盐湖卤水体系热力学和相平衡研究进展*

我国青藏高原的盐湖卤水以富含硼、锂而闻名于世。其卤水大多属于Li⁺、Na⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺(Ca²⁺)/Cl^-,CO^2-₃(HCO^-₃)、SO^2-₄,borate-H₂O体系。它具有某些特殊的性质,被称之为“盐湖卤水体系”。它的研究在理论和实践上都有中药价值。我们对其热力学和相平衡进行了长期研究,积累了大量数据。用Pitzer电解质溶液模型描述了这一体系的热力学和相平衡及其它物化性质。以Li⁺,K⁺,Mg²⁺/Cl^-,SO^2-₄-H₂O,体系25^。C时相平衡的预测为例,证明模型的可信性和用途。     

NH_4~+对甲酸在炭载Pd催化剂上氧化性能的影响

为了解HClO4、NH4ClO4和NaClO4电解液对炭载Pd(Pd/C)催化剂电极对甲酸氧化的电催化性能的影响,在用X射线衍射(XRD)谱、能量色散谱(EDS)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对Pd/C催化剂进行表征的基础上,采用电化学方法测量了Pd/C催化剂在不同电解液中对甲酸氧化的电催化性能.发现在不同电解液中,Pd/C催化剂对甲酸氧化的电催化活性和稳定性按NH4ClO4NaClO4HClO4的次序降低.由于甲酸的存在,不同电解液的pH相差较小,因此,电解液的pH影响较小,而阳离子的影响较大.在NaClO4电解液中的性能优于在HClO4电解液中的性能是pH的影响.在NH4ClO4电解液中的性能优于在NaClO4电解液中是由于NH4+能降低CO在Pd/C催化剂电极上的吸附强度和吸附量,这一发现对提高直接甲酸燃料电池(DFAFC)的性能很有意义.     

Langmuir films of naphthenic acids at different pH and electrolyte concentrations

Langmuir films of naphthenic acids at different pH and electrolyte concentrations are reported. The polydisperse naphthenic acids were commercially available, while two single-component naphthenic acids [5#(H)-cholanoic acid and 1-naphthalenepentanoic acid, decahydro- (9CI)] were synthesized. 1-naphthalenepentanoic acid, decahydro- is too water-soluble to form stable monolayers. 5#(H)-Cholanoic acid and Fluka naphthenic acid form stable films when cations are present in the aqueous subphase. At lower pH the cations are less influential since the naphthenic acids are not protolysed and metal naphthenates cannot be formed. pK_a^s for 5#(H)-cholanoic acid is determined to 5.65. The micellisation of the naphthenates at high pH is described.     

钨砷杂多阴离子[KAs4W40O140(M·H2O)2]n-中配位水的取代反应

本文报道了[KAs_4W_(40)O_(140)(M·H_2O_2]~(n-)杂多阴离子中配位水的取代反应.在水溶液中,许多配体,如[Fe(CN)_6]~(4-)、[Fe(CN)_6]~(3-),SO_3~(2-)等都能取代配位水形成具有特征颜色的配离子.在水溶液中不能发生的配体取代配位水的反应,在非极性有机溶剂中却容易发生,这与配位水分子在非极性有机溶剂中易脱去形成配位不饱和态有关.     

The counterion releasing effect and the partition coefficient of branched alkanols in ionic micellar solution

In the micellar solution of SDS, the partition coefficient (K_x) of following branched alkanols at infinite dilution was determined by applying a differential conductivity method: the alkanols used were i-C_mH_2m+1OH (m=4-9, i=1-5) in which the position of OH group (i) shifts from an end to the center of a hydrocarbon chain. The method provides two significant quantities, d!/dX_am and dC_sf/dC_af in addition to K_x. The following results have been obtained. (1) The dependence of K_x on i indicates that the hydrophobicity of alkanol is weakened with increasing i, whereas the increase in m strengthens the hydrophobicity. (2) The degree of counterion disossiation of micelles (!) is accelerated by the solubilized alkanols in micelles (mole fraction: X_am) and the acceleration rate, d!/dX_am (=0.17), depends on neither m nor i. (3) In the bulk water, the monomerically dissolved alkanols (concentration: C_af) depresses the concentration of free monomer surfactant (C_sf), and the depressing rate, dC_sf/dC_af, in micellar solution is identical with the corresponding quantity, ((CMC/(C_a)_o at CMC.     

