套管中弯曲型Lamb波数值仿真和物理模拟*

低密度水泥在低压易漏复杂井固井中的广泛应用使得声阻抗类测井方法难以准确、有效的评价固井质量。基于套管中传播的弯曲型Lamb对套后介质的声学参数和胶结状况的敏感性,本文通过理论计算和实验测量研究了不同频率下弯曲型Lamb 波衰减与水泥声学性质的关系,较低的工作频率会使得不同水泥阻抗下的衰减动态变化范围降低,且对水泥环第一界面的窜槽厚度也有很高的灵敏度;利用套管外胶结流体和固体时衰减率的差异,还可较好的区分套管外声阻抗接近的流体和固体;但弯曲型Lamb波的同一个衰减率值可与两个水泥声阻抗值相对应,因此需通过建立弯曲型Lamb波的衰减与水泥声阻抗的图版以提高低密度水泥固井质量评价的可信度。本文的计算分析结果对进一步应用弯曲型Lamb评价低密度水泥具有指导意义。     

Overcoming the diffraction limit in wave physics using a time-reversal mirror and a novel acoustic sink

In recent years, time-reversal (TR) mirrors have been developed that create TR waves for ultrasonic transient fields propagating through complex media. A TR wave back propagates and refocuses exactly at its initial source. However, because of diffraction, even if the source is pointlike the wave refocuses on a spot size that cannot be smaller than half a wavelength. Here, by using a TR interpretation of this limit, we show that this latter limitation can be overcome if the source is replaced by its TR image. This new device acts as an acoustic sink that absorbs the TR wave. Here we report the first experimental result obtained with an acoustic sink where a focal spot size of less than 1/14th of one wavelength is recorded.     

联合重叠压缩感知法消除水声通信系统限幅噪声

针对正交频分复用(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing,OFDM)水声通信系统的高峰值平均功率比(Peakto-Average Ratio,PAPR)问题,在发射端采用了压扩变换法和限幅法联合的方法降低PAPR。由于限幅法会产生带内干扰和带外噪声,降低通信系统的误码性能,因此利用限幅噪声的稀疏性,在接收端采用压缩感知(Compressed Sensing,CS)法对限幅噪声进行估计和恢复。限幅噪声的估计受信道估计准确性的影响,为提高限幅噪声估计的准确度,提出了重叠压缩感知算法,在恢复限幅噪声的过程中利用了压缩感知信道估计法估计所得的信道信息和发射数据对限幅噪声进行估计,有效降低了限幅法对系统误码性能的影响。仿真和水池实验验证了该算法的有效性。      

A time-selective technique for free-field reciprocity calibration of condenser microphones

In normal practice, microphones are calibrated in a closed coupler where the sound pressure is uniformly distributed over the diaphragm. Alternatively, microphones can be placed in a free field, although in that case the distribution of sound pressure over the diaphragm will change as a result of the diffraction of the body of the microphone, and thus, its sensitivity will change. In the two cases, a technique based on the reciprocity theorem can be applied for obtaining the absolute sensitivity either under uniform pressure or free-field conditions. In this paper, signal-processing techniques are considered that improve the accuracy of the free-field calibration method. In particular, a fast Fourier transform (FFT)-based time-selective technique for removing undesired reflections from the walls of the measurement chamber has been developed and applied to the electric transfer impedance function between two microphones. The acoustic centers of the microphones have been determined from the "cleaned" transfer impedance values. Then, the complex free-field sensitivities of the microphones have been calculated. The resulting complex sensitivities and acoustic centers have proved to be in good agreement with previously published data, and this confirms the reliability of the time-selective technique, even in nonanechoic environments. Furthermore, the obtained results give a new reference for further comparisons, because they cover a frequency range with an accuracy that has not been obtained by previously published data.     

