Free Algebras in Certain Varieties of Distributive Pseudocomplemented De Morgan Algebras

In this paper we characterize the join irreducible elements of the free algebras on n free generators in the subvarieties of the variety V₀ of pseudocomplemented De Morgan algebras satisfying the identity xx′* = (xx′*)′*.     

Varieties of solvable index-two alternative algebras over a field of characteristic three

The subvarieties of the variety Alt₂ of solvable index-two alternative algebras over an arbitrary field of characteristic 3 are studied. The main types of such varieties are singled out in the language of identities, and inclusions between these types are established. The main results is the following.Theorem.The topological rank of the variety Alt₂ of solvable index-two alternative algebras over an arbitrary field of characteristic 3 is equal to five. Translated fromMatematicheskie Zametki, Vol. 66, No. 4, pp. 556–566, October, 1999.     

Nonfinitely Based Varieties of Right Alternative Metabelian Algebras

Since 1976, it is known from the paper by V. P. Belkin that the variety RA₂ of right alternative metabelian (solvable of index 2) algebras over an arbitrary field is not Spechtian (contains nonfinitely based subvarieties). In 2005, S. V. Pchelintsev proved that the variety generated by the Grassmann RA₂-algebra of finite rank r over a field ?, for char(?) ≠ 2, is Spechtian iff r = 1. We construct a nonfinitely based variety 𝔐 generated by the Grassmann 𝒱-algebra of rank 2 of certain finitely based subvariety 𝒱 ? RA₂ over a field ?, for char(?) ≠ 2, 3, such that 𝔐 can also be generated by the Grassmann envelope of a five-dimensional superalgebra with one-dimensional even part.     

On second fundamental forms of projective varieties

Summary The projective second fundamental form at a generic smooth pointx of a subvarietyX ⁿ of projective space ^n+a may be considered as a linear system of quadratic forms |II| _x on the tangent spaceT _x X. We prove this system is subject to certain restrictions (4.1), including a bound on the dimension of the singular locus of any quadric in the system |II| _x . (The only previously known restriction was that ifX is smooth, the singular locus of the entire system must be empty). One consequence of (4.1) is that smooth subvarieties with 2(a–1)<n are such that their third and all higher fundamental forms are zero (4.14). This says that the infinitesimal invariants of such varieties are of the same nature as the invariants of hypersurfaces, giving further evidence towards the principle (e.g. [H]) that smooth subvarieties of small codimension should behave like hypersurfaces.Further restrictions on the second fundamental form occur when one has more information about the variety. In this paper we discuss additional restrictions when the variety contains a linear space (2.3) and when the variety is a complete intersection (6.1).These rank restrictions should prove useful both in enhancing our understanding of smooth subvarieties of small codimension, and in bounding from below the dimensions of singularities of varieties for which local information is more readily available than global information.Oblatum XII-1992 & 30-IX-1993This work was done while the author was partially supported by an NSF postdoctoral fellowship     

On a subvariety of semi-De Morgan algebras

A characterization of principal congruences of the subvariety C of semi-DeMorgan algebras is given. This characterization is applied to determine the subdirectly irreducible algebras of the variety C and to describe a poset such that the lattice of its order ideals is isomorphic to the lattice of subvarieties of C. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Bounded distributive lattices with strict implication

The present paper introduces and studies the variety WH of weakly Heyting algebras. It corresponds to the strict implication fragment of the normal modal logic K which is also known as the subintuitionistic local consequence of the class of all Kripke models. The tools developed in the paper can be applied to the study of the subvarieties of WH; among them are the varieties determined by the strict implication fragments of normal modal logics as well as varieties that do not arise in this way as the variety of Basic algebras or the variety of Heyting algebras. Apart from WH itself the paper studies the subvarieties of WH that naturally correspond to subintuitionistic logics, namely the variety of R‐weakly Heyting algebras, the variety of T‐weakly Heyting algebras and the varieties of Basic algebras and subresiduated lattices. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Varieties of idempotent slim groupoids

Idempotent slim groupoids are groupoids satisfying xx ≈ x and x(yz) ≈ xz. We prove that the variety of idempotent slim groupoids has uncountably many subvarieties. We find a four-element, inherently nonfinitely based idempotent slim groupoid; the variety generated by this groupoid has only finitely many subvarieties. We investigate free objects in some varieties of idempotent slim groupoids determined by permutational equations. The work is a part of the research project MSM0021620839 financed by MSMT and partly supported by the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic, grant #201/05/0002.     

