Current–voltage characteristics of hydrogen DC plasma torches with different sizes in an external axial magnetic field

Current–voltage(I–V) characteristics of hydrogen DC plasma torches with different sizes in an external axial magnetic field under atmospheric pressure are reported.Three anodes with different diameters are adopted in a 50-k W torch:25 mm,30 mm,and 35 mm,respectively.Two different diameters of anodes,that is,100 mm and 130 mm,are adopted in a 1-MW plasma torch.The arc voltage shows a negative trend with the increase of arc current under the operating regimes.On the contrary,arc voltage shows a positive trend as the flow rate of carrier gas increases,and a similar trend is found with increasing the external magnetic flux density.A similarity formula is constructed to correlate the experimental data of the torches mentioned above.Linear fitting shows that the Pearson correlation coefficient is 0.9958.     

Importance of Marangoni Convection in Laser Full—Penetration Welding

We study the effects of welding speed,Marangoni convection and natural convection on heat transfer and melt flow in a laser full-penetration welding using a three-dimensional modelling approach.The computed results demonstrate the importance of considering Marangoni convection.The predicted weld pool profile is favourably compared with experimental observation.     

Characteristics of a Novel Water Plasma Torch

Relying on heat generated by plasma arc heating liquid water into steam as a swirl gas, a water plasma torch has the distinctive steam generation structure, which has various applications such as in the treatment of organic waste and hydrogen production for fuel cells in future vehicles. The operational features of the water plasma torch and water phase change process in the discharge chamber are investigated based on the temporal evolution of the voltage and current. The optical emission spectrum measurement shows that the water molecule in the plasma is decomposed into 14, OH and O radicals. As the electrodes do not require water-cooling, the thermal efficiency of the torch is very high, which is confirmed by analytical calculation and experimental measurement.     

Direct numerical simulation of viscoelastic-fluid-based nanofluid turbulent channel flow with heat transfer

Our previous experimental studies have confirmed that viscoelastic-fluid-based nanofluid(VFBN) prepared by suspending nanoparticles in a viscoelastic base fluid(VBF, behaves drag reduction at turbulent flow state) can reduce turbulent flow resistance as compared with water and enhance heat transfer as compared with VBF. Direct numerical simulation(DNS) is performed in this study to explore the mechanisms of heat transfer enhancement(HTE) and flow drag reduction(DR) for the VFBN turbulent flow. The Giesekus model is used as the constitutive equation for VFBN. Our previously proposed thermal dispersion model is adopted to take into account the thermal dispersion effects of nanoparticles in the VFBN turbulent flow. The DNS results show similar behaviors for flow resistance and heat transfer to those obtained in our previous experiments. Detailed analyses are conducted for the turbulent velocity, temperature, and conformation fields obtained by DNSs for different fluid cases, and for the friction factor with viscous, turbulent, and elastic contributions and heat transfer rate with conductive, turbulent and thermal dispersion contributions of nanoparticles, respectively. The mechanisms of HTE and DR of VFBN turbulent flows are then discussed. Based on analogy theory, the ratios of Chilton–Colburn factor to friction factor for different fluid flow cases are investigated, which from another aspect show the significant enhancement in heat transfer performance for some cases of water-based nanofluid and VFBN turbulent flows.     

Rotational and Vibrational Temperatures of Atmospheric Double Arc Argon-Nitrogen Plasma

The spectroscopic technique is employed to study the emission of atmospheric argon-nitrogen plasma jet generated by an original dc double anode plasma torch. The molecular bands of the N^＋2 first negative system are observed at the torch exit and chosen to evaluate the rotational and vibrational temperatures in comparison with the simulated spectra. The excitation temperature （Texc ≈ 9600 K） is determined from the Boltzmann plot method. The results show that the rotational, vibrational, electron and kinetic temperatures are in good agreement with one another, which indicates that the core region of atmospheric double arc argon-nitrogen plasma jet at the torch exit is close to the local thermodynamic equilibrium state under our experimental conditions.     

Rotational and Vibrational Temperatures of Atmospheric Double rc Argon--Nitrogen Plasma

The spectroscopic technique is employed to study the emission ofatmospheric argon--nitrogen plasma jet generated by an original dcdouble anode plasma torch. The molecular bands of the N₂⁺first negative system are observed at the torch exit and chosen toevaluate the rotational and vibrational temperatures in comparison withthe simulated spectra. The excitation temperature (T_exc ≈9600K) is determined from the Boltzmann plot method. The results show that the rotational, vibrational, electron and kinetic temperatures are in good agreement with one another, which indicates that the core region of atmospheric double arc argon--nitrogen plasma jet at the torch exit is close to the local thermodynamic equilibrium state under our experimental conditions.     

