基于小波的恒电量瞬态响应信号的滤波处理

利用小波变换的阈值法对恒电量响应信号进行滤波处理, 同时与传统的时域和频域的滤波方法进行分析比较, 并且讨论了小波变换的分解层数对恒电量响应信号滤波效果的影响. 结果表明, 利用小波变换可以在时域和频域同时对恒电量响应信号取得良好的去噪效果. 这不仅能提高时域曲线拟合的精度, 还大大地提高了恒电量频谱解析的可靠性. 在实际应用中, 小波变换的分解层数取5～7层可以收到满意的效果.     

多个时间常数线性体系恒电量响应的频谱分析

从线性条件出发,利用拉普拉斯变换及其逆运算推导多个时间常数体系在恒电量激励条件下线性响应暂态方程,并推导出恒电量激励下Rs(C₁(R₁(C₂(R₂(C₃R₃)))))电路模型的极化电位响应式. 通过线性响应方程的理论验证以及与实际腐蚀体系的EIS进行对比,结果表明：对恒电量瞬态响应进行频谱分析,可以促进恒电量测量结果与EIS进行更加细致的对比验证. 对含有多时间常数的电极过程,利用阻抗拟合软件进行局部拟合,可以确定初始值的设置,以避免时域的曲线拟合时出现多种结果的局面,大大地提高了恒电量瞬态响应数据解析的准确性.     

混合控制下腐蚀过程的电化学动力学参数测定

通过恒电量脉冲技术测定Q235碳钢在天然海水中腐蚀过程的电化学动力学参数. 分别利用不同极化幅度的恒电量瞬态响应分析获得极化电阻和Tafel斜率, 进而计算腐蚀电流icorr. 并对比了恒电量方法和考虑扩散影响的稳态极化曲线方法的测量结果. 结果表明, 采用恒电量强极化积分算法(CPSI)获得的Tafel斜率与极化曲线方法有很好的相关性. 同时, CPSI测定的阴极Tafel斜率符合氧还原反应的理论Tafel斜率值. 因此, 采用恒电量瞬态响应测量大大减小了浓差极化的影响, 有利于快速测定电荷传递和扩散传质混合控制下腐蚀过程的电化学动力学参数.     

恒电量瞬态扰动测量Tafel斜率及数据积分处理

提出了一个三参数积分法拟合恒电量强极化数据以测定Tafel斜率的新方法.实验证明,恒电量瞬态扰动测量碳钢在酸溶液中的腐蚀,获得的Tafel斜率与消除了溶液电阻影响的Tafel外推结果有很好的一致性,说明恒电量法有效地消除了溶液电阻对该体系测量结果的影响,并且通过电化学和失重实验验证表明,这种快速测量可以获得准确的腐蚀速率.这种新的恒电量强极化积分算法相对微分法的优势体现在算法简捷和用于数值计算的数据具有较高的信噪比,因此能够提高测量精度.     

分析化学信号在多尺度空间的滤噪

从多分辨率分析出发，结合离散正交小波变换(DWT)的理论，通过对各尺度下未抽取前的小波系数进行非线性滤波处理，达到在保护信号边缘的同时，有效实现白噪声及脉冲噪声的滤除。实验数据仿真结果研究也证明了该方法的可行性。     

电解二氧化锰的掺钛研究

在硫酸锰和氯化锰体系中加入浓度相同的钛(Ⅲ)盐，可制得掺钛量不同的电解二氧化锰(EMD)。BET比表面积测定、X光电子能谱、红外光谱分析、阴极电位扫描和恒电流放电实验表明：掺钛EMD的空腔内表面积变大，钛离子在EMD颗粒表层被大大富集。掺进的TiO₂进入EMD的晶格，钛使得Mn-O键强度下降。含钛量为0.25～0.4%的EMD(化学式为MnO_x)在碱液中放电时，当x>1.80，钛对MnO_x放电无明显的影响；当x>1.75，且放电深度为放电的第一步时，钛使EMD的放电极化变小。     

HNO3改性促进活性炭低温脱硝机理的研究

为了研究HNO3改性对活性炭(AC)低温脱硝机理的影响,采用HNO3在不同温度下对AC进行改性处理,改性前后样品在30?250℃进行脱硝活性测试,通过程序升温脱附(TPD)和瞬态响应实验对脱硝机理进行分析.结果 表明,AC上NO转化率随反应温度升高逐渐降低再趋于稳定,反应物的吸附是速率控制步骤.含氧基团增加促进了NH3...     

