Low-Cycle Fatigue Testing of Ni Nanowires Based on a Micro-Mechanical Device

Despite extensive research on the mechanical properties of one-dimensional (1-D) nanomaterials such as nanowires and nanotubes in the past two decades, experimental data on the fatigue behavior of 1-D building blocks are still very limited. Here, we demonstrate the first quantitative in situ tensile fatigue testing of individual nanowires inside a high-resolution scanning electron microscope (SEM), based on the nanoindenter-assisted “push-to-pull” dynamic tensile straining mechanism. With the robust micro-mechanical devices and independent quantitative nanoindenter for actuation and force sensing, we achieved both stress- and strain-controlled cyclic tensile loading on nanowire samples with variable loading frequencies up to 10 Hz, and demonstrated the low-cycle fatigue behavior of pristine single crystalline nickel (Ni) nanowires.     

Surface deformation-dependent mechanical properties of bending nanowires: an ab initio core-shell model

An ab initio core-shell model is proposed to evaluate the surface effect in bending nanowires, in which the elastic modulus depends on the surface relaxation and deformation induced by external loading. By using first-principles calculations based on the density functional theory(DFT), the surface and bulk properties are calculated for Ag, Pb, and Si nanowires. The obtained theoretical predictions of the effective Young’s modulus of nanowires agree well with the experimental data, which shows th...     

基于近场动力学的单晶冰弹性各向异性数值模拟方法

天然冰材料在变形与破坏行为上的各向异性特征是冰与结构相互作用中产生复杂载荷过程的关键诱因, 而天然冰各向异性的根源则在于单晶冰的各向异性. 目前, 学术界针对单晶冰各向异性的数值模拟方法研究仍较为缺乏. 为了准确再现天然冰材料的特殊力学性质, 本文基于近场动力学理论, 提出了一种单晶冰弹性各向异性的数值模拟方法. 该方法的核心思想是将单晶冰杨氏模量沿不同加载方向的变化规律引入到近场动力学力密度向量的影响函数中. 以前人实验测试得到的杨氏模量值为参考, 通过开展与C轴呈0°, 45°和90°三个加载方向的单晶冰单轴压缩数值模拟实验, 提出了针对该影响函数的修正和辅助参数标定方法, 最终在15°, 30°, 60°和75°等其他四个加载方向进行了验证. 结果表明: 本文提出的针对影响函数的修正与参数标定方法, 能够较为便捷地找到数值模型杨氏模量与参考杨氏模量相一致的影响函数最优解, 即本文提出的基于影响函数的近场动力学数值模拟方法, 能够合理、准确地模拟单晶冰的弹性各向异性行为. 本文研究成果可为后续多晶冰各向异性数值模拟方法的建立提供基础性参考.      

Ordinary state-based peridynamics for plastic deformation according to von Mises yield criteria with isotropic hardening

This study presents the ordinary state-based peridynamic constitutive relations for plastic deformation based on von Mises yield criteria with isotropic hardening. The peridynamic force density–stretch relations concerning elastic deformation are augmented with increments of force density and stretch for plastic deformation. The expressions for the yield function and the rule of incremental plastic stretch are derived in terms of the horizon, force density, shear modulus, and hardening parameter of the material. The yield surface is constructed based on the relationship between the effective stress and equivalent plastic stretch. The validity of peridynamic predictions is established by considering benchmark solutions concerning a plate under tension, a plate with a hole and a crack also under tension.     

碳纳米管复合膜的制备及其摩擦学性能

通过混酸对碳纳米管(CNTs)纯化,然后应用稀土溶液对纯化CNTs进行功能化,采用分子自组装技术在羟基化的玻璃基片表面制备了碳纳米管复合膜.运用原子力显微镜(AFM)及扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察了薄膜的表面形貌,使用X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)分析了薄膜表面典型元素的化学状态,并采用UMT-2MT摩擦试验机评价了薄膜的摩擦磨损性能.研究结果表明:通过硅烷偶联剂3-巯丙基三甲氧基硅烷(MPTS)的磺酸基化学吸附功能,稀土改性后的碳纳米管可以成功组装到氧化后的硅烷化表面.当组装碳纳米管复合膜后,基片表面的摩擦系数由无膜时的0.85降到了0.10,表明复合膜可以降低基片的摩擦系数,并且在较低载荷下具有较好的耐磨性能,显示了其在微机构表面改性方面良好的应用前景.     