Fluctuation-Coupling of Cathode Cavity Pressure and Arc Voltage in a dc Plasma Torch with a Long Inter-Electrode Channel at Reduced Pressure

Fluctuations of cathode cavity pressure and arc voltage are observed experimentally in adc plasma torch with a long inter-electrode channel. The results show that they have the same frequency of around 4kHz under typical experimental conditions. The observed phase difference between the pressure and the voltage, which is influenced by the path length between the pressure sensor and the cathode cavity, varies with different input powers. Combined with numerical simulation, the position of the pressure perturbation origin is estimated, and the results show that it is located at 0.01-0.05m upstream of the inter-electrode channel outlet.     

Multi-Phase Flow and Heat Transfer of a Micro-Pump Thermally Driven by a Multi-Output Pulse Laser

We present an experimental study of multi-phase flow and heat transfer in a micro-tube induced by a multi-output pulse laser. Extensive flow and heat transfer measurements and visualization experiments have been carried out to characterize the micro-pump behaviour under various conditions. The experiments reveal extremely unsteady and complex flow patterns in the micro tube with the flow closely related with generation and collapse of bubbles.It is found that the flow rates are controlled by the heating and condensation conditions within the tube. The laser pulse duration, pulse interval and output-power as well as the tube diameter all show a strong influence on the flow rate of the micro-pump. This study provides a basis for the design of thermally-driven micro-pump induced by a pulsed laser beam.     

Liquid Film on Unsteady Stretching Sheet with General Surface Temperature and Viscous Dissipation

We study the effects of viscous dissipation on flow and heat transfer in a thin liquid film on an unsteady stretching sheet. A general surface temperature is taken into consideration. The velocity and temperature fields are solved using the homotopy analysis method. The results show that the increasing values of the Eckert number can increase temperature distribution and the heat transfer rate.     

Thermally stratified flow of hybrid nanofluids with radiative heat transport and slip mechanism: multiple solutions

Research on flow and heat transfer of hybrid nanofluids has gained great significance due to their efficient heat transfer capabilities.In fact,hybrid nanofluids are a novel type of fluid designed to enhance heat transfer rate and have a wide range of engineering and industrial applications.Motivated by this evolution,a theoretical analysis is performed to explore the flow and heat transport characteristics of Cu/Al₂O₃ hybrid nanofluids driven by a stretching/shrinking geometry.Further,this work focuses on the physical impacts of thermal stratification as well as thermal radiation during hybrid nanofluid flow in the presence of a velocity slip mechanism.The mathematical modelling incorporates the basic conservation laws and Boussinesq approximations.This formulation gives a system of governing partial differential equations which are later reduced into ordinary differential equations via dimensionless variables.An efficient numerical solver,known as bvp4c in MATLAB,is utilized to acquire multiple(upper and lower)numerical solutions in the case of shrinking flow.The computed results are presented in the form of flow and temperature fields.The most significant findings acquired from the current study suggest that multiple solutions exist only in the case of a shrinking surface until a critical/turning point.Moreover,solutions are unavailable beyond this turning point,indicating flow separation.It is found that the fluid temperature has been impressively enhanced by a higher nanoparticle volume fraction for both solutions.On the other hand,the outcomes disclose that the wall shear stress is reduced with higher magnetic field in the case of the second solution.The simulation outcomes are in excellent agreement with earlier research,with a relative error of less than 1%.     

放射性废物玻璃固化专用等离子体炬的数值模拟与实验研究

采用了数值模拟与实验结合的方法研究了用于模拟放射性固体废物玻璃固化的非转移弧型等离子体炬的电、热特性。基于包括电弧室和开放空间在内的3D 模型得到了电弧等离子体和等离子体射流的温度场。根据计算结果,电弧室内的最高温度位于第一阳极内,达到1.77×10⁴ K;弧电压的计算值高于实测值,二者之间的差异随着电流强度的增大而逐渐减小。采用该等离子体炬熔融模拟废物的实验发现,所确定的等离子体炬到炉底的距离能够满足废物熔融的要求,与计算的结果相符合。上述结果表明,数值模拟的结果可以作为等离子体炉工程设计的依据,并可以用作进一步分析等离子体炉炉膛内工艺过程的输入条件。     

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采用了数值模拟与实验结合的方法研究了用于模拟放射性固体废物玻璃固化的非转移弧型等离子体炬的电、热特性。基于包括电弧室和开放空间在内的3D 模型得到了电弧等离子体和等离子体射流的温度场。根据计算结果,电弧室内的最高温度位于第一阳极内,达到41.77×10 K;弧电压的计算值高于实测值,二者之间的差异随着电流强度的增大而逐渐减小。采用该等离子体炬熔融模拟废物的实验发现,所确定的等离子体炬到炉底的距离能够满足废物熔融的要求,与计算的结果相符合。上述结果表明,数值模拟的结果可以作为等离子体炉工程设计的依据,并可以用作进一步分析等离子体炉炉膛内工艺过程的输入条件。     