纳米孔道单分子电化学信号在线识别与分析研究

为实现纳米孔道单分子检测中对微弱电流信号的快速精准处理,考察了纳米孔道实验数据的信号特征,提出了基于双缓冲数据结构和有限冲击响应滤波的实时自适应阈值法,并基于这一算法设计了纳米孔道信号在线识别与分析系统,实现了实验数据实时采集存储和信号在线分析处理的同步进行。为验证所建立的纳米孔道信号在线识别和分析系统性能,采用噪音为20~100 p A和带宽区间为3~100 k Hz的仿真信号进行信号识别分析。结果表明,本系统能够满足强噪声、低带宽、高采样率(250 k Hz)环境下对实验数据处理的要求。将此系统应用于单个poly(dA)_4分子的Aerolysin纳米孔道分析实验中,实验结果表明,本系统能够对大数据量的纳米孔道实验数据进行实时、快速、精准的分析处理。     

评价混凝土中钢筋腐蚀的恒电量技术

本文综述了恒电量技术在混凝土中钢筋腐蚀上的应用研究 ,和其他化学技术相比较 ,可以认为恒电量技术具有测量速度快、反应灵敏、无损检测和近乎原位的腐蚀测量以及不受介质阻力影响等优点 .恒电量技术在研究钢筋的腐蚀中有着良好的应用前景 ,同时这种方法目前也还存在着有待解决的几个难点     

窗口因子分析算法的改进及带噪声HPLCDAD数据的解析

窗口因子分析(WFA)是渐进过程二维数据解析的有力工具, 但信号中的噪声对解析结果有较强的干扰作用. 误差分析表明抽象因子分析(AFA)保留的噪声对解析结果有很大的影响. 提出了一种改进的WFA算法, 并对模拟和实验HPLC-DAD数据进行了解析. 结果表明, 改进的算法能够很大程度地克服噪声的影响, 改善由噪声而导致的峰形畸变, 从而提高了WFA处理带噪声数据的能力.     

Application of empirical mode decomposition in the field of polymer physics

Noisy data has always been a problem to the experimental community. Effective removal of noise from data is important for better understanding and interpretation of experimental results. Over the years, several methods have evolved for filtering the noise present in the data. Fast Fourier transform (FFT) based filters are widely used because they provide precise information about the frequency content of the experimental data, which is used for filtering of noise. However, FFT assumes that the experimental data is stationary. This means that: (i) the deterministic part of the experimental data obtained from a system is at steady state without any transients and has frequency components which do not vary with respect to time and (ii) noise corrupting the experimental data is wide sense stationary, that is, mean and variance of the noise does not statistically vary with respect to time. Several approaches, for example, short time Fourier transform (STFT) and wavelet transform‐based filters, have been developed to handle transient data corrupted with nonstationary noise (mean and variance of noise varies with respect to time) data. Both these approaches provide time and frequency information about the data (time at which a particular frequency is present in the signal). However, these filtering approaches have the following drawbacks: (i) STFT requires identification of an optimal window length within which the data is stationary, which is difficult and (ii) there are theoretical limits on simultaneous time and frequency resolution. Hence, filtering of noise is compromised. Recently, empirical mode decomposition (EMD) has been used in several applications to decompose a given nonstationary data segment into several characteristic oscillatory components called intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). Fourier transform of these IMFs identifies the frequency content in the signal, which can be used for removal of noisy IMFs and reconstruction of the filtered signal. In this work, we propose an algorithm for effective filtering of noise using an EMD‐based FFT approach for applications in polymer physics. The advantages of the proposed approach are: (i) it uses the precise frequency information provided by the FFT and, therefore, efficiently filters a wide variety of noise and (ii) the EMD approach can effectively obtain IMFs from both nonstationary as well as nonlinear experimental data. The utility of the proposed approach is illustrated using an analytical model and also through two typical laboratory experiments in polymer physics wherein the material response is nonstationary; standard filtering approaches are often inappropriate in such cases. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2011     

