Isotopomeric conformational changes in the anisole-water complex: new insights from HR-UV spectroscopy and theoretical studies

Resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization and rotationally resolved S1<--S0 electronic spectra of the anisole-2H2O complex have been obtained. The experimental results are compared with high level quantum mechanical calculations and with data already available in the literature. Quite surprisingly, the equilibrium structure of the anisole-2H2O complex in the S0 state shows some non-negligible differences from that of the isotopomer anisole-1H2O complex. Actually, the structure of the deuterated complex is more similar to the corresponding structure of the anisole-1H2O complex in the S1 state. In anisole-water, two equivalent H(D) atoms exist as revealed by line splitting in the rotationally resolved spectra. It is possible to suggest a mechanism for the proton/deuteron exchange ruled by a bifurcated transition state for the exchange reaction, with both water hydrogen atoms interacting with the anisole oxygen atom. From the analysis of all of the available experimental data and of computational results, we can demonstrate that in the S1 excited state the hydrogen bond in which the water molecule acts as an acid is weaker than in the electronic ground state but is still the principal interaction between water and the anisole molecules.     

High-resolution electronic spectrum of the p-difluorobenzene-water complex: structure and internal rotation dynamics

The rotationally resolved S(1) <-- S(0) electronic spectrum of the water complex of p-difluorobenzene (pDFB) has been observed in the collision-free environment of a molecular beam. Analyses of these data show that water forms a planar sigma-bonded complex with pDFB via two points of attachment, a stronger F---H-O hydrogen bond and weaker H---O-H hydrogen bond, involving an ortho hydrogen atom of the ring. Despite the apparent rigidity of this structure, the water molecule also is observed to move within the complex, leading to a splitting of the spectrum into two tunneling subbands. Analyses of these data show that this motion is a combined inversion-internal rotation of the attached water, analogous to the "acceptor-switching" motion in the water dimer. The barriers to this motion are significantly different in the two electronic states owing to changes in the relative strengths of the two hydrogen bonds that hold the complex together.     

气相中开壳型(CH3)2S(O)…HOO红移氢键复合物的结构与性质

在DFT-B3LYP/6-311++G**水平上分别求得(CH3)2S…HOO和(CH3)2O…HOO开壳型氢键复合物势能面上的稳定构型. 频率分析表明, 与单体HOO自由基相比, 复合物中H10-O11键伸缩振动频率发生显著的红移, 红移值分别为424.21和374.22 cm-1. 在MP2/6-311++G**水平计算得到, 含基组重叠误差(BSSE)校正和零点振动能(ZPVE)校正的相互作用能分别为-24.68和-31.01 kJ·mol-1. 自然键轨道(NBO)理论分析表明, 在(CH3)2S…HOO复合物中, 引起H10-O11键变长的因素包括两种电荷转移: (1) LP(S1)1→σ*(H10-O11); (2) LP(S1)2→σ*(H10-O11), 其中LP(S1)2→σ*(H10-O11)占主要作用, 总的结果是使σ*(H10-O11)的自然布居数增加了37.27 me; 在(CH3)2O…HOO中也有相似的电荷转移的超共轭作用. AIM理论分析表明, S1…H10间和O1…H10间都存在键鞍点, ▽2ρ(r)分别为0.06196和0.03745, 说明这种相互作用介于共价键和离子键之间, 偏于静电作用.     