含能单晶微纳米力学性能试验研究及数值表征

利用微纳米压痕实验测定β-HMX 单晶(010) 晶面和α-RDX 单晶(210) 晶面的力学性能参数和微观破坏特征,并利用数值拟合确定了含能单晶的部分本构参数. 通过微纳米压痕实验连续刚度法(CSM) 得到HMX 单晶和RDX 单晶的弹性模量和硬度,RDX 单晶的硬度和模量都大于HMX 单晶,其硬度值均表现出一定的尺寸效应. 利用原子力显微镜(AFM) 分析了HMX 单晶和RDX 单晶的微观破坏机理,裂纹随着载荷的增大生成并扩展,裂纹面产生方向为晶体的最易解理破坏方向. 利用ABAQUS 有限元软件进行了纳米压痕数值模拟,结合微纳米压痕实验加卸载曲线,选取了合适的含能单晶塑性损伤本构模型的损伤本构参数.      

Linearized Theory of Peridynamic States

A state-based peridynamic material model describes internal forces acting on a point in terms of the collective deformation of all the material within a neighborhood of the point. In this paper, the response of a state-based peridynamic material is investigated for a small deformation superposed on a large deformation. The appropriate notion of a small deformation restricts the relative displacement between points, but it does not involve the deformation gradient (which would be undefined on a crack). The material properties that govern the linearized material response are expressed in terms of a new quantity called the modulus state. This determines the force in each bond resulting from an incremental deformation of itself or of other bonds. Conditions are derived for a linearized material model to be elastic, objective, and to satisfy balance of angular momentum. If the material is elastic, then the modulus state is obtainable from the second Fréchet derivative of the strain energy density function. The equation of equilibrium with a linearized material model is a linear Fredholm integral equation of the second kind. An analogue of Poincaré’s theorem is proved that applies to the infinite dimensional space of all peridynamic vector states, providing a condition similar to irrotationality in vector calculus.     

基于近场动力学理论的层压板损伤分析方法

提出了一种基于近场动力学理论 的纤维增强复合材料层压板的渐进损伤分析方法.在弹性力学和复合材料力学的基础上, 推导了适用于近场动力学建模的微模量和临界伸长率等基本参量, 结合经典层压板理论中的偏轴模量, 构建了适用于各向异性材料的对点力函数, 可分析3种形式的损伤:纤维断裂, 基体开裂和分层破坏.分析了含圆孔层压板在拉伸载荷作用下的破坏过程, 预测结果与试验结果吻合良好.     

Investigation of Near-Surface Mechanical Properties of Materials Using Atomic Force Microscopy

As ultra-thin films or small-scale structures become widely used in electronics and biology, knowledge concerning their near-surface mechanical properties of the materials is increasingly important. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is employed to determine near-surface elastic modulus via force-penetration curves acquired during indentation. Samples include polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), parylene, mica, and single-crystal silicon, and indentations are performed with single-crystal silicon and silicon nitride AFM tips. An analysis algorithm based on the secant modulus method is proposed to extract the true penetration curves from the experimental displacement curves. The penetration data is then analyzed in terms of Hertzian model to estimate the elastic modulus. Three concerns in applying nanoscale AFM indentation to the measurement of the elastic modulus of an ultra-thin material are addressed. First, the effect of the lateral force caused by the inclined angle of the cantilevered probe is investigated theoretically and by numerical simulation. A second concern is local plastic deformation induced by a sharp probe tip. In this case, numerical results show a relatively small effect on the force-penetration curves if the plastic deformation is limited to the central area below the probe tip. The deviation of the elastic-plastic simulation from the elastic estimation depends on the yield strength of the material. Finally, the effect of stiffness matching between the AFM probe and the sample is a key issue that is studied numerically, and appropriate stiffness matching criteria are suggested.     