自适应形态滤波器用于色谱信号的处理

建立了一种能自适应地调整尺度的形态滤波器对色谱信号中混杂的离散冲型噪声加以滤除的方法。结果表明,自适应形态滤波器在滤除脉冲型噪声进,比目前文献报道的中值滤波方法呈现出更好的效果,它能保存高度完整的信号信息,是处理色谱信号脉冲型噪声的有力工具。     

小波系数区域相关阈值滤噪方法研究

报道了一种基于小波分析的新的滤噪方法小波系数区域相关阈值滤噪法的基本原理 ,并将其用于模拟信号与含噪色谱信号的滤噪研究。系统的描述了该方法的滤噪过程 ,讨论了相关运算区域大小、软硬阈值法、信号的频率、信噪比对滤噪结果的影响。对高效液相色谱信号的滤噪结果表明 ,该方法在保留信号的特征信息的同时能够有效地滤除信号中的噪音     

小波降噪技术在差分吸收光谱浓度检测中的应用

为了实现对工业气体SO₂的浓度进行监控,基于紫外差分吸收光谱法开发了SO₂在线检测系统。针对系统噪声和Mie散射使吸收光谱叠加带来的误差,本文提出采用小波变换降噪技术代替传统光谱处理方法中的多项式平滑滤波技术来提高检测精度。通过对应用了Symlets、Daubechies、Coiflet和Biorthogonal这4种不同小波函数的实验数据分析和对传统小波阈值选取方式的改进,最终确定了基于rigisure阈值的小波阈值去噪的信号处理方法,并提出一种新的信噪比量来衡量信号处理的效果。这种方法可以快速可靠地处理光谱信号,处理后所得的监测浓度准确度基本控制在1.5%以内。在实验室环境下和工业现场环境下的大量实验结果表明本方法能有效的减小噪声对SO₂浓度监测带来的影响。     

Tailoring noise frequency spectrum to improve NIR determinations

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) contains excessive background noise and weak analytical signals caused by near infrared overtones and combinations. That makes it difficult to achieve quantitative determinations of low concentration samples by NIR. A simple chemometric approach has been established to modify the noise frequency spectrum to improve NIR determinations. The proposed method is to multiply one Savitzky-Golay filtered NIR spectrum with another reference spectrum added with thermal noises before the other Savitzky-Golay filter. Since Savitzky-Golay filter is a kind of low-pass filter and cannot eliminate low frequency components of NIR spectrum, using one step or two consecutive Savitzky-Golay filter procedures cannot improve the determination of NIR greatly. Meanwhile, significant improvement is achieved via the Savitzky-Golay filtered NIR spectrum processed with the multiplication alteration before the other Savitzky-Golay filter. The frequency range of the modified noise spectrum shifts toward higher frequency regime via multiplication operation. So the second Savitzky-Golay filter is able to provide better filtering efficiency to obtain satisfied result. The improvement of NIR determination with tailoring noise frequency spectrum technique was demonstrated by both simulated dataset and two measured NIR spectral datasets. It is expected that noise frequency spectrum technique will be adopted mostly in applications where quantitative determination of low concentration sample is crucial.     

