CO2焊接短路过渡过程的动态分析─短路液桥的动态变化与力学测算

CO₂气体保护焊接是一种高效、节能和低成本的焊接方法,在钢结构焊接生产中得到了广泛的应用。但也存在着诸如:金属飞溅、焊缝成形较差等问题,要解决这些问题,必须首先对CO₂焊接过程的电弧形态以及熔滴变化情况从理论上深入分析研究。本文以高速摄影与光线示波器同步进行拍摄,记录了CO₂悍接短路过渡中熔滴的长大、缩颈、脱落的全过程以及相对应的电流电压波形。利用影片数据分析处理系统对所得影片及记录波形进行了分析处理,得到了熔滴过渡形成金属液桥爆断瞬间的最大电流值及所受合力的大小。从理论上更进一步研究了短路过渡的机理,建立了短路过渡的模型,这对正确调节焊接工艺规范,保证焊接质量具有重大的指导意义,研究结果表明:在常规短路过渡CO₂焊接中,抑制飞溅是提高CO₂焊接质量的关键,利用焊接规范来调节短路频率和短路峰值电流是抑制飞溅的主要途径。     

连续波化学氧碘激光器O_2（~1Δ_g）／Ⅰ_2最佳配比的理论分析与实验研究

通过对连续波ＣＯＩＬ小信号增益的分析得到，对连续波ＣＯＩＬ，Ｏ＿２（￣１Δ＿ｇ）／Ⅰ＿２存在最佳配比；实验结果表明：Ｏ＿２（￣１Δ＿ｇ）／Ⅰ＿２最佳配比约为５０～６０。通过建立一维预混模型，进一步研究了ＣＯＩＬ小信号增益以及—维空间分布依赖于Ｏ＿２（￣１Δ＿ｇ）／Ⅰ＿２配比的变化规律，当ｇ＿ｍＬ＿ｅ值依赖于Ｏ＿２（￣１Δ＿ｇ）／Ⅰ＿２配比（约４０～６０）而取极大值时，ＣＯＩＬ系统处于最佳工作状态。     

连续波化学氧碘激光器O_2（~1Δ_g）／Ⅰ_2最佳配比的理论分析与实验研究

通过对连续波ＣＯＩＬ小信号增益的分析得到，对连续波ＣＯＩＬ，Ｏ＿２（￣１Δ＿ｇ）／Ⅰ＿２存在最佳配比；实验结果表明：Ｏ＿２（￣１Δ＿ｇ）／Ⅰ＿２最佳配比约为５０～６０。通过建立一维预混模型，进一步研究了ＣＯＩＬ小信号增益以及—维空间分布依赖于Ｏ＿２（￣１Δ＿ｇ）／Ⅰ＿２配比的变化规律，当ｇ＿ｍＬ＿ｅ值依赖于Ｏ＿２（￣１Δ＿ｇ）／Ⅰ＿２配比（约４０～６０）而取极大值时，ＣＯＩＬ系统处于最佳工作状态。     

高T_c氧化物超导体的元素替代效应（Ⅲ）

本文是同题系列文章的第三部分。主要总结了几种特殊元素替代效应的有关最新结果，包括如ＹＢＣＯ单晶体ＣｕＯ＿２平面和Ｃｕ－Ｏ链Ｃｕ位的３ｄ过渡族元素替代，（Ｙ，Ｐｒ）Ｂａ＿２Ｃｕ＿３Ｏ＿（７－δ）的问题，阳离子替代和氧的化学计量比的改变而引起的各向异性物性的改变，氧化物超导体超晶格和电子型超导体（Ｎｄ，Ｃｅ）＿２ＣｕＯ＿４系列的元素替代效应及其与空穴型超导体的比较。最后详细讨论了费密液体图像失效的Ｌｕｔｔｉｎｇｅｒ液体理论和有关高温超导体元素替代效应的一些推论。     