Sound quality of low-frequency and car engine noises after active noise control

The ability of active noise control (ANC) systems to achieve a more pleasant sound has been evaluated by means of sound quality analysis of a real multi-channel active noise controller. Recordings of real car engine noises had been carried out using a HeadacousticsTM binaural head simulator seated in a typical car seat, and these signals together with synthesized noise have been actively controlled in an enclosed room.The sound quality study has focused on the estimation of noise quality changes through the evaluation of the sense of comfort. Two methods have been developed: firstly, a predictive method based on psychoacoustic parameters (loudness, roughness, tonality and sharpness); and secondly, a subjective method using a jury test. Both results have been related to the spectral characteristics of the sounds before and after active control.It can be concluded from both analyses that ANC positively affects acoustic comfort. The engine noise mathematical comfort predictor is based on loudness and roughness (two psychoacoustic parameters directly influenced by ANC), and has satisfactorily predicted the improvements in the pleasantness of the sounds. As far as the subjective evaluation method is concerned, the jury test has showed that acoustic comfort is, in most cases, directly related to the sense of quietness. However, ANC has also been assessed negatively by the jury in the cases that it was unable to reduce the loudness, perhaps because of the low amplitudes of the original sounds.Finally, from what has been shown, it can be said that the subjective improvements strongly depends on the attenuation level achieved by the ANC system operation, as well as the spectral characteristics of the sounds before and after control.     

Dependence of the characteristics of bubbles on types of sonochemical reactors

Computer simulations of bubble oscillations in liquid water irradiated by an ultrasonic wave have revealed that the characteristic of bubbles depends on types of sonochemical reactors: a horn-type reactor and a standing-wave type reactor. When the acoustic amplitude is large at 20 kHz, the bubble content is mostly water vapor even at the end of the bubble collapse and the temperature inside a bubble at the collapse is relatively low. On the other hand, when the acoustic amplitude is relatively low, the bubble content is mostly noncondensable gas at the end of the bubble collapse and the bubble temperature is relatively high. In a horn-type sonochemical reactor, the former type of bubbles are dominant because many bubbles exist near the horn-tip where the acoustic amplitude is large, while in a standing-wave type reactor the latter type of bubbles are dominant because the Bjerknes force gathers bubbles at a region where acoustic amplitude is relatively low.     

Noseleaf furrows in a horseshoe bat act as resonance cavities shaping the biosonar beam

Horseshoe bats emit their ultrasonic biosonar pulses through nostrils surrounded by intricately shaped protuberances (noseleaves). While these noseleaves have been hypothesized to affect the sonar beam, their physical function has never been analyzed. Using numerical methods, we show that conspicuous furrows in the noseleaf act as resonance cavities shaping the sonar beam. This demonstrates that (a) animals can use resonances in external, half-open cavities to direct sound emissions, (b) structural detail in the faces of bats can have acoustic effects even if it is not adjacent to the emission sites, and (c) specializations in the biosonar system of horseshoe bats allow for differential processing of subbands of the pulse in the acoustic domain.     

高强混凝土单轴压缩声发射频率特征试验研究

为研究高强混凝土破裂前声发射信号的频率特征,对C60、C70、C80高强混凝土试件进行单轴压缩下的高、低频双通道声发射试验,得到破裂过程的力学参数和声发射参数,探求高强混凝土不同加载阶段声发射信号频率的分布特征。研究表明,三种高强混凝土在峰值应力前,高、低频通道声发射信号均集中在特定的频段内;临近峰值应力时,高、低频通道的声发射信号频率向低频段移动,同时优势频段内的频率趋于分散,这可作为预测高强混凝土破坏的前兆信息。     

Effect of diffusive and nondiffusive surfaces combinations on sound diffusion

One of room acoustic goals, especially in small to medium rooms, is sound diffusion in low frequencies, which have been the subject of lots of researches. Sound diffusion is a very important consideration in acoustics because it minimizes the coherent reflections that cause problems. It also tends to make an enclosed space sound larger than it is. Diffusion is an excellent alternative or complement to sound absorption in acoustic treatment because it doesn’t really remove much energy, which means it can be used to effectively reduce reflections while still leaving an ambient or live sounding space. Distribution of diffusive and nondiffusive surfaces on room walls affect sound diffusion in room, but the amount, combination, and location of these surfaces are still the matter of question. This paper investigates effects of these issues on room acoustic frequency response in different parts of the room with different source-receiver locations. Room acoustic model based on wave method is used (implemented) which is very accurate and convenient for low frequencies in such rooms. Different distributions of acoustic surfaces on room walls have been introduced to the model and room frequency response results are calculated. For the purpose of comparison, some measurements results are presented. Finally for more smooth frequency response in small and medium rooms, some suggestions are made.     