Improving signal-to-noise ratios of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry peaks using noise frequency spectrum modification between two consecutive matched-filtering procedures

This paper reports a simple chemometric technique to alter the noise spectrum of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) chromatogram between two consecutive matched filter procedures to improve the peak signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio enhancement. This technique is to multiply one match-filtered LC-MS-MS chromatogram with another artificial chromatogram added with thermal noises prior to the second matched filter. Because matched filter cannot eliminate low-frequency components inherent in the flicker noises of spike-like sharp peaks randomly riding on LC-MS-MS chromatograms, efficient peak S/N ratio improvement cannot be accomplished using one-step or consecutive matched filter procedures to process LC-MS-MS chromatograms. In contrast, when the match-filtered LC-MS-MS chromatogram is conditioned with the multiplication alteration prior to the second matched filter, much better efficient ratio improvement is achieved. The noise frequency spectrum of match-filtered chromatogram, which originally contains only low-frequency components, is altered to span a boarder range with multiplication operation. When the frequency range of this modified noise spectrum shifts toward higher frequency regime, the second matched filter, working as a low-pass filter, is able to provide better filtering efficiency to obtain higher peak S/N ratios. Real LC-MS-MS chromatograms containing random spike-like peaks, of which peak S/N ratio improvement is less than four times with two consecutive matched filters typically, are remedied to accomplish much better ratio enhancement approximately 16-folds when the noise frequency spectrum is modified between two matched filters.     

利用二进样条小波模极大方法消除毛细管电泳信号噪声的研究

根据毛细管电泳信号中噪声与真实信号的模极大值特性之间存在较大差异的特点，提出了一种利用二进样条小波模极大值法去噪的方法研究了信号的半峰宽、不同信噪比以及阈值的选取对去噪结果的影响，并对模拟含噪信号和含噪毛经电泳信号去噪前后的结果进行了比较，实验结果表明，该法能效地消除谱带较宽的毛细管电泳等信号中存在的噪声。     

Improving AFM images with harmonic interference by spectral analysis

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is one of the most sensitive tools for nanoscale imaging. As such, it is very sensitive to external noise sources that can affect the quality of collected data. The intensity of the disturbance depends on the noise source and the mode of operation. In some cases, the internal noise from commercial AFM controllers can be significant and difficult to remove. Thus, a new method based on spectrum analysis of the scanned images is proposed to reduce harmonic disturbances. The proposal is a post-processing method and can be applied at any time after measurements. This article includes a few methods of harmonic cancellation (e.g., median filtering, wavelet denoising, Savitzky-Golay smoothing) and compares their effectiveness. The proposed method, based on Fourier transform of the scanned images, was more productive than the other methods mentioned before. The presented data were achieved for images of conductive layers taken in a contact AFM mode.     

Electrochemical noise spectroscopy: Method of secondary Chebyshev spectrum

A new method of electrochemical noise diagnostics is presented: the method of the secondary Chebyshev spectrum based on the splitting of an individual spectral line in the primary Chebyshev spectrum with formation of a system of spectral lines of the secondary Chebyshev spectrum. Algorithm for calculation of the secondary Chebyshev spectrum is developed. The suggested method based on analysis of noises measured in a specific electrochemical system is tested. It is shown that the new method allows determining the differences in the state of the electrochemical system more reliably, than the method of primary Chebyshev noise spectra.     

固体氧化物燃料电池电化学阻抗谱差异化研究方法和分解

电化学阻抗谱技术(EIS)在固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)中已获得广泛应用。在EIS分析过程中,研究者能够清楚地获得燃料电池内部因纯离子(电子)导电引起的欧姆电阻和因电化学过程、扩散作用引起的极化阻抗的大小,但是对于极化阻抗的构成缺乏进一步解析。本文选用传统的Ni-YSZ阳极支撑电池,通过改变测试温度、阳极运行气氛和阴极运行气氛,设计了一套完整的阻抗差异分析(ADIS)实验。并基于弛豫时间分布法(DRT)和阻抗差异分析法,系统地分析并解释了阻抗谱中各频率段对应阻抗的物理或(电)化学含义,将该类型电池阻抗谱以6个RQ并联电路予以拟合,为之后燃料电池性能稳定性的研究奠定基础。