomena within the known model equations. The basis for this is essentially constituted by the collision model concepts of the theory of floculation in disperse systems. The parameters derived from the microprocess analysis (energy dissipation, content of solids, growth rate of individual grains) lead to model equations which are confirmed by laboratory and test trials.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

Velocities of Disappearance and Lifetime of Faces of Growing Crystals

The formulae for absolute R_disap and relative R velocities of disappearance and lifetime τ of faces of growing crystals have been derived for stationary growth. It was shown that the quantities are determined by the relative growth velocity R_A/R_critA of the vanishing face A with respect to the critical growth velocity R_critA and by the geometry of a crystal expressed by the trigonometric functions of interfacial angles β and γ formed between face A and the adjacent faces. R increases and τ decreases with the increase in R_A/R_critA to certain limiting values. The calculations have been verified and illustrated by the experimental results for triclinic potassium bichromate (KBC) crystals. Results enable ones to predict values of velocities of disappearance and lifetimes of undesirable, supplementary faces of any real crystal.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.