Backward bifurcation and global dynamics of an SIS epidemic model with general incidence rate and treatment

An SIS epidemic model with treatment is proposed. The incidence rate of the model, which can include the bilinear incidence rate and the standard incidence rate, is a general nonlinear incidence rate. The global dynamics of the model are studied and then we can understand the effect of the capacity for treatment. It is found that a backward bifurcation occurs and there exist bistable endemic equilibria if the capacity is low. Mathematical results suggest that decreasing the basic reproduction number is insufficient for disease eradication and improving the efficiency and capacity of treatment is important for this end.     

Bifurcations analysis and tracking control of an epidemic model with nonlinear incidence rate

In this paper, a discrete epidemic model with nonlinear incidence rate obtained by the forward Euler method is investigated. The conditions for existence of codimension-1 bifurcations (fold bifurcation, flip bifurcation and Neimark-Sacker bifurcation) are derived by using the center manifold theorem and bifurcation theory. Furthermore, the condition for the occurrence of codimension-2 bifurcation (fold-flip bifurcation) is presented. In order to eliminate the chaos or Neimark-Sacker bifurcation of the discrete epidemic model, a tracking controller is designed. The number of the infectives tends to zero when the number of iterations is gradually increasing, that is, the disease disappears gradually. Finally, numerical simulations not only illustrate the validity of the proposed results, but also display the interesting and complex dynamical behaviors.     

Global dynamics and bifurcation in delayed SIR epidemic model

An SIR epidemic model with time delay, information variable and saturated incidence rate, where the susceptibles are assumed to satisfy the logistic equation and the incidence term, is of saturated form with the susceptibles. This model exhibits two bifurcations, one is transcritical bifurcation and the other is Hopf bifurcation. The local and global stability of endemic equilibrium is also discussed. Finally, numerical simulations are carried out to explain the mathematical conclusions.     

The effect of time delay on the dynamics of an SEIR model with nonlinear incidence

In this paper, a SEIR epidemic model with nonlinear incidence rate and time delay is investigated in three cases. The local stability of an endemic equilibrium and a disease-free equilibrium are discussed using stability theory of delay differential equations. The conditions that guarantee the asymptotic stability of corresponding steady-states are investigated. The results show that the introduction of a time delay in the transmission term can destabilize the system and periodic solutions can arise through Hopf bifurcation when using the time delay as a bifurcation parameter. Applying the normal form theory and center manifold argument, the explicit formulas determining the properties of the bifurcating periodic solution are derived. In addition, the effect of the inhibitory effect on the properties of the bifurcating periodic solutions is studied. Numerical simulations are provided in order to illustrate the theoretical results and to gain further insight into the behaviors of delayed systems.     

一类时滞SIR传染病模型的稳定性与Hopf分岔分析

研究了一类具有时滞及非线性发生率的SIR传染病模型．首先利用特征值理论分析了地方病平衡点的稳定性,并以时滞为分岔参数,给出了Hopf分岔存在的条件．然后,应用规范型和中心流形定理给出了关于Hopf分岔周期解的稳定性及分岔方向的计算公式．最后,用Matlab软件进行了数值模拟．     

Bifurcation of an eco-epidemiological model with a nonlinear incidence rate

A predator-prey system with disease in the prey is considered. Assume that the incidence rate is nonlinear, we analyse the boundedness of solutions and local stability of equilibria, by using bifurcation methods and techniques, we study Bogdanov-Takens bifurcation near a boundary equilibrium, and obtain a saddle-node bifurcation curve, a Hopf bifurcation curve and a homoclinic bifurcation curve. The Hopf bifurcation and generalized Hopf bifurcation near the positive equilibrium is analyzed, one or two limit cycles is also discussed.     

Local and global bifurcations in an SIRS epidemic model

This paper studies the existence and stability of the disease-free equilibrium and endemic equilibria for the SIRS epidemic model with the saturated incidence rate, considering the factor of population dynamics such as the disease-related, the natural mortality and the constant recruitment of population. Analytical techniques are used to show, for some parameter values, the periodic solutions can arise through the Hopf bifurcation, which is important to carry different strategies for the controlling disease. Then the codimension-two bifurcation, i.e. BT bifurcation, is investigated by using a global qualitative method and the curves of saddle-node bifurcation, Hopf bifurcation and homoclinic bifurcation are obtained at the degenerate equilibrium. Moreover, several numerical simulations are given to support the theoretical analysis.     