短路过渡电弧焊电流信号的近似熵分析

依据近似熵的理论和算法，从非线性角度对纯CO₂保护气体条件下短路过渡电弧焊的电流信号进行了近似熵分析.通过对不同的送丝速度、给定电压及气体流量下电流信号的近似熵计算和比较，表明近似熵可以作为短路过渡稳定性的评判标准.近似熵越大，波动越小，焊接过程就越稳定. 关键词： 非线性 近似熵 短路过渡 稳定性     

药芯焊丝TIG焊电弧特性的光谱分析

利用光谱诊断方法结合高速摄像研究所提出的药芯焊丝的填丝TIG焊接新工艺的电弧特性,借助高速摄像研究药芯焊丝TIG焊的熔滴过渡方式;通过对焊接电弧进行光谱采集点扫描,对采集的谱线进行元素标定,以药粉中活性元素K和Na作为追踪目标,统计得到电弧中药粉成分的分布范围;并利用Boltzmann图法计算TIG焊电弧的温度场分布,分析了熔滴过渡方式对电弧温度场分布的影响。研究结果表明,通过调整丝极间距,得到药芯焊丝TIG焊的三种典型的熔滴过渡方式：滴状过渡(2 mm)、渣柱过渡(5 mm)和搭桥过渡(7 mm)。药粉中的活性元素K和Na等集中分布在熔池上方的电弧空间,且其分布受丝极间距的影响,丝极间距越小其分布越靠近钨极,容易造成对钨极的污染。不填丝TIG焊的电弧温度分布呈钟罩形,等温线关于钨极轴线近似对称分布;与不填丝TIG焊相比,药芯焊丝TIG焊的电弧温度场受熔滴过渡的影响发生了不同程度的扭曲,滴状过渡的电弧温度场扭曲严重,焊接过程中飞溅较大;相比于滴状过渡,渣柱过渡和搭桥过渡的电弧温度场扭曲程度较小且焊接过程稳定,适合该TIG焊方法的使用。     

高T_c氧化物超导体的元素替代效应（Ⅲ）

本文是同题系列文章的第三部分。主要总结了几种特殊元素替代效应的有关最新结果,包括如ＹＢＣＯ单晶体ＣｕＯ＿２平面和Ｃｕ－Ｏ链Ｃｕ位的３ｄ过渡族元素替代,（Ｙ,Ｐｒ）Ｂａ＿２Ｃｕ＿３Ｏ＿（７－δ）的问题,阳离子替代和氧的化学计量比的改变而引起的各向异性物性的改变,氧化物超导体超晶格和电子型超导体（Ｎｄ,Ｃｅ）＿２ＣｕＯ＿４系列的元素替代效应及其与空穴型超导体的比较。最后详细讨论了费密液体图像失效的Ｌｕｔｔｉｎｇｅｒ液体理论和有关高温超导体元素替代效应的一些推论。     

用于空间飞行器交会对接的CO_2相干激光雷达

本文综述了用于空间飞行器交会对接的ＣＯ＿２相干激光雷达系统的功能、设计及工作原理，并提出了用于我国空间飞行器自主交会对接的ＣＯ＿２相干激光雷达的技术方案。初步研究表明，所设计的ＣＯ＿２相干激光雷达用于空间飞行器交会对接中测量目标的距离及姿态是可行的。     

邻巯基氧化吡啶双齿配位的钴化合物的￣（1）HNMR研究

对四种单核钴化合物Ｃｏ（ｍｐｏ）＿３·ＣＨ＿３ＣＮ（Ⅰ），ＣＯ（ｍｐｏ）＿２ＰＢｕ＿３（Ｄ），Ｃｏ（ｍｐｏ）＿２Ｐｙ（Ⅲ）和Ｃｏ（ｍｐｏ）＿２Ｐｙ＿２（Ⅳ）的￣１ＨＮＭＲ作了研究，讨论了它们的分子结构与磁性及电子结构之间的关系，确认化合物（Ⅱ）在ＤＭＳＯ溶液中被解离为Ｃｏ（ｍｐｏ）＿２和ＰＢｕ＿３，而其它三种化合物仍保留着固态结构。     

