高聚物牺牲包层对钢筋混凝土板的爆炸毁伤缓解效应

为研究高聚物牺牲包层对钢筋混凝土结构的爆炸毁伤缓解效应,开展了带高聚物牺牲包层钢筋混凝土板的接触爆炸试验,同时设置了普通钢筋混凝土板作为对照组,对比分析了高聚物牺牲包层对钢筋混凝土板毁伤特征的影响。此外,运用AUTODYN软件建立了现场爆炸试验的SPH-FEM耦合模型,通过与试验结果的对比,验证了所建耦合模型的可靠性。在此基础上,通过参数敏感性分析,探究了炸药量和高聚物牺牲包层密度、厚度对带高聚物牺牲包层钢筋混凝土板毁伤特性以及吸能特性的影响。结果表明：接触爆炸下,高聚物牺牲包层能够有效地分散爆炸荷载,缓解爆炸荷载对钢筋混凝土板的冲击作用,具有良好的防护性能;药量在一定范围内增大时,高聚物牺牲包层依然能维持较高的吸能水平,增大包层密度和厚度有利于增强高聚物牺牲包层的吸能特性,包层厚度的变化会造成被保护钢筋混凝土板毁伤模式的改变。     

Further study on effect of concrete defense layer on evolution mechanism of stress-waves

The Taylor–Chen–Kuszmaul model, which regards the dynamic fracture process of brittle materials as a continuous accrual of damage, has been successfully applied to simulate rock blast and concrete penetration. This paper employs the TCK damage model to numerical study on the effect of perforated concrete defense layer on evolution mechanism of blast-induced stress waves. The numerical results reveal that the tensile damage near free boundary should be noteworthy under a higher blast loading, and the peak values of hydrostatic pressure beneath an artificial cavity are largely reduced. The effects of cavity dimensions and position on wave evolution and reduction are detailedly explored. One empirical formula is proposed to relate the decay factor of peak hydrostatic pressure to the dimensions and relative position of cavity.     

结构爆炸毁伤的浸没多介质有限体积物质点法

结构在爆炸载荷作用下的毁伤现象涉及强非线性激波、固体结构极端变形和破坏破碎、强流固耦合, 给数值计算方法带来了极大的困难与挑战. 针对结构爆炸毁伤问题, 建立了浸没多介质有限体积物质点法(iMMFV-MPM), 采用基于黎曼求解器的多介质有限体积法(MMFVM)模拟爆炸产物和空气的多介质流体, 采用物质点法(MPM)模拟固体结构, 并将提出的基于拉格朗日乘子的连续力浸没边界法(lg-CFIBM)扩展到多介质流体中以处理流固耦合边界条件. 该算法在每个时间步严格满足流固耦合界面处的速度边界条件及动量守恒方程, 不需要重构流固耦合界面, 能够有效地模拟近场爆炸下爆炸产物与结构的相互作用、激波与结构的相互作用和演化以及结构的动态断裂和拓扑变化. 利用iMMFV-MPM对近场爆炸下方形钢筋混凝土靶板的失效模式、外爆载荷下建筑物的毁伤现象以及多腔室内爆炸试验进行了模拟, 模拟结果与相关实验数据吻合良好, 验证了所建立的流固耦合算法的有效性及精度.      

混凝土K&C模型材料参数分析与模拟

混凝土K&C模型材料参数一般取国外文献中的原始数值,没有根据混凝土强度等级和单元尺寸的不同而作相应的调整．根据相关的试验研究成果,提出了一种确定K&C模型强度参数值的方法,并阐述了K&C模型损伤参数值的调整方法,使得数值计算结果更加合理．运用有限元显式动力分析软件ANSYS/LSDYNA,采用流固耦合方法模拟爆炸荷载作用下钢筋混凝土板的动态响应,混凝土K&C模型取本文确定的参数值,计算结果与试验结果吻合较好,从而验证了K&C模型材料参数取值的正确性．     

爆炸载荷下RC单向简支板的能量法优化设计

由钢筋混凝土(RC)板的抗力-位移(R-y)曲线特性可知,曲线下方面积代表板 在爆炸载荷作用下可能吸收的能量. 对爆炸载荷作用下RC板的R-y曲线采用双折线模型,计 算不同配筋率的R-y曲线下方面积,面积最大时的配筋率即可定义为相应设计的最佳配筋率. 考虑材料非线性及高应变率对混凝土和钢筋强度的影响,采用分层法迭代求解抗 力-挠度(R-y)曲线. 研究结果可供受爆炸载荷的RC板优化设计借鉴.     