洛伦兹力对自由燃烧弧和壁稳非转移弧流场的影响

通过耦合迭代求解流体力学方程和电磁场方程,数值模拟了转移式自由燃烧电弧和具有细长中间段及突扩阳极结构的壁稳式非转移直流电弧的流场,分析了洛伦兹力对这两种典型直流电弧流场的影响。结果显示:在自由燃烧电弧情况下,电流自感磁场的洛伦兹力对流场特性有显著影响,自磁压缩是约束电弧的主要机制;而在壁稳式非转移直流电弧情况下,相对于强壁面约束和气动力作用而言,洛伦兹力对流场的影响有限。特别在中间段出口以后,洛伦兹力与气动力的比值小于0.010,因此,当主要考虑壁稳式非转移直流电弧发生器出口参数时,为了提高数值模拟效率,可忽略洛伦兹力的作用。     

Electrothermal efficiency, temperature and thermal conductivity of plasma jet in a DC plasma spray torch

A study was made to evaluate the electrothermal efficiency of a DC arc plasma torch and temperature and thermal conductivity of plasma jet in the torch. The torch was operated at power levels from 4 to 20 kW in non-transferred arc mode. The effect of nitrogen in combination with argon as plasma gas on the above properties was investigated. Calculations were made from experimental data. The electrothermal efficiency increased significantly with increase in nitrogen content. The plasma jet temperature and thermal conductivity exhibited a decrease with increase in nitrogen content. The experiment was done at different total gas flow rates. The results are explained on the basis of dissociation energy of nitrogen molecules and plasma jet energy loss to the cathode, anode and the walls of the torch     

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介绍了自行研制的直流非转移弧等离子体炬的结构和工作原理。运用相似理论,研究了该等离子体炬的电热特性与运行参数,比如气体流量、弧功率的关系,并将计算值与实验结果进行了比较。结果表明,计算值与实验结果吻合较好,可以利用获得的公式来对炬进行结构改进和参数优化。     

Current-voltage characteristics of a non-transferred plasma spray torch

I–V characteristics of a non-transferred DC plasma spray torch operating on argon and argon + nitrogen mixtures are reported. Arc voltage is decreased with increase in arc current and increased with increase in electrode gap. Arc power is higher at higher percentage of nitrogen in argon. Nottingham co-efficients were calculated using numerical method.     

大气压直流氩等离子体射流工作特性研究

介绍了一种新型大气压直流双阳极等离子喷枪,并对其电特性参数和发射光谱进行了测量.通过对氩等离子体射流的电信号进行时域和频域分析,研究了载气流量和弧电流的变化对射流脉动的影响,结果表明氩等离子体电弧的伏安特性呈上升趋势,射流脉动属于接管模式,电源特性中的交流分量引起的电压波动是影响氩等离子体射流脉动的主要因素. 通过光谱法测量了氩等离子体射流在弧室内和弧室出口的发射光谱,利用玻尔兹曼曲线斜率法计算了射流的激发温度,根据Ar I谱线的斯塔克展宽得到了射流的电子密度,并对等离子体射流满足局域热力学平衡(LTE) 关键词： 等离子喷枪 射流脉动 激发温度 局域热力学平衡     

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为了提高等离子体废物处理效率,根据磁流体动力学理论,利用计算流体力学软件FLUENT,采用磁矢量势的方法对直流双阳极非转移型电弧等离子体炬进行了二维轴对称数值模拟。计算中采用了SIMPLE算法。数值模拟得到了等离子体的温度、速度等分布。结果表明,等离子体的温度随着轴向距离的增加而减小,随弧电流增加而增加;其速度随着轴向距离的增加而先增大后减小,随弧电流增加而增加;等离子体炬出口处的温度和速度随着径向距离的增加而减小。这些结果与实验结果基本相符。     

层流等离子体射流温度与速度测量

本文分别应用光谱诊断、水冷皮托管及小尺寸杆状热流探针,对自由射入空气中的纯氩层流等离子体射流中心最高温度、滞止压力以及最大热流密度进行了测量,由测量结果导出了层流射流的中心最大速度,得到了射流气体温度和速度的轴向分布及其随工作电流和气流量变化的一些规律,探讨了气体的温度和速度对其向探针表面换热系数的影响。     

直流纯氩层流等离子体射流的长度变化

采用主要由阴极、阳极以及介于阴极和阳极之间的中间段组成的直流非转移式电弧等离子体发生器,在大气压条件下,比较系统地研究了纯氩层流等离子体射流的长度随着弧电流、气体流量以及发生器结构而变化的规律。结果表明:层流射流的长度随弧电流和工作气流量的增加而增长;层流向湍流流动转变的临界气流量值随弧电流增大而提高;在发生器的伏安特性呈大梯度变化的情况下,射流长度随弧电流的变化幅度增大。