Noncovalent interactions in the gas phase: the anisole-phenol complex

The present paper reports on an integrated spectroscopic study of the anisole-phenol complex in a molecular beam environment. Combining REMPI and HR-LIF spectroscopy experimental data with density functional computations (TD-M05-2X/M05-2X//N07D) and first principle spectra simulations, it was possible to locate the band origin of the S(1) ← S(0) electronic transition and determine the equilibrium structure of the complex, both in the S(0) and S(1) electronic states. Experimental and computational evidence indicates that the observed band origin is due to an electronic transition localized on the phenol frame, while it was not possible to localize experimentally another band origin due to the electronic transition localized on the anisole molecule. The observed structure of the complex is stabilized by a hydrogen bond between the phenol, acting as a proton donor, and the anisole molecule, acting as an acceptor through the lone pairs of the oxygen atom. A secondary interaction involving the hydrogen atoms of the anisole methyl group and the π electron system of the phenol molecule stabilizes the complex in a nonplanar configuration. Additional insights about the landscapes of the potential energy surfaces governing the ground and first excited electronic states of the anisole-phenol complex, with the issuing implications on the system photodynamic, can be extracted from the combined experimental and computational studies.     

Excited state electron transfer precedes proton transfer following irradiation of the hydrogen-bonded single water complex of 7-azaindole with UV light

High resolution electronic spectra of the single water complex of 7-azaindole (7AIW) and of a deuterated analog (7AIW-d(3)) have been recorded in a molecular beam, both in the absence and presence of an applied electric field. The obtained data include the rotational constants of both complexes in their ground (S(0)) and first excited (S(1)) electronic states, their S(1)-S(0) electronic transition moment and axis-tilting angles, and their permanent electric dipole moments (EDM's) in both electronic states. Analyses of these data show that the water molecule forms two hydrogen bonds with 7AI, a donor O-H···N(7) bond and an acceptor O···H-N(1) bond. The resulting structure has a small EDM in the S(0) state (μ = 0.54 D) but a greatly enhanced EDM in the S(1) state (μ = 3.97 D). We deduce from the EDM's of the component parts that 0.281 e(-) of charge is transferred from the acidic N(1)-H site to the basic N(7) site upon UV excitation of 7AIW, but that water-assisted proton transfer from N(1) to N(7) does not occur. A model of the resulting electrostatic interactions in the solute-solvent pair predicts a solvent-induced red-shift of 1260 cm(-1) which compares favorably to the experimental value of 1290 cm(-1).     

Hydrogen bond effects in the ground and excited singlet states of 4H-1-benzopyrane-4-thione in water--theory and experiment

The hydrogen bond energies for 4H-1-benzopyrane-4-thione (BPT) in its ground and two lowest excited singlet electronic states have been determined using ab initio methods. It was shown that the BPT molecule can form, as an acceptor, four relatively strong hydrogen bonds with water molecules, leading to a stable complex in the ground electronic state S(0). The hydrogen bonds involving the sulfur atom from the thiocarbonyl group were found to be stronger than those involving the oxygen atom from the benzopyran moiety. The former hydrogen bonds were predicted to become significantly weaker upon excitation to the S(1) state and, in contrast, stronger upon excitation to the S(2) state. Calculated changes in the hydrogen bond energy due to the S(0)→ S(1) and S(0)→ S(2) excitation are in very good agreement with the experimental values obtained from the absorption solvatochromic study, according to a procedure proposed by us in [E. Krystkowiak, et al., J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem., 2006, 184, 250]. The maxima of absorption spectra of the BPT-water hydrogen-bonded complex, calculated taking into consideration nonspecific solute-solvent interactions, are also in good agreement with the experimental results.     

Structure and stability of salicylic acid-water complexes and the effect of molecular hydration on the spectral properties of salicylic acid

Density functional theory with B3LYP parametrization and 6-311++G(d,p) basis set has been used to investigate the structure and stability of salicylic acid-water complexes. The vertical excitation energies for these complexes have been computed using time-dependent density functional theory (with B3LYP parametrization and a 6-311++G(d,p) basis set). It is shown that the hydrogen bond between the carboxylic hydrogen and the oxygen of water is the strongest among all possible hydrogen bonds in the system. The hydrogen bond strength in salicylic acid-water complexes seems to be nearly additive. The change in absorption maximum (lambda(max)) corresponding to the vertical excitation energy for the first three excited singlet and triplet states of the complex with 1-3 water molecules is nominal (approximately 1-3 nm). But with the addition of the fourth water molecule, the lambda(max) for S(1) and T(1) decreases by approximately 17 nm and it increases for S(2) and S(3) by about the same amount. The decrease in lambda(max) for transition to the T(2) state on the addition of the fourth water molecule is only approximately 9 nm. There seems to be an intersystem crossing between the S(1) and T(3) states that could account for the observed fluorescence quenching of salicylic acid in water.     