Continuum models of multi-walled carbon nanotubes

Molecular mechanics (MM) simulations have been carried out to determine energetically favorable double-walled carbon nanotube (DWNT) structures, and analyze their infinitesimal extensional, torsional, radial expansion/contraction, and bending deformations. Loads are applied either to one wall or simultaneously to both walls of an open-ended DWNT. These results are compared against single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) results to determine differences and similarities between responses of SWNTs and DWNTs, and the validity of using SWNT results to predict the response of a DWNT. It is found that for small deformations such as simple tension and torsion, results for a DWNT can be derived from those for its constituent SWNTs within 3% error. Results of radial expansion/contraction of a SWNT are used to deduce an expression for the van der Waals force. Based on these results, a continuum model is proposed for a MWNT whose response to mechanical deformations computed using engineering theories is the same as that of the MWNT obtained via MM simulations. The continuum structure is comprised of concentric cylindrical tubes interconnected by truss elements. Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, the thickness of each concentric tube, and the stiffness of the truss elements are given. The proposed continuum model is validated by studying bending and the onset of global buckling deformations of a DWNT and its proposed equivalent continuum structure. Carbon nanotubes can be replaced by their equivalent continuum structures when deriving mechanical properties of nanotube reinforced polymeric composites.     

Influence of anisotropic elasticity on the mechanical properties of fivefold twinned nanowires

Previous atomistic simulations and experiments have shown an increased Young's modulus and yield strength of fivefold twinned (FT) face-centered cubic metal nanowires (NWs) when compared to single crystalline (SC) NWs of the same orientation. Here we report the results of atomistic simulations of SC and FT Ag, Al, Au, Cu and Ni NWs with diameters between 2 and 50 nm under tension and compression. The simulations show that the differences in Young's modulus between SC and FT NWs are correlated with the elastic anisotropy of the metal, with Al showing a decreased Young's modulus. We develop a simple analytical model based on disclination theory and constraint anisotropic elasticity to explain the trend in the difference of Young's modulus between SC and FT NWs. Taking into account the role of surface stresses and the elastic properties of twin boundaries allows to account for the observed size effect in Young's modulus. The model furthermore explains the different relative yield strengths in tension and compression as well as the material and loading dependent failure mechanisms in FTNWs.     

Peridynamic beams: A non-ordinary,state-based model

This paper develops a new peridynamic state based model to represent the bending of an Euler–Bernoulli beam. This model is non-ordinary and derived from the concept of a rotational spring between bonds. While multiple peridynamic material models capture the behavior of solid materials, this is the first 1D state based peridynamic model to resist bending. For sufficiently homogeneous and differentiable displacements, the model is shown to be equivalent to Eringen’s nonlocal elasticity. As the peridynamic horizon approaches 0, it reduces to the classical Euler–Bernoulli beam equations. Simple test cases demonstrate the model’s performance.     

核壳结构PS/CeO2复合微球弹性模量的AFM测定

利用原子力显微镜测定了聚苯乙烯(Polystyrene, PS)微球和核壳结构PS/CeO₂复合微球的力-位移曲线,并根据Hertz接触理论计算了微球样品的弹性模量.结果表明:粒径在120 nm左右的PS微球的平均弹性模量约为2.80 GPa,其数值略低于聚苯乙烯块体材料的弹性模量.复合微球的弹性模量随CeO₂壳层厚度的增加而增大,当CeO₂壳厚分别约为8、12和16 nm时,其平均弹性模量依次约为7.93、8.25和10.67 GPa.与纯氧化铈相比,PS/CeO₂复合微球的弹性模量更接近于聚苯乙烯微球.     

石英岩表面分子沉积膜的微观摩擦性能的试验研究

利用原子力显微镜对石英岩表面单层分子沉积膜的微观摩擦特性进行了研究,发现该分子沉积膜具有一定的减摩性.通过对其表面力-位移曲线、表面形貌像、调制力像和摩擦力像的进一步分析表明,石英岩表面分子沉积膜具有减摩作用的原因在于它能够降低表面的粘着力并对表面具有微观修饰作用.     

Elastic constant measurement by using line-focus-beam acoustic microscope

The purpose of this study is to develop a method for measuring elastic constants using a LFB acoustic microscope. For this purpose, a theoretical procedure for the estimation of Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio is introduced based on elastic theory. According to this procedure, experimental velocity measurement and elastic constants estimation are made by use of a LFB acoustic microscope. For the confirmation of the availability of this method, the estimated elastic constant is compared to measurements of elastic constants by other methods. The resulting estimated values of Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio obtained by the LFB acoustic microscope are highly accurate which confirms the usefulness of the elastic constant measurement system. T. Mihara is Research Associate, and M. Obata (former SEM Member), deceased, was Professor, Department of Materials Processing, Faculty of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aramaki Aoba, Sendai, 980, Japan.     