Multilinear Components of the Prime Subvarieties of the Variety Var(M2(F))

We describe the multilinear components of the prime subvarieties of the variety Var(M ₂(F)) generated by the matrix algebra of order 2 over a field of characteristic p>0.     

Hausdorff properties of topological algebras

Let P be a property of topological spaces. Let [P] be the class of all varieties having the property that any topological algebra in has underlying space satisfying property P. We show that if P is preserved by finite products, and if is preserved by ultraproducts, then [P] is a class of varieties that is definable by a Maltsev condition.?The property that all T ₀ topological algebras in are j-step Hausdor. (Hj) is preserved by finite products, and its negation is preserved by ultraproducts. We partially characterize the Maltsev condition associated to by showing that this topological implication holds in every (2j + 1)-permutable variety, but not in every (2j + 2)-permutable variety.?Finally, we show that the topological implication holds in every k-permutable, congruence modular variety. Received March 1, 2000; accepted in final form October 18, 2001.     

On local frequencies related to farey fractions

LetP ₁ andP ₂ be two sets of prime numbers and let ω(m,P_i)=#{p: p/m, pεP_i} (i=1,2) be two related additive functions ofm. For an irreducible positive fractionm/n, defineh(m/n)=ω(m, P ₁)+ω(n, P₂). In this paper the local frequenciesv _x{h(m/n)=s}=#{m/n ∈ F_x:h(m/n)=s}/#F_x are considered, whereF _x denotes the classical Farey series. Using the mean-value theorem for multiplicative functions of rational argument, a local limit theorem forv _x{h(m/n)=s} is proved. Research supported by the Lithuanian State Science and Studies Foundation. Translated from Lietuvos Matematikos Rinkinys, Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 113–131, January–March, 2000. Translated by V. Stakènas     

A note on a subvariety of linear tense algebras

In [1], Bull gave completeness proofs for three axiom systems with respect to tense logic with time linear and rational, real and integral. The associated varieties, Dens, Cont and Disc, are generated by algebras with frames {?, <, >}, {?, <, >} and {?, <, >}, respectively. In this paper we consider the subvariety ?? generated by the finite members of Disc. We prove that V is locally finite and we determine its lattice of subvarieties. We also prove that ?? = Disc ∩ Dens = Disc ∩ Cont. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Varieties of two-dimensional cylindric algebras.¶Part I: Diagonal-free case

We investigate the lattice of all subvarieties of the variety Df ₂ of two-dimensional diagonal-free cylindric algebras. We prove that a Df ₂-algebra is finitely representable if it is finitely approximable, characterize finite projective Df ₂-algebras, and show that there are no non-trivial injectives and absolute retracts in Df ₂. We prove that every proper subvariety of Df ₂ is locally finite, and hence Df ₂ is hereditarily finitely approximable. We describe all six critical varieties in , which leads to a characterization of finitely generated subvarieties of Df ₂. Finally, we describe all square representable and rectangularly representable subvarieties of Df ₂. Received May 25, 2000; accepted in final form November 2, 2001.     

Closure Łukasiewicz algebras

In this paper, the variety of closure n-valued Łukasiewicz algebras, that is, Łukasiewicz algebras of order n endowed with a closure operator, is investigated. The lattice of subvarieties in the particular case in which the open elements form a three-valued Heyting algebra is obtained.     

Linear programming bounds for codes in infinite projective spaces

We develop a technique for improving the universal linear programming bounds on the cardinality and the minimum distance of codes in projective spaces . We firstly investigate test functions P_j(m,n,s) having the property that P_j(m,n,s)<0 for somej if and only if the corresponding universal linear programming bound can be further improved by linear programming. Then we describe a method for improving the universal bounds. We also investigate the possibilities for attaining the first universal bounds.     