Cobalt-mediated selective B-H activation and formation of a Co-B bond in the reaction of the 16-electron CpCo half-sandwich complex containing an o-carborane-1,2-dithiolate ligand with ethyl diazoacetate

The reaction of the 16-electron half-sandwich complex CpCo(S(2)C(2)B(10)H(10)) (1; Cp = cyclopentadienyl) with ethyl diazoacetate (EDA) at ambient temperature leads to compounds CpCo(S(2)C(2)B(10)H(10))(CHCO(2)Et) (2), CpCo(S(2)C(2)B(10)H(8))(CHCO(2)Et)(CH(2)CO(2)Et)[CH(CO(2)Et)(CH(2)CO(2)Et)] (3), CpCo(S(2)C(2)B(10)H(9))(CH(2)CO(2)Et)(CHCO(2)Et)(2) (4), CpCo(S(2)C(2)B(10)H(9))(CHCO(2)Et)(CH(2)CO(2)Et) (5), and CpCo(S(2)C(2)B(10)H(9))(CHCO(2)Et)(2)(CH(2)CO(2)Et) (6). In 2, the EDA molecule has been inserted into one Co-S bond in 1 with the loss of N(2) to form an 18-electron compound containing a three-membered metallacyclic ring. In 3, two B-H bonds of the carborane cage have been activated and the unusual B4-H bond activation leads to the formation of a stable Co-B bond. Two EDA molecules are inserted into the Co-B3 bond to generate an unexpected six-membered heterocyclic ring Co-B-B-C-C-O. In 4, a stable Co-B bond is present as well but in the position B3/B6, and two EDA molecules are inserted into one Co-S bond to produce a five-membered heterocyclic ring Co-C-C-C-O. In 5, one EDA is inserted into the Co-B bond with the formation of a C-B bond in the position B3/B6. One more EDA is inserted into the Co-S bond in 5 to generate 6. Upon heating, 6 loses the BH vertex close to the two carbon atoms to lead to CpCo(S(2)C(2)B(9)H(9))(CHCO(2)Et)(CH(2)CO(2)Et)(2) (7) containing a nido-C(2)B(9) unit. All of the new compounds 2-7 were characterized by NMR spectroscopy ((1)H, (11)B, and (13)C), mass spectrometry, IR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis, and their solid-state structures were further characterized by X-ray structural analysis.     

Effect of the H-bonding on aromaticity of purine tautomers

Four tautomers of purine (1-H, 3-H, 7-H, and 9-H) and their equilibrium H-bonded complexes with F(-) and HF for acidic and basic centers, respectively, were optimized by means of the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory. Purine tautomer stability increases in the following series: 1-H < 3-H < 7-H < 9-H, consistent with increasing aromaticity. Furthermore, the presence of a hydrogen bond with HF does not change this order. For neutral H-bonded complexes, the strongest and the weakest intermolecular interactions occur (-14.12 and -10.49 kcal/mol) for less stable purine tautomers when the proton acceptor is located in the five- and six-membered rings, respectively. For 9-H and 7-H tautomers the order is reversed. The H-bond energy for the imidazole complex with HF amounts to -14.03 kcal/mol; hence, in the latter case, the fusion of imidazole to pyrimidine decreases its basicity. The ionic H-bonds of N(-)···HF type are stronger by ~10 kcal/mol than the neutral N···HF intermolecular interactions. The hydrogen bond N(-)···HF energies in pyrrole and imidazole are -32.28 and -30.03 kcal/mol, respectively, and are substantially stronger than those observed in purine complexes. The aromaticity of each individual ring and of the whole molecule for all tautomers in ionic complexes is very similar to that observed for the anion of purine. This is not the case for neutral complexes and purine as a reference. The N···HF bonds perturb much more the π-electron structure of five-membered rings than that of the six-membered ones. The H-bonding complexes for 7-H and 9-H tautomers are characterized by higher aromaticity and a much lower range of HOMA variability.     