流体动力式发声器在采油工业中的应用研究

流体动力式声波发生器是一种有着悠久历史的声处理发生器 ,具有成本低廉、结构简单、坚固耐用以及动力源方便等特点 .在采油工业中 ,利用这种声处理技术可以降低原油粘度 ,改善原油物性以及地层渗流条件 ,达到最终提高采收率的目的 .文章论述了几种具有实际应用效果的流体动力式声波发生器在采油工业中的应用研究进展 ,并从作用机理、实验研究、现场应用等方面进行了详细的介绍 .     

ACOUSTIC ABSORPTION CHARACTERISTICS OF FOAMED ALUMINUM

The acoustic absorption characteristics of foamed aluminum and the effect of its structural parameters on the characteristics have been in vestigated. The results indicate that the acoustic absorption behavior of foamed aluminum has an uncertain relation with its porosity, the effect of pore size is non-monotonous, while the flow resistance, which characterizes the structural coefficients, might be the most important factor. It is also found that the absorption peak is widened and the noise reduction coefficient can be increased through suitable compressive deformation.     

Non-contact transportation using near-field acoustic levitation

Near-field acoustic levitation, where planar objects 10 kg in weight can levitate stably near the vibrating plate, is successfully applied both to non-contact transportation of objects and to a non-contact ultrasonic motor. Transporting apparatuses and an ultrasonic motor have been fabricated and their characteristics measured. The theory of near-field acoustic levitation both for a piston-like sound source and a flexural vibration source is also briefly described.     

Measurements of refractive index profiles of proton－exchanged LiNbO_3 waveguidesusing TE－TM mode conversion

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Shear strain from irrotational tissue displacements near bubbles

Particle displacements can be much greater near bubbles than they would be in a homogeneous liquid or tissue when exposed to an acoustic wave. In a plane wave, shear and bulk strains are of the same order of magnitude. In contrast, for a bubble oscillating close to its resonance frequency, the shear strain in the medium near the bubble is roughly four orders of magnitude greater than the bulk strain. This can lead to shear strains of a few percent even with acoustic excitation pressures far below the pressure thresholds required to cause inertial cavitation. High shear strains near oscillating bubbles could potentially be the cause of bioeffects. After acoustic exposures at audio frequencies, hemorrhages in tissues as diverse as lung, liver, and kidney have been observed at shear strains on the order of 1%.     

低频声波油井液面检测方法研究

为克服冲击声波法油井液面检测设备寿命短的缺陷,研究了一种低频声波测量油井内液面深度的方法,采用电磁式扬声器产生伪随机码调制的低频声波作为探测信号。通过对回波信号的解码和相关检测处理可以抑制背景噪声的干扰。完成了油井液面检测仪的硬件和软件系统的初样设计,并对不同信噪比下的回波信号作了仿真分析,仿真分析结果表明,该方法在低信噪比情况下,仍具有良好的辨识效果。     

Acoustic manifestations of gas hydrate shelled bubbles

The hydrocarbon seeps emitting buoyant bubble plumes from seafloor vents—gas flares have been actively investigated in different regions of the World Ocean, in particular, on the Sakhalin slope in the Sea of Okhotsk. The gas flares can be easily detected by regular echo sounders, because the scattering cross section of a gas bubble is large. Within the gas-hydrate stability zone—for high hydrostatic pressures and low temperatures, methane-hydrate ice skins are formed on rising seep bubbles which are typically methane. The objective of the present study was to develop a suitable model describing rheological characteristics of gas-hydrate shell and to analyze acoustic manifestations of such bubbles for the frequency range used in marine field experiments.     