弹体贯穿混凝土数值模拟的改进材料模型

研究混凝土结构在冲击载荷下的力学特性对武器以及防护结构的设计和评估具有重要意义,而合适的材料模型可以更准确地预测混凝土结构的力学行为和破坏模式。因此,本文中提出了一种改进的混凝土塑性损伤材料模型来描述其在冲击载荷下的力学响应。该改进模型考虑了压力-体积应变关系、应变率效应、洛德角效应和塑性损伤累积对混凝土材料力学特性的影响,并引入了一个与损伤相关的硬化/软化函数来描述压缩状态下的应变硬化和软化行为。随后,通过对3个独立的强度面进行线性插值得到了该改进模型的破坏强度面,并采用部分关联流动法则考虑了混凝土材料的体积膨胀特性。最后,开展了单个单元在不同加载条件下和弹体贯穿钢筋混凝土靶的数值模拟,验证了该改进模型的可行性、准确性以及预测性能提升。     

Elastic–plastic-hydrodynamic analysis of crater blasting in steel fiber reinforced concrete

This paper presents a numerical analysis of crater blasting in steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC). In order to model the nonlinear damage-softening behavior of SFRC, the effective stress and effective plastic strain curve is tabulated and used as input for the material Type10 (MAT_ELASTIC_PLASTIC_HYDRO) available in LS-DYNA. The Gruneisen equation of state (EOS) is used to model the pressure volume relationship. With the two erosion criteria namely tensile cut-off and failure strain incorporated, the crater blasting in SFRC is simulated. Numerical results show that the adopted model and high-pressure EOS can well capture the main characteristics and failure process of SFRC under blast loading, and the related parameters can be determined conveniently. In addition, the volume fraction of fibers exerts a significant influence on the dimension of blast-induced crater.     

钢筋混凝土界面的近场动力学方法

近场动力学方法已被广泛用于钢筋混凝土的开裂破坏研究,传统近场动力学方法的控制方程与参数是基于同种均质材料的能量方程确定,在处理不同种材料之间的相互作用时,无法合理反映其界面的力学行为.针对这一问题,通过分析钢筋混凝土界面的黏结-滑移机理,提出了近场动力学界面区材料点的相互作用模型,发展了考虑钢筋混凝土界面黏结的键基近场动力学方法.基于键基近场动力学与连续介质力学的能量密度等效方法,提出了界面微弹性参数的确定方法;根据钢筋肋间混凝土的应力分布规律,获得界面材料点域半径与受限楔体半径的等效关系;利用界面黏结-滑移曲线峰值应力对应的滑移变形,给出了界面临界拉伸常数确定方法.通过与2组钢筋混凝土构件的拉拔试验对比,验证了发展的界面近场动力学方法,并开展了不同条件下钢筋混凝土构件的数值试验.结果表明,发展的近场动力方法能够合理反映钢筋直径、锚固长度、混凝土强度以及肋间距对钢筋混凝土界面黏结行为的影响,体现了所提方法的合理性与优越性.     

混凝土爆破损伤的SPH-FEM耦合法数值模拟

为了提高计算效率以及更好展现爆炸荷载下混凝土破坏过程,采用SPH-FEM耦合法对混凝土爆破成坑进行模拟。首先结合前人给出的C30混凝土Holmquist-Johnson-Cook（HJC）部分本构参数,通过理论推导等方法确定出剩余的参数;然后代入模型中计算,将数值解与实测数据进行对比;最后以峰值压力和峰值加速度作为考察对象,对HJC模型中21个参数敏感性进行分析。结果表明:SPH-FEM耦合法能直观地模拟爆炸荷载作用下爆坑的发展全过程,且能够较好地处理SPH边界问题;基于所给出的C30混凝土HJC本构参数,采用SPH-FEM耦合法对混凝土爆破破坏进行模拟,计算结果与实测数据吻合度高,表明HJC本构参数的确定具有合理性。此外,还发现HJC本构参数对爆破问题结果的敏感度各不相同,指出对峰值压力和峰值加速度均有较大影响的参数在确定的时候需引起足够的重视。     

颗粒材料中致密波结构研究

采用一维两相流模型与相应颗粒构形应力函数,研究了致密波的形成及其结构．用简化两相流模型系统地讨论致密波对有关因素的依赖关系．分析指出：小于基体材料音速的致密波仅能在非理想颗粒材料中存在,从波前到波后,所有状态物理量光滑过渡．大于基体材料音速的致密波,波头可能存在间断．应力函数与致密粘性确定后,致密波速度决定致密波结构、宽度、终态压实度．采用一维两相流模型模拟了活塞驱动颗粒床形成致密波这一动态过程．用线方法（MOL）对该方程组求数值解．计算表明,经过短暂的非稳态过程,颗粒床中形成一稳态致密波．分析了活塞速度与初始孔隙率对致密波结构的影响,并对简化两相流模型与两相流模型的计算结果进行了对比．     