Kinetics and mechanism of the addition of benzylamines to benzylidenediethylmalonates in acetonitrile

Kinetic studies of the benzylamine additions to benzylidenediethylmalonates (BDM: YC(6)H(4)CH[double bond]C(COOEt)(2)) in acetonitrile at 20.0 degrees C are reported. The rates in acetonitrile are consistent with that expected from the through-conjugative electron-accepting power of the activating groups, (COOEt)(2). The sign and magnitude of the cross-interaction constant, rho(XY) = -0.45, are in general agreement with those for the single-step amine additions to activated olefins. The kinetic isotope effects (k(H)/k(D) > 1.0) measured with deuterated benzylamines (XC(6)H(4)CH(2)ND(2)) increase with a stronger electron-acceptor substituent in benzylamines (partial differential sigma(X) > 0) and a stronger electron donor in the substrate (partial differential sigma(Y) < 0). These trends are the same as those found for benzylidene-1,3-indandiones but are exactly opposite to those for other activated olefin series, e.g., beta-nitrostyrene. It has been shown that the former series are thermodynamically controlled, whereas the latter are intrinsically controlled with a relatively strong transition state imbalance. The activation parameters, Delta H(++) and Delta S(++), also support our proposed transition state involving concurrent C(alpha)-N and C(beta)-H bond formation with a four-membered cyclic structure.     

Experimental and ab initio study of the HO2.CH3OH complex: thermodynamics and kinetics of formation

Near-infrared spectroscopy was used to monitor HO2 formed by pulsed laser photolysis of Cl2-O2-CH3OH-N2 mixtures. On the microsecond time scale, [HO2] exhibited a time dependence consistent with a mechanism in which [HO2] approached equilibrium via HO2 + HO2.CH3OH (3, -3). The equilibrium constant for reaction 3, K(p), was measured between 231 and 261 K at 50 and 100 Torr, leading to standard reaction enthalpy and entropy values (1 sigma) of delta(r) = -37.4 +/- 4.8 kJ mol(-1) and delta(r) = -100 +/- 19 J mol(-1) K(-1). The effective bimolecular rate constant, k3, for formation of the HO2.CH3OH complex is .10(-15).exp[(1800 +/- 500)/T] cm3 molecule(-1) s(-1) at 100 Torr (1 sigma). Ab initio calculations of the optimized structure and energetics of the HO2.CH3OH complex were performed at the CCSD(T)/6-311++G(3df,3pd)//MP2(full)/6-311++G(2df,2pd) level. The complex was found to have a strong hydrogen bond (D(e) = 43.9 kJ mol(-1)) with the hydrogen in HO2 binding to the oxygen in CH3OH. The calculated enthalpy for association is delta(r) = -36.8 kJ mol(-1). The potentials for the torsion about the O2-H bond and for the hydrogen-bond stretch were computed and 1D vibrational levels determined. After explicitly accounting for these degrees of freedom, the calculated Third Law entropy of association is delta(r) = -106 J mol(-1) K(-1). Both the calculated enthalpy and entropy of association are in reasonably good agreement with experiment. When combined with results from our previous study (Christensen et al. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2002, 29; doi:10.1029/2001GL014525), the rate coefficient for the reaction of HO2 with the complex, HO2 + HO2.CH3OH, is determined to be (2.1 +/- 0.7) x 10(-11) cm3 molecule(-1) s(-1). The results of the present work argue for a reinterpretation of the recent measurement of the HO2 self-reaction rate constant by Stone and Rowley (Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2005, 7, 2156). Significant complex concentrations are present at the high methanol concentrations used in that work and lead to a nonlinear methanol dependence of the apparent rate constant. This nonlinearity introduces substantial uncertainty in the extrapolation to zero methanol.     