Bifurcation analysis of an epidemic model with nonlinear incidence

In this paper, we consider an epidemic model with the nonlinear incidence of a sigmoidal function. By mathematical analysis, it is shown that the model exhibits the bistability and undergoes the Hopf bifurcation and the Bogdanov-Takens bifurcation. By numerical simulations, it is found that the incidence rate can induce multiple limit cycles, and a little change of the parameter could lead to quite different bifurcation structures.     

An SIRS model with a nonlinear incidence rate

The global dynamics of an SIRS model with a nonlinear incidence rate is investigated. We establish a threshold for a disease to be extinct or endemic, analyze the existence and asymptotic stability of equilibria, and verify the existence of bistable states, i.e., a stable disease free equilibrium and a stable endemic equilibrium or a stable limit cycle. In particular, we find that the model admits stability switches as a parameter changes. We also investigate the backward bifurcation, the Hopf bifurcation and Bogdanov–Takens bifurcation and obtain the Hopf bifurcation criteria and Bogdanov–Takens bifurcation curves, which are important for making strategies for controlling a disease.     

An SIRS model with a nonlinear incidence rate

The global dynamics of an SIRS model with a nonlinear incidence rate is investigated. We establish a threshold for a disease to be extinct or endemic, analyze the existence and asymptotic stability of equilibria, and verify the existence of bistable states, i.e., a stable disease free equilibrium and a stable endemic equilibrium or a stable limit cycle. In particular, we find that the model admits stability switches as a parameter changes. We also investigate the backward bifurcation, the Hopf bifurcation and Bogdanov–Takens bifurcation and obtain the Hopf bifurcation criteria and Bogdanov–Takens bifurcation curves, which are important for making strategies for controlling a disease.     

Bifurcations and complex dynamics of an SIR model with the impact of the number of hospital beds

In this paper we establish an SIR model with a standard incidence rate and a nonlinear recovery rate, formulated to consider the impact of available resource of the public health system especially the number of hospital beds. For the three dimensional model with total population regulated by both demographics and diseases incidence, we prove that the model can undergo backward bifurcation, saddle-node bifurcation, Hopf bifurcation and cusp type of Bogdanov–Takens bifurcation of codimension 3. We present the bifurcation diagram near the cusp type of Bogdanov–Takens bifurcation point of codimension 3 and give epidemiological interpretation of the complex dynamical behaviors of endemic due to the variation of the number of hospital beds. This study suggests that maintaining enough number of hospital beds is crucial for the control of the infectious diseases.     

Numerical bifurcation analysis of static stall of airfoil and dynamic stall under unsteady perturbation

By the finite element method combined with Arbitrary-Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) frame and explicit Characteristic Based Split Scheme (CBS), the complex flows around stationary and sinusoidal pitching airfoil are studied numerically. In particular, the static and dynamic stalls are analyzed in detail, and the natures of the static stall of NACA0012 airfoil are given from viewpoint of bifurcations. Following the bifurcation in Map, the static stall is proved to be the result from saddle-node bifurcation which involves both the hysteresis and jumping phenomena, by introducing a Map and its Floquet multiplier, which is constructed in the numerical simulation of flow field and related to the lift of the airfoil. Further, because the saddle-node bifurcation is sensitive to imperfection or perturbation, the airfoil is then subjected to a perturbation which is a kind of sinusoidal pitching oscillation, and the flow structure and aerodynamic performance are studied numerically. The results show that the large-scale flow separation at the static stall on the airfoil surface can be removed or delayed feasibly, and the ensuing lift could be enhanced significantly and also the stalling incidence could be delayed effectively. As a conclusion, it can be drawn that the proper external excitation can be considered as a powerful control strategy for the stall. As an unsteady aerodynamic behavior of high angle of attack, the dynamic stall can be investigated from viewpoint of nonlinear dynamics, and there exists a rich variety of nonlinear phenomena, which are related to the lift enhancement and drag reduction.     