Shock wave method for monitoring crack repair processes in reinforced concrete structures

A nondestructive method for monitoring the crack state in reinforced concrete structures based on the recoding of wave processes in these structures under shock actions is proposed. The essence of the method and its possibilities are demonstrated by an example of the study of the behavior of a reinforced concrete beam with a crack at various stages of crack development and repair. Numerical simulation was used to study variations in the wave front characteristics in the crack area. A quantitative criterion was formulated, which permits estimating the concrete integrity or the existence of crack in it and monitoring the variations in the crack state in the process of loading the structure and the crack repair. The criterion is determined as the ratio of the amplitudes of the first half-waves of the acceleration wave front registered in regions on the opposite shores of the crack. The criterion value is independent of the amplitude of the shock action and the beam fixation conditions and is solely determined by the mechanical state of the material used to repair the crack. The criterion adequacy was demonstrated by comparing the results of numerical simulation with experimental data. A cycle of numerical experiments were carried out, which, for each duration of the shock action, permits determining the optimal values of the distance between the pulse application point and the acceleration recording points at which the criterion is most sensitive to the crack state.     

防护结构设计中应变速率效应问题

在防护结构设计中，通常是采用材料的动力强度和动力弹性模量以考虑应变速率效应问题。应用所提出的应变速率相关材料模型，对核武器及常规武器爆炸作用下的钢结构和钢筋混凝土结构进行速率相关分析，并与考虑材料强度提高的速率无关分析对比。两种分析结果表明，对于钢结构，两种计算结果相差不大；而对于钢筋混凝土结构．两种计算结果相差较大，而且目前防护结构设计方法偏于保守。     

基于空气流场压力分析的头盔冲击波防护效能研究

研究典型战斗头盔对爆炸冲击波致颅脑冲击伤的防护效能。首先开展了50 g TNT距有无头盔防护下头部模型1 m处爆炸的抗爆试验,采集了有无防护下头部前额、颅顶、颅后冲击波超压并进行了对比分析;建立了具有典型颅脑结构的头部有限元模型并进行爆炸冲击波加载,对试验工况进行了仿真再现,通过试验结果验证了仿真模型有效性;同时利用数值仿真对不同工况下冲击波流场压力变化规律进行分析;进一步利用数值仿真研究了泡沫衬垫对头盔防护能力的影响。研究结果表明,典型战斗头盔可使前额空气超压衰减为无防护时的54.5%,但是会使颅后空气超压增强为无防护时的2.19倍,对颅后冲击波防护产生负面效果;头盔悬挂中泡沫衬垫能消弱头盔对颅后防护的负面效果,提高头盔对冲击波的防护能力。     

低温和低压环境下炸药爆炸冲击波的传播特性

针对高海拔或高空的低温、低压环境对炸药爆炸冲击波传播的影响,利用量纲分析理论和AUTODYN有限元软件,研究了低温、低压及海拔高度对炸药爆炸冲击波参量（峰值超压、比冲量和波阵面运动轨迹）的影响规律,建立了相应的计算公式,并通过数值模拟和实验数据进行了对比验证。结果表明,该计算公式可以有效预测低温和低压环境下炸药爆炸冲击波参量。环境压力降低,爆炸冲击波峰值超压和爆炸远场（比例距离Z>0.2 m/kg1/3）比冲量减小,冲击波传播速度增大。环境温度降低,冲击波比冲量增大,传播速度降低,峰值超压影响不大。海拔高度在0～9 000 m范围内,每升高1 000 m冲击波峰值超压和爆炸远场比冲量分别平均降低约3.9%和3.2%。海拔升高,爆炸近场冲击波传播速度升高,爆炸远场冲击波传播速度则降低。高海拔环境下低压对冲击波峰值超压和比冲量的影响大于低温,爆炸近场冲击波传播速度取决于低压的影响,爆炸远场冲击波传播速度取决于低温的影响。     

受拉钢筋混凝土构件破坏过程的数值模拟

采用三维材料破坏过程分析MFPA3D系统,对钢筋混凝土构件轴心受拉条件下的受力、变形与内部裂纹萌生、扩展及最终破坏全过程进行了数值试验研究。数值模型中引入统计分布函数反映了混凝土的非均匀性影响,并采用具有残余强度的弹性损伤本构模型及其破坏单元材料性质退化方法,利用位移加载方式对钢筋混凝土构件实施拉伸加载。通过对钢筋、素混凝土方形体以及钢筋混凝土方形柱体构件在拉伸作用下破坏过程的数值试验,分析了钢筋与混凝土两种材料之间的相互作用、约束机理和破坏机理。数值试验成果对于深入了解钢筋和混凝土的联合受力规律和钢筋在开裂前后对整体钢筋混凝土结构的作用机制有参考价值。     