New polynuclear manganese clusters from the use of the hydrophobic carboxylate ligand 2,2-dimethylbutyrate

The syntheses, structures, and magnetic properties are reported of [Mn12O12(O2CPe(t))16(MeOH)4] (4), [Mn6O2(O2CH2)(O2CPe(t))11(HO2CPe(t))2(O2CMe)] (5), [Mn9O6(OH)(CO3)(O2CPe(t))12(H2O)2] (6), and [Mn4O2(O2CPe(t))6(bpy)2] (7, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine), where Pe(t) = tert-pentyl (Pe(t)CO2H = 2,2-dimethylbutyric acid). These complexes were all prepared from reactions of [Mn12O12(O2CPe(t))16(H2O)4] (3) in CH2Cl2. Complex 4 x 2MeCN crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1 and contains a central [Mn(IV)4O4] cubane core that is surrounded by a nonplanar ring of eight alternating Mn(III) and eight mu3-O(2-) ions. This is only the third Mn12 complex in which the four bound water molecules have been replaced by other ligands, in this case MeOH. Complex 5 x (1/2)CH2Cl2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/c and contains two [Mn3(mu3-O)]7+ units linked at two of their apexes by two Pe(t)CO2(-) ligands and one mu4-CH2O2(2-) bridge. The complex is a new structural type in Mn chemistry, and also contains only the third example of a gem-diolate unit bridging four metal ions. Complex 6 x H2O x Pe(t)CO2H crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Cmc2(1) and possesses a [Mn(III)9(mu3-O)6(mu-OH)(mu3-CO3)]12+ core. The molecule contains a mu3-CO3(2-) ion, the first example in a discrete Mn complex. Complex 7 x 2H2O crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/c and contains a known [Mn(III)2Mn(II)2(mu3-O)2]6+ core that can be considered as two edge-sharing, triangular [Mn3O] units. Additionally, the synthesis and magnetic properties of a new enneanuclear cluster of formula [Mn9O7(O2CCH2Bu(t))13(THF)2] (8, THF = tetrahydrofuran) are reported. The molecule was obtained by the reaction of [Mn12O12(O2CCH2Bu(t))16(H2O)4] (2) with THF. Complexes 2 and 4 display quasireversible redox couples when examined by cyclic voltammetry in CH2Cl2; oxidations are observed at -0.07 V (2) and -0.21 V (4) vs ferrocene. The magnetic properties of complexes 4-8 have been studied by direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) magnetic susceptibility techniques. The ground-state spin of 4 was established by magnetization measurements in the 1.80-4.00 K and 0.5-7 T ranges. Fitting of the reduced magnetization data by full matrix diagonalization, incorporating a full powder average and including only axial anisotropy, gave S = 10, g = 2.0(1), and D = -0.39(10) cm(-1). The complex exhibits two frequency-dependent out-of-phase AC susceptibility signals (chi(M)') indicative of slow magnetization relaxation. An Arrhenius plot obtained from chi(M)' vs T data gave an effective energy barrier to relaxation (U(eff)) of 62 and 35 K for the slower and faster relaxing species, respectively. These studies suggest that complex 4 is a single-molecule magnet (SMM). DC susceptibility studies on complexes 5-8 display overall antiferromagnetic behavior and indicate ground-state spin values of S < or = 2. AC susceptibility studies at < 10 K confirm these small values and indicate the population of low-lying excited states even at these low temperatures. This supports the small ground-state spin values to be due to spin frustration effects.     