钠米Al＿（2）O＿（3）块体材料在可见光范围的荧光现象

对不同温度退火未掺Ｃｒ的纳米结构Ａｌ＿２Ｏ＿３块体的荧光谱进行了系统的研究。结果表明，在纳米级勃母石，η－Ａｌ＿２Ｏ＿３和γ－Ａｌ＿２Ｏ＿３试样中均观察到两个宽的荧光带（ｐ＿１和ｐ＿２带），它们的波数范围分别为２００００—１４５００和１４５００—１１５００ｃｍ￣（－１）。ｐ＿１带可归结为纳米Ａｌ＿Ｏ＿３，本身所含的微量Ｃｒ￣（３＋）离子产生的荧光，这与前人报道的掺Ｃｒ的Ａｌ＿２Ｏ＿３结果一致，ｐ＿２带为未曾见报道的新的荧光带。本文重点对ｐ＿２带出现的条件及其机制进行了比较详细的讨论。     

Influence of shielding gas pressure on welding characteristics in CO2 laser-MIG hybrid welding process

The droplet transfer behavior and weld characteristics have been investigated under different pressures of shielding gas in CO2 laser and metal inert/active gas (laser-MIG) hybrid welding process. The experimental results indicate that the inherent droplet transfer frequency and stable welding range of conventional MIG arc are changed due to the interaction between CO2 laser beam and MIG arc in laser-MIG hybrid welding process, and the shielding gas pressure has a crucial effect on welding characteristics. When the pressure of shielding gas is low in comparison with MIG welding, the frequency of droplet transfer decreases, and thedroplet transfer becomes unstable in laser-MIG hybrid welding. So the penetration depth decreases, which shows the characteristic of unstable hybrid welding. However, when the pressure of shielding gas increases to a critical value, the hybrid welding characteristic is changed from unstable hybrid welding to stablehybrid welding, and the frequency of droplet transfer and the penetration depth increase significantly.     

Analysis of droplet transfer mode and forming process of weld bead in CO2 laser–MAG hybrid welding process

In this paper, CO₂ laser–metal active gas (MAG) hybrid welding technique is used to weld high strength steel and the optimized process parameters are obtained. Using LD Pumped laser with an emission wavelength of 532 nm to overcome the strong interference from the welding arc, a computer-based system is developed to collect and visualize the waveforms of the electrical welding parameters and metal transfer processes in laser–MAG. The welding electric signals of hybrid welding processes are quantitatively described and analyzed using the ANALYSATOR HANNOVER. The effect of distance between laser and arc (D_LA) on weld bead geometry, forming process of weld shape, electric signals, arc characteristic and droplet transfer behavior is investigated. It is found that arc characteristic, droplet transfer mode and final weld bead geometry are strongly affected by the distance between laser and arc. The weld bead geometry is changed from “cocktail cup” to “cone-shaped” with the increasing D_LA. The droplet transfer mode is changed from globular transfer to projected transfer with the increasing D_LA. Projected transfer mode is an advantage for the stability of hybrid welding processes.     

基于近似熵测度的铝合金P-MIG焊亚射流过渡自适应控制研究

铝合金熔化极惰性气体保护焊(MIG)的亚射流过渡方式具有弧长调节作用强、焊缝成形美观的优点.本文从非线性动力学近似熵测度的角度对铝合金脉冲MIG焊的电弧电压信号进行分析,进而评价自适应控制模式针对亚射流过渡方式的适用性;讨论在自适应控制模式下,改变工艺参数和熔滴过渡方式时,近似熵值的变化;并对比自适应控制与普通脉冲控制在射滴过渡方式下的近似熵值大小.结果表明近似熵越小,自适应控制越成功,控制越有效. 关键词： 自适应控制 亚射流过渡 熔化极惰性气体保护焊(MIG) 近似熵     