Design of a multipolar weighting for acoustic antennae

This work describes the development of an acoustic antenna for which several kinds of weightings have been studied to obtain a narrow directivity with attenuated rear lobes. Later, this antenna will be used in a new device to measure the sound absorption coefficient of flat panels in industrial sites. It is often necessary, although quite difficult, to measure acoustic absorption coefficients in partially diffuse conditions, because predicting the sound pressure level at, for instance, a workplace requires in situ characterization of the facings. This antenna has been optimized so that the major part of the received acoustic energy would come from one portion only of an investigated facing present in an industrial room. The multipolar weighting is quite efficient because the associated directivity can be carried out with a limited number of microphones. The calculation technique is improved to achieve a constant sensitivity antenna within the desired frequency range with most of the secondary lobes rejected. The designed receiving system is composed of four antennae, each equipped with five sensors. The directivity, at 150-5000 Hz range, has been verified in an anechoic room.     

Energy flow model considering near field energy for predictions of acoustic energy in low damping medium

The Acoustic Energy Flow Boundary Element Method (AEFBEM) is developed to predict the acoustic energy density and intensity of an engineering system. Up to now, the acoustic energy flow model has been used only for analysis of high frequencies or radiation noise because of plane wave and far-field assumptions. In this research, a new energy flow governing equation that can consider the near field acoustic energy term and spherical wave characteristics is derived successfully to predict the acoustic energy density and intensity of a system in the medium-to-high frequency range. A near field term of acoustic energy in spherical coordinate is added to the relationship between energy density and energy flow. But with the far-field assumption, this term vanishes, so the relationship between energy density and energy flow becomes the same as that of the plane wave. By considering the near field energy term without far-field assumption, the energy density at medium frequencies can be estimated. However, the governing equation has to be numerically manipulated for use in the analysis of complex structures; therefore, the Boundary Element Method (BEM) is implemented. AEFBEM is a numerical analysis method formulated by applying the boundary element method to an acoustic energy flow governing equation. It is very powerful in predicting the acoustic energy density and intensity of complex structures in medium-to-high frequency ranges, and can analyze interior noise and radiating sound. To verify its validity, several numerical results are provided. BEM and AEFBEM were compared with respect to energy density, and the results from both methods were similar.     

Extraction of the acoustic component of a turbulent flow exciting a plate by inverting the vibration problem

An improvement of the Force Analysis Technique (FAT), an inverse method of vibration, is proposed to identify the low wavenumbers including the acoustic component of a turbulent flow that excites a plate. This method is a significant progress since the usual techniques of measurements with flush-mounted sensors are not able to separate the acoustic and the aerodynamic energies of the excitation because the aerodynamic component is too high. Moreover, the main cause of vibration or acoustic radiation of the structure might be due to the acoustic part by a phenomenon of spatial coincidence between the acoustic wavelengths and those of the plate. This underlines the need to extract the acoustic part. In this work, numerical experiments are performed to solve both the direct and inverse problems of vibration. The excitation is a turbulent boundary layer and combines the pressure field of the Corcos model and a diffuse acoustic field. These pressures are obtained by a synthesis method based on the Cholesky decomposition of the cross-spectra matrices and are used to excite a plate. Thus, the application of the inverse problem FAT that requires only the vibration data shows that the method is able to identify and to isolate the acoustic part of the excitation. Indeed, the discretization of the inverse operator (motion equation of the plate) acts as a low-pass wavenumber filter. In addition, this method is simple to implement because it can be applied locally (no need to know the boundary conditions), and measurements can be carried out on the opposite side of the plate without affecting the flow. Finally, an improvement of FAT is proposed. It regularizes optimally and automatically the inverse problem by analyzing the mean quadratic pressure of the reconstructed force distribution. This optimized FAT, in the case of the turbulent flow, has the advantage of measuring the acoustic component up to higher frequencies even in the presence of noise.