Experimental and theoretical electron density distribution and magnetic properties of the butterfly-like complex [Fe(4)O(2)(O(2)CCMe(3))(8)(NC(5)H(4)Me)(2)].2CH(3)CN

The structure and electron density distribution (EDD) of the carboxylate-bridge iron complex [Fe(III)(4)(micro(3)-O)(2)(O(2)CCMe(3))(8)(NC(5)H(4)Me)(2)].2CH(3)CN, 1, has been determined from synchrotron X-ray diffraction data (R(int) = 0.025) collected with the crystal cooled to 16(5) K. At this temperature complex 1 crystallized in the triclinic space group P with cell parameters a = 12.6926(7) A, b = 12.9134(8) A, c = 13.4732(8) A, alpha = 115.372(2) degrees, beta = 107.702(3) degrees, and gamma = 102.731(2) degrees. The theoretical EDD determined from a density functional theory (DFT) single point calculation of an entire molecule of 1 at the experimental geometry has been analyzed and compared to the experimental EDD. The latter is expressed in the framework of a multipolar model with parameters determined by least-squares refinement (R(w)(F(2)) = 0.024) based on the X-ray diffraction data. The central micro(3)-oxygen atom in 1 is significantly out of the plane spanned by the three Fe atoms coordinated to this oxygen. Comparison of measures for the bonding geometry around the iron atoms in 1 with the corresponding values for the iron atoms in relevant trinuclear complexes suggests that there are significant differences in the Fe-(micro(3)-O) bonds in the two cases. Analyses of both the experimental and theoretical EDDs reveal very significant differences between the two Fe-(micro(3)-O) bonds in 1, with one bond being much more directed and stronger than the other bond. A topological analysis of the EDDs using the atoms in molecules approach also reveals very distinct differences between the properties of the two Fe(III) atoms. A clear exponential relationship is found between the Laplacian of the experimental density at the bond critical points in the Fe-ligand bonds and their bond lengths. M?ssbauer spectroscopy of 1 shows two easily separable doublets corresponding to the two different iron sites. Magnetic susceptibility measurements between 4.2 and 300 K indicate antiferromagnetically coupled Fe(III) atoms constituting an S = 0 ground state.     

STRUCTURE OF N-(p-CHLORO )-PHENYL ZMINODIACETIC ACID

<正> N-(para-chloro)-phenyl iminodiacetic acid hydrate ethanol solvate ClC6H4N(CH2COOH)2· H2O·C2H5OH, Mr = 307.73, monoclinic, P21/n, Cu-Ka (λ=1. 5410(?)), a = 16. 732(1), b = 5. 337(1), c=16. 300(1)(?) ,β=108. 52(1)°, V = 1380. 1(?)3, Z = 4, Dc=1.481g.cm-3, * = 27. 172cm-1, F(000) = 648, final R = 0. 072 for 1610 observed reflections. The crystal structure consists of discrete molecule of N-(para-chloro)-phenyl iminodiacetic acid, hydrate as well as ethanol solvate. A big ring consisting of atoms O(3), C(3), C(4), N(1), C(2), C(1), O(2) and H(2) is nearly planar with the maximum deviation of the atom N(1) of 0. 54 (?). Owing to the intramolecular hydrogen bond O(2)-H(2)…O(3) , the bond C(3) -O(3) in the COOH group is longer than the bond C(3)-O(4).     

The cocondensation reaction of lithium atoms and anisole: an experimental and theoretical study of the reaction pathway

The cocondensation reaction of lithium atoms and pure anisole leads to an ortho CH activation and the formation of lithium hydride. This simple two-component system allows the investigation of the reaction mechanism with included donor molecules. Therefore two anisole and one dilithium molecule, which was identified in an earlier spectroscopic study, were considered for the reaction pathway calculations.Firstly, two intermediates can be found along the reaction pathway, which show the reaction before and after the critical CH activation step. Secondly, a low-lying transition state can be identified, which allows the carbon hydrogen bond to be broken with an activation energy of less than 20 kcal/mol instead of more than 100 kcal/mol, if a free radical mechanism is employed. All calculations were performed at the B3LYP/6-31G** level of theory.     