钢筋混凝土对边简支板的爆炸试验

爆炸载荷作用下钢筋混凝土板是建筑结构破坏的薄弱环节,其破坏还导致结构整体刚度 退化和动力响应升级. 以对边简支钢筋混凝土板为试验对象,在两个相同的试样上进行独立 的爆炸试验,观测钢筋混凝土板在弹性区动力响应和塑性区破坏特征,为碳纤维加固钢筋混 凝土板抗爆炸试验研究提供有效的数据和参照,实验现象和数据可供同类研究参考.     

近爆下泡沫混凝土复合结构在地下洞室的抗爆特性数值研究

为研究近爆作用下带泡沫混凝土复合结构的地下洞室的抗爆性能,基于LS-DYNA非线性有限元软件,建立了TNT炸药-围岩-锚杆-衬砌结构-空气的爆炸效应全耦合模型。应用ALE多物质流固耦合算法对比分析了普通衬砌结构洞室和带泡沫混凝土夹层的衬砌结构洞室的重要控制测点的应力、空气层压力和位移。测点峰值应力与TM5-855-1的经验公式吻合良好,证明了数值模拟的可靠性。数值研究结果表明,相比普通混凝土夹层,泡沫混凝土夹层能够有效地削弱爆炸冲击波的传播,大幅降低洞室内部空气的压力峰值,降低超压对人体器官的损伤,提高洞室内部人员的生存几率;采用泡沫混凝土夹层的衬砌需加强拱顶区域的刚度以降低顶底板相对位移差。研究结果为地下洞室抗爆设计提供了参考依据。     

Dispersion characteristics of wave propagation in layered piezoelectric structures: Exact and simplified models

This article presents a study of the dispersion characteristics of wave propagation in layered piezoelectric structures under plane strain and open-loop conditions. The exact dispersion relation is first determined based on an electro-elastodynamic analysis. The dispersion equation is complicated and can be solved only by numerical methods. Since the piezoelectric layer is very thin and can be modeled as an electro-elastic film, a simplified model of the piezoelectric layer reduces this complex problem to a non-trivial solution of a series of quadratic equations of wave numbers. The model is simple, yet captures the main phenomena of wave propagation. This model determines the dispersion curves of PZT4-Aluminum layered structures and identifies the two lowest modes of waves: the generalized longitudinal mode and the generalized Rayleigh mode. The model is validated by comparing with exact solutions, indicating that the results are accurate when the thickness of the layer is smaller or comparable to the typical wavelength. The effect of the piezoelectricity is examined, showing a significant influence on the generalized longitudinal wave but a very limited effect on the generalized Rayleigh wave. Typical examples are provided to illustrate the wave modes and the effects of layer thickness in the simplified model and the effects of the material combinations.     

Failure mechanisms of concrete slab–soil double-layer structure subjected to underground explosion

The failure mechanism of a concrete slab–soil double-layer structure subjected to an underground explosion was investigated by experimental and numerical methods in this paper. Two underground explosion depths of 150 and 350 mm were tested. The typical failure modes such as the conoid spall of concrete, the bulge of the concrete slab and the cavity in the soil were obtained experimentally. Numerical simulations of the experiments were performed using a hydrodynamic code to analyze the effects of both the stress wave and the expansion of the blast products. Based on the experimental and numerical results, the effects of explosive depth, blast wave front and expansion of the blast products on the failure modes and failure mechanisms were discussed. The underground explosion process at different explosion depths was also analyzed. The results show that attenuation of the stress wave in the soil is significant. The blast wave front and the expansion of the blast products play different roles at different explosion depths. At the explosion depth of 150 mm, the failure mode is mainly caused by a point load induced by the blast wave front, whereas at the depth of 350 mm a sphere-shaped load resulting from the expansion of the blast products is a key factor for failure.     

FAE爆炸波对地面目标作用的三维数值研究

利用二阶迎风TVD格式 ,对多组分全N S方程进行全耦合数值求解 ,研究了近地空中环氧丙烷 (C3H6 O)形成的圆柱形云雾爆炸波和地面作用问题 ,得到了对目标作用前、后冲击波的传播和波系结构的演化以及不同时刻爆源组分的分布。对目标表面计算单元的压力进行面积加权平均 ,得到目标各表面平均超压随时间变化的曲线。压力值的动画显示表明了目标表面所受载荷的大小和分布随时间变化的规律。修改初、边值条件 ,本文的方法和开发的软件可对任意形状云雾爆炸波与目标作用问题进行综合数值分析。