Analysis of mechanism of plasma and spatter in CO2 laser welding of galvanized steel

In laser welding, quality, reproducibility and formability are required. That is the great problem in the automation of the laser welding process. Therefore, construction of an on-line process monitoring system of high accuracy is requested.The light which is emitted from plasma and spatter in laser welding was detected by photo-diodes. It was found that the light intensity depends on welding speed, laser power and flow rate of assist gas. The relationship between the plasma and spatter and the bead shape, and the mechanism of plasma and spatter were analyzed for on-line laser weld monitoring systems.     

Energy law preserving continuous finite element schemes for a gas metal arc welding system

In this paper a modifed continuous energy law was explored to investigate transport behavior in a gas metal arc welding(GMAW)system.The energy law equality at a discrete level for the GMAW system was derived by using the finite element scheme.The mass conservation and current density continuous equation with the penalty scheme was applied 10 improve the stability.According to the phase-field model coupled with the energy law preserving method,the GMAW model was discretized and a metal transfer process with a pulse current was simulated.It was found that the numerical solution agrees well with the data of the metal transfer process obtained by high-speed photography.Compared with the numerical solution of the volume of fuid model,which was widely studied in the GMAW system based on the finite element method Euler scheme,the energy law preserving method can provide better accuracy in predicting the shape evolution of the droplet and with a greater computing efficiency.     

双丝脉冲MIG焊接电弧光谱诊断及热源耦合机理分析

搭建了双丝脉冲MIG焊接试验系统,为了分析研究双丝脉冲MIG焊接的热源耦合机理以及电弧温度场,采用光谱技术对其电弧进行了诊断分析,采用中空探针法进行等离子体的辐射采集,得到电弧等离子体的光信号,利用Boltzmann图法计算了双丝脉冲MIG焊接电弧等离子体的电子温度,得出了电弧等离子体的电子温度分布规律,并结合电信号采集和高速摄像技术对电弧进行了综合分析。研究创新之处在于结合了电弧的高速摄像图片信息和电弧等离子体的光信号对双电弧耦合机理进行分析,对电弧温度场进行了较为直观的分析研究。试验结果表明,在本试验条件下焊接过程实现了推挽式输出,实现了一脉一滴的过渡方式;两个电弧在焊接过程中在磁场的作用下相互吸引,向中心发生了偏移,在双电弧的几何中心形成了新的热源中心,并且电弧发生上飘现象;双电弧电子温度整体呈倒V型分布,在双电弧几何中心位置,距工件表面3 mm的位置电弧电子温度最高,为16 887.66 K,比最低温度11 963.63 K高大约4 900 K。     

Characterisation of a laser droplet formation process by acoustic emission

The aim of this article is to describe an application of acoustic emission to characterise a process of laser droplet formation from a metal wire. Laser droplet formation is a crucial process in new laser droplet welding technology, where parts are joined by means of the heat content of a liquid metal droplet deposited onto the parts to be joined. A laser beam is used for heating and melting the wire tip, and for detaching the molten pendant droplet. Depending on the process parameters, three different outcomes of the process can be observed: (1) no droplet formed; (2) a droplet formed but not detached; (3) a droplet formed and detached from the wire. It is shown that AE can be used to monitor the process and to indicate the different process outcomes.     

大功率盘形激光焊接飞溅动态识别和特征分析

提出了一种识别飞溅动态并基于飞溅特征分析焊接状态的方法.以304不锈钢板为试验对象,进行大功率盘形激光平板堆焊试验.利用高速相机捕捉紫外波段和可见光波段的飞溅图像,通过图像处理提取飞溅特征参数,包括质心位置、面积、灰度、平均灰度和半径.基于飞溅特征参数建立飞溅搜索信息库和相似度函数,用于识别飞溅、计算飞溅体积和灰度以及...