Overlooked difference between hydrogen bonds of equal strength formed between catechol and an oxygen or nitrogen base. Experiments and DFT calculations

The IR spectrum of catechol in CCl(4) shows two fairly sharp O-H stretching bands of roughly equal absorbance at 3615.0 and 3569.6 cm(-1) due, respectively, to the "free" OH and the intramolecularly H-bonded OH groups. Intermolecular H-bond formation between the "free" OH and a hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) decreases its stretching frequency by several hundred wavenumbers and simultaneously decreases the frequency of the intramolecularly H-bonded OH by a few tens of wavenumbers. The magnitude of these frequency shifts, Deltaupsilon(inter) and Deltaupsilon(intra), respectively, are very well reproduced by DFT calculations. As would be expected, the magnitudes of Deltaupsilon(inter) and Deltaupsilon(intra) increase as the HB accepting ability of the HBA increases as quantified, on a relative scale, by the HBA's values (Abraham et al. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 2 1990, 521). However, plots of experimental, or calculated, frequency shifts versus reveal that Deltaupsilon(inter) and Deltaupsilon(intra) are ca. 40% larger for a nitrogen atom HBA than for an oxygen atom HBA having equal HBA activity. We hypothesize that for HBAs of equal strength, i.e., of equal, the H-bond in (O-H- - -O)(inter) is shorter and, hence, intrinsically stronger than the H-bond in the (O-H- - -N)(inter). However, we further hypothesize that there is more charge separation in the H-bond to N because N is a better proton acceptor than O. Hence, it is the greater Coulombic attraction in (O-H- - -N)(inter) which strengthens this H-bond and compensates for its greater length. Theoretical calculations lend support to these hypotheses.     

Resonant 2-photon ionization study of the conformation and the binding of water molecules to 2-phenylethanethiol (PhCH2CH2SH)

The structures of 2-phenylethanethiol (PET, PhCH(2)CH(2)SH) and its 1:1 water clusters have been studied using resonant two-photon ionization spectroscopy including band contour analysis and UV-UV holeburning, combined with extensive ab initio calculations on ground and excited states. The most populated conformer, labeled Ggpi, has a gauche arrangement about the SCCC and HSCC bonds that permits a stabilizing SH...dpi type of hydrogen bond. The other observed conformer, Ag, is anti with respect to the SCCC bond. In the dominant 1:1 water cluster, a water molecule binds to the Ggpi conformer via an OH...S hydrogen bond and two significant CH...O interactions. There is also evidence for water binding to conformer Ag with a similar arrangement, and for a second Ggpi cluster where water inserts between the SH and the aromatic ring. The additional interactions to the water molecules result in net D(e) binding energies approximately double those resulting from a single thiol-water hydrogen bond. The (1)(pi,pi(*)) excited state lifetimes in the bare molecules are very short because of internal conversion to a dissociative (1)(n,pi(*)) state related to the thiol. In the dominant Gw(1) cluster, the lifetime is significantly increased from <1 to approximately 4 ns. Hydrogen bonding to the thiol, which raises the energy of the dissociative (1)(n,pi(*)) state, accounts for this behavior.     

An EPR study of the C-O bond activation of 1,2-epoxybutane by ground-state Al atoms