Dynamics of infection with nonlinear incidence in a simple vaccination model

We develop and analyze a simple SIV epidemic model including susceptible, infected and imperfectly vaccinated classes, with a nonlinear incidence rate. We investigate the interaction of the nonlinear incidence and partial immunity. Our main results show that nonlinear incidence rate could induce the forward bifurcation with hysteresis except for the backward bifurcation. The plausible effects of vaccination program have been demonstrated by two models with nonlinear incidence rate. Vaccination program may contribute to disease spread, depending on which transmission term involves nonlinear incidence rate.     

Bifurcation analysis of an SIRS epidemic model with standard incidence rate and saturated treatment function

An epidemic model with standard incidence rate and saturated treatment function of infectious individuals is proposed to understand the effect of the capacity for treatment of infective individuals on the disease spread. The treatment function in this paper is a continuous and differential function which exhibits the effect of delayed treatment when the rate of treatment is lower and the number of infected individuals is getting larger. It is proved that the existence and stability of the disease-free and endemic equilibria for the model are not only related to the basic reproduction number but also to the capacity for treatment of infective individuals. And a backward bifurcation is found when the capacity is not enough. By computing the first Lyapunov coefficient, we can determine the type of Hopf bifurcation, i.e., subcritical Hopf bifurcation or supercritical Hopf bifurcation. We also show that under some conditions the model undergoes Bogdanov-Takens bifurcation. Finally, numerical simulations are given to support some of the theoretical results.     

一类时变动力系统的高余维分岔及其控制

研究了一类时变动力系统的高余维分岔及其控制问题,首先利用新方法对时变分岔方程的两个方向的分岔转迁和跃迁现象进行分析,分别通过慢变解的线性化近似和量级平衡估计分岔转迁值,然后研究这类时变分岔方程的线性反蚀控制问题,通过分析相应的二维高次自治系统的Hopf分岔,在适当的条件下得到了稳定的动态滞后环,研究揭示出脉冲振动产生的机理是分岔参数随时间周期变化经过定常分岔值时所发生的分岔转迁的滞后和跃迁现象。     

Spatiotemporal dynamics in a predator-prey model with a functional response increasing in both predator and prey densities

In this paper, we studied a diffusive predator-prey model with a functional response increasing in both predator and prey densities. The Turing instability and local stability are studied by analyzing the eigenvalue spectrum. Delay induced Hopf bifurcation is investigated by using time delay as bifurcation parameter. Some conditions for determining the property of Hopf bifurcation are obtained by utilizing the normal form method and center manifold reduction for partial functional differential equation.     

Stability and Hopf bifurcation analysis on a four-neuron BAM neural network with distributed delays

In this paper, a four-neuron BAM neural network with distributed delays is considered, where kernels are chosen as weak kernels. Its dynamics is studied in terms of local stability analysis and Hopf bifurcation analysis. By choosing the average delay as a bifurcation parameter and analyzing the associated characteristic equation, Hopf bifurcation occurs when the bifurcation parameter passes through some exceptive values. The stability of bifurcating periodic solutions and a formula for determining the direction of Hopf bifurcation are determined by applying the normal form theory and the center manifold theorem. Finally, numerical simulation results are given to validate the theorem obtained.     

Geometry of bifurcation diagrams

The geometry of a bifurcation diagram in the base of a versal deformation of a singularity is studied for single singularities on a manifold with boundary. In particular, vector fields and groups of diffeomorphisms are studied which are defined in a neighborhood of a bifurcation diagram as are stratification of a bifurcation diagram and decomposition of singularities.Translated from Itogi Nauki i Tekhniki, Seriya Sovremennye Problemy Matematiki, Vol. 22, pp. 94–129, 1983.     

Degenerate bifurcations of nontwisted heterodimensional cycles with codimension 3

Bifurcations of heterodimensional cycles with highly degenerate conditions are studied by establishing a suitable local coordinate system in three-dimensional vector fields. The existence, coexistence and noncoexistence of the periodic orbit, homoclinic loop, heteroclinic loop and double periodic orbit are obtained under some generic hypotheses. The bifurcation surfaces and the existence regions are located; the number of the bifurcation surfaces exhibits variety and complexity of the bifurcation of degenerate heterodimensional cycles. The corresponding bifurcation graph is also drawn.