Matching polytopes,toric geometry,and the totally non-negative Grassmannian

In this paper we use toric geometry to investigate the topology of the totally non-negative part of the Grassmannian, denoted (Gr _k,n )_≥0. This is a cell complex whose cells Δ _G can be parameterized in terms of the combinatorics of plane-bipartite graphs G. To each cell Δ _G we associate a certain polytope P(G). The polytopes P(G) are analogous to the well-known Birkhoff polytopes, and we describe their face lattices in terms of matchings and unions of matchings of G. We also demonstrate a close connection between the polytopes P(G) and matroid polytopes. We use the data of P(G) to define an associated toric variety X _G . We use our technology to prove that the cell decomposition of (Gr _k,n )_≥0 is a CW complex, and furthermore, that the Euler characteristic of the closure of each cell of (Gr _k,n )_≥0 is 1. Alexander Postnikov was supported in part by NSF CAREER Award DMS-0504629. David Speyer was supported by a research fellowship from the Clay Mathematics Institute. Lauren Williams was supported in part by the NSF.     

Infinite Independent Systems of Identities of an Associative Algebra over an Infinite Field of Characteristic Two

Let be the variety of associative (special Jordan, respectively) algebras over an infinite field of characteristic 2 defined by the identity ((((x ₁,x ₂),x ₃), ((x ₄,x ₅),x ₆)), (x ₇,x ₈)) = 0 (((x ₁ x ₂ · x ₃)(x ₄ x ₅ · x ₆))(x ₇ x ₈) = 0, respectively). In this paper, we construct infinite independent systems of identities in the variety ( , respectively). This implies that the set of distinct nonfinitely based subvarieties of the variety has the cardinality of the continuum and that there are algebras in with undecidable word problem.     

Discriminator or dual discriminator?

Varieties are considered with p(x, y, z), a single ternary operation, which acts as a local discriminator or dual discriminator on the subdirectly irreducible elements. If p(x, y, z) is "global", then all subvarieties are finitely based. In the general case a continuum of non-finitely based subvarieties are presented. A graph theoretical picture leads to a variety of groupoids connecting the left-zero and the right-zero semigroups. For this variety some open problems are presented. Received October 7, 1998; accepted in final form October 4, 1999.     

Amenability constants for semilattice algebras

For any finite commutative idempotent semigroup S, a semilattice, we show how to compute the amenability constant of its semigroup algebra ℓ ¹(S). This amenability constant is always of the form 4n+1. We then show that these give lower bounds to amenability constants of certain Banach algebras graded over semilattices. We also give example of a commutative Clifford semigroups G _n whose semigroup algebras ℓ ¹(G _n ) admit amenability constants of the form 41+4(n−1)/n. We also show there is no commutative semigroup whose semigroup algebra has an amenability constant between 5 and 9. N. Spronk’s research was supported by NSERC Grant 312515-05.     

On the projectively almost-factorial varieties

Summary A projectively normal subvariety (X,O _X) ofP ^N(k), k an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero, will be said to be projectively almost-factorial if each Weil divisor has a multiple which is a complete intersection in X. The main result is the following: (X,O _X) is projectively almost-factorial if and only if for all x ∈ X the local ringO _x is almost-factorial and the quotient ofPic(X) modulo the subgroup generated by the class ofO _X (1) is torsion. We also prove the invariance of the projective almost-factoriality up to isomorphisms and state some relations between the projective almost-factoriality (resp. projective factoriality) of X and the almost-factoriality (resp. factoriality) of the affine open subvarieties. Finally we discuss some consequences of the main result in the case k=ℂ: in particular we prove that the Picard group of a projectively almost-factorial variety is isomorphic to the Néron-Severi group, hence finitely generated. Entrata in Redazione il 23 aprile 1976. AMS(MOS) subject classification (1970): Primary 14C20, 13F15.