Experimental Techniques for the Mechanical Characterization of One-Dimensional Nanostructures

New materials and nanostructures with superior electro-mechanical properties are emerging in the development of novel devices. Engineering application of these materials and nanostructures requires accurate mechanical characterization, which in turn requires development of novel experimental techniques. In this paper, we review some of the existing experimental techniques suitable to investigate the mechanics of one-dimensional (1D) nanostructures. Particular emphasis is placed on techniques that allow comparison of quantities measured in the tests with predictions arising from multiscale computer simulations on a one to one basis. We begin with an overview of major challenges in the mechanical characterization of 1D nanostructures, followed by a discussion of two distinct types of experimental techniques: nanoindentation/atomic force microscopy (AFM) and in-situ electron microscopy testing. We highlight a recently developed in-situ transmission and scanning electron microscopy testing technique, for investigating the mechanics of thin films and 1D nanostructures, based on microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology. We finally present the coupled field (electro and mechanical) characterization of a NEMS bistable switch in-situ a scanning electron microscope (SEM).     

Molecular dynamics study of the mechanics of metal nanowires at finite temperature

Three-dimensional molecular dynamics simulations for mechanical properties of copper nanowires at finite temperatures were conducted with the Embedded-atom method (EAM). The stable free-relaxation state was simulated for a rectangular cross-section copper nanowire. The stress–strain curve under extension loading, elastic modulus, yielding strength and plastic deformation were studied. The results demonstrate that the strain-rate scale for nanowire is different from that for the bulk, and an explanation is presented. The dislocation movements corresponding to the plastic deformation are clearly depicted through transient atomic images. The necking and break-up phenomena are observed. This study can give more fundamental understanding of nanoscale machines from atomistic motions and contribute to the design, manufacture and manipulation of nano-devices.     

用侧向力显微镜对不同非晶态GeSbTe薄膜的摩擦性能研究

采用侧向力显微镜研究了磁控溅射方法制备的GeSbTe薄膜在大气环境中的纳米级摩擦性能,考虑了相对湿度、扫描速度及表面粗糙度对其摩擦性能的影响,对比不同成分的GeSbTe薄膜的摩擦特性.结果表明:在相对湿度较大时,扫描速度对针尖和GeSbTe薄膜之间的摩擦力影响很大;在其它条件相同、外加载荷较大时,同一载荷下的摩擦力与表面粗糙度呈线性关系,但在外加载荷较小的情况下,二者呈现非线性变化规律;相对湿度对Ge2Sb2Te5薄膜和针尖的粘附力影响较GeSb2Te4薄膜弱,且粘附力使得摩擦系数减小;在同一相对湿度下,由于薄膜成分的变化导致硬度不同,其对薄膜的摩擦性能也有一定影响.     

含天然气水合物土微观力学特性研究进展

天然气水合物作为一种资源储量大、分布范围广、能量密度高的清洁能源, 受到了国内外的广泛关注, 竞相研究安全高效、持续可控的开采方法. 充分掌握含天然气水合物土的力学特性并厘清其在开采过程中的动态演化规律, 是实现天然气水合物资源产业化开发的重要前提. 含天然气水合物土的力学响应行为本质上是其内部结构演化的宏观反映, 相关的微观力学特性研究对于深化含天然气水合物土力学特性认识具有重要的意义. 本文从天然气水合物晶体、天然气水合物与土颗粒界面、含天然气水合物土3个尺度对含天然气水合物土微观力学特性的研究现状进行了总结, 系统归纳了天然气水合物的晶体结构类型及天然气水合物的孔隙微观赋存模式; 重点介绍了计算机断层扫描、扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射及原子力显微镜等微观测试技术原理与特点; 简述了与计算机断层扫描联用的三轴剪切实验、颗粒流程序模拟及分子动力学模拟在天然气水合物微观力学特性研究方面的最新进展; 综合现有研究结果对含天然气水合物土内颗粒界面剪切机理及微观力学理论模型进行了概述分析; 最后探讨了含天然气水合物土微观力学研究目前仍存在的不足与挑战, 并给出了针对性的建议以期促进含天然气水合物土的力学特性研究发展.