Group 13 metal atoms react with ethers under matrix isolation conditions to give a number of interesting products. This work has been extended to include the reaction of Al atoms with 1,2-epoxybutane (CH(3)CH(2)H(2)) and its isotopomers, 1,2-epoxybutane-1,1-d(2) (CH(3)CH(2)D(2)) and 1,2-epoxybutane-2-d(1) (CH(3)CH(2)H(2)). The paramagnetic species generated in the reaction have been studied by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Two divalent Al insertion products were spontaneously formed. Species A, with the magnetic parameters a(Al) = 855 MHz, a(H)(1) = 28.8 MHz, a(H)(2) = 13.6 MHz, and g = 2.0014, is the C(1)-O insertion radical CH(3)CH(2). Species B, thought to result from the insertion of Al atoms into the C(2)-O bond, CH(3)CH(2), has the magnetic parameters g = 2.0003, a(Al) = 739 MHz, a(H)(1) = 15.1 MHz, a(H)(2) = 18.5 MHz, and a(H)(1) = 37.8 MHz. Support for these assignments was obtained by comparing the experimental values of the Al and H hyperfine interaction (hfi) with those calculated using a DFT method. At temperatures < 150 K, there is evidence for the formation of the alkyl radical CH(3)CH(2)CH(O(-))CH(2)* due to ring opening at the C(1)-O bond, while at higher temperatures a radical with magnetic parameters similar to those reported for 1-methallyl was detected.     

Microwave investigation of sulfuric acid monohydrate

The complex H2SO4-H2O has been observed by rotational spectroscopy in a supersonic jet. A-type spectra for 18 isotopic forms have been analyzed, and the vibrationally averaged structure of the system has been determined. The complex forms a distorted, six-membered ring with the water unit acting as both a hydrogen bond donor and a hydrogen bond acceptor toward the sulfuric acid. One of the H2SO4 protons forms a short, direct hydrogen bond to the water oxygen, with an H...O distance of 1.645(5) A and an O-H...O angle of 165.2(4) degrees. Additionally, the orientation of the water suggests a weaker, secondary hydrogen bond between one of the H2O hydrogens and a nearby S=O oxygen on the sulfuric acid, with an O...H distance of 2.05(1) A and an O-H...O angle of 130.3(5) degrees. The experimentally determined structure is in excellent agreement with previously published DFT studies. Experiments with HOD in the jet reveal the formation of only isotopomers involving deuterium in the secondary hydrogen bond, providing direct experimental evidence for the secondary H...O interaction. Extensive isotopic substitution has also permitted a re-determination of the structure of the H2SO4 unit within the complex. The hydrogen-bonding OH bond of the sulfuric acid elongates by 0.07(2) A relative to that in free H2SO4, and the S=O bond involved in the secondary interaction stretches by 0.04(1) A. These changes reflect substantial distortion of the H2SO4 moiety in response to only a single water molecule, and prior to the proton transfer event. Spectral data indicate that the complex undergoes at least one, and probably more than one type of internal motion. Although the sulfuric acid in this work was produced from direct reaction of SO3 and water in the jet, experiments with H2(18)O indicate that about 2-3% of the acid is formed via processes not normally associated with the gas-phase hydration of SO3.     

Probes of spin conservation in heavy metal reactions: experimental and theoretical studies of the reactions of Re+ with H2, D2, and HD

A guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometer is used to examine the kinetic energy dependence of reactions of the third-row transition metal cation, Re(+), with molecular hydrogen and its isotopologues. A flow tube ion source produces Re(+) in its (7)S(3) electronic ground state. Reaction with H(2), D(2), and HD forms Re H(+)(Re D(+)) in endothermic processes. Modeling of the endothermic reaction cross sections yields the 0 K bond dissociation energy of D(0)(Re(+)-H)=2.29+/-0.07 eV (221+/-6 kJ/mol). The experimental thermochemistry is consistent with ab initio calculations, performed here and in the literature. Theory also provides the electronic structures of these species and is used to examine the reactive potential energy surfaces. Results from reactions with HD provide insight into the reaction mechanisms and indicate that the late metal ion, Re(+), reacts largely via a statistical mechanism. This is consistent with the potential energy surfaces which locate a stable Re H(2) (+)((5)B(2)) complex. Results for this third-row transition metal system are compared with the first-row congener (Mn(+)) and found to have much higher reactivity towards dihydrogen and stronger M(+)-H bonds. These differences can be attributed to efficient coupling among surfaces of different spin along with lanthanide contraction and relativistic effects.