Fluorescence study of chromophore labeled strong polyelectrolyte bound with oppositely charged surfactant

Four strong polyelectrolyte samples of 2-(acrylamido)-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS) and N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAA) were radically copolymerized with a single label of naphthalene or pyrene, with both labels and without label, containing about 40 mol % AMPS. Fluorescence nonradiative energy transfer (NRET) I_Py/I_Np, anisotropy r, I₁/I₃ and excimer emission I_E/I_M of pyrene labels were observed in dilute aqueous solutions with and without cationic surfactant of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The overlap concentration was determined as 3 g/L from the appearance of intermolecular excimer. The variation of intra- and intermolecular NRET with total polyelectrolyte concentration showed that the charged chains preferentially interpenetrated each other rather than reduce their coil volume as their concentration beyond the overlap threshold. By binding with CTAB, the polyelectrolyte chain became more coiled as known from the reduced viscosity. The intramolecular NRET was dominant when [CTAB]Д᎒^-5 M and then the intermolecular NRET occurred at higher CTAB concentrations with hydrophobic aggregation between CTAB tails bound on different polyelectrolyte chains. The CTAB concentration corresponding to the maxima of I_Py/I_Np just is equal to the AMPS monomer concentration, indicating the formation of 1:1 binding between surfactant and polyelectrolyte in very dilute solutions. Added salt of NaCl up to 0.1 M hardly affected the intramolecular NRET but affected the I_Py/I_Np value for the intermolecular NRET.     

Novel features of smectite settling

Aqueous suspensions of Ca or Mn montmorillonite were left to settle in cylinders ranging in diameter, D, from 1.0 to 7.7 cm after magnetic stirring and/or manual tumbling. Changes in height, H, of the interface between the turbid suspension and the clear supernatant were recorded visually as a function of time, T. In the absence of added electrolytes the H/T plots were approximately linear, but after addition of electrolytes they assumed an inverse S shape. An initial latency period was followed by a time of rapid settling and, finally, by slow compaction of the sediment until no further changes occurred. Within a limited range of concentration the latency period increased exponentially with decreasing D. It increased with increasing height of the settling columns, H_i, and with increasing concentration of the suspensions. With Mn montmorillonite the rate of fast settling also depended on D. The parameters of the H/T plots depended on the prehistory of the samples. Fairly reproducible results were obtained in duplicates within any one series of experiments, but changes in the pretreatment altered the parameters. Treatment of the suspensions with an ultrasonic tip changed the settling process drastically. Sedimentation became very slow, the effects of D and H_i on the latency period were reversed and the final sediment volume increased. The effects of vessel diameter on sedimentation observed are much greater than any wall effects described in the literature. The changes observed after ultrasonication of the suspensions, particularly the reversal of the effects of D and H_i on the settling process, are novel features.     

阳极氧化制备TiO2纳米管及其光催化性能

采用电化学阳极氧化法在纯Ti表面制备出结构整齐有序的TiO₂纳米管阵列, 研究了不同溶液体系对TiO₂纳米管尺寸和形貌的影响. 利用X射线衍射仪和场发射扫描电镜表征所制备的TiO₂纳米管. 20 V反应15 h, 0.5 wt% HF＋1 mol/L (NH₄)H₂PO₄溶液中TiO₂纳米管直径为70～90 nm, 长度约2.2 μm, 在500 ℃的空气气氛下退火1 h, 纳米管薄膜以锐钛矿结构为主, 在该条件下所制备TiO₂纳米管的光电流密度达到3.2 mA/cm². 以该纳米管薄膜为光阳极, 施加0.45 V (vs. SCE)的外加偏压, 在125 W紫外光照射5 h后, 初始摩尔浓度为20×10^－6 mol/L的酸性红G (C₁₈H₁₃N₃Na₂₀₈S₂)在pH＝3时, 降解率达到92.4%.     

Cationic ring-opening polymerization of tetrahydrofuran with Keggin-type heteropolycompounds as solid acid catalysts

<正>Three Keggin-type heteropolyanions,namely H_3PMo_(12)O_(40)·13H_2O,(NH_4)_3PMo_(12)O_(40)·4H_2O and H_3PW_(12)O_(40)·13H_2O were prepared and tested in the ring-opening polymerization reaction of tetrahydrofuran.The effects of the counter-cation (H~+,NH_4~+) and the peripheral atoms(Mo,W) on the polymerization were investigated.It has been found that when the protons of H_3PMo_(12)O_(40)·13H_2O were replaced by the ammonium cations the polymerization rate decreased dramatically. Whereas,when the peripheral atoms(Mo) were replaced by their homologous(W),the polymerization rate increased twofold.As for the viscosity average molecular weight(M_v) of polymer products,it was found that the high molecular weight(7930) was obtained by using H_3PW_(12)O_(40)·13H_2O.The molecular weight(M_v) obtained by H_3PMo_(12)O_(40)·13H_2O and (NH_4)_3PMo_(12)O_(40)·4H_2O was 6470 and 6810,respectively.     

Analysis of aromatic acids by nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis with ionic‐liquid electrolytes

The separation of six kinds of aromatic acids by CZE with 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride (EMIMCl) and 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate (EMIMHSO₄)_, two kinds of ionic liquids (ILs) as background electrolytes, and acetonitrile as solvent were investigated. The six kinds of aromatic acids can be separated under positive voltage with low IL concentration with either of the two ILs and separation with EMIMHSO₄ is better in consideration of peak shapes and separation efficiency. But the migration order is different when the IL is different. Under negative voltage with high IL concentration, the six analytes can be separated with EMIMCl as background electrolytes and the migration order of the analytes is opposite to those with low concentration of EMIMCl as background electrolyte. The separations are based on the combination effects of heteroconjugation between the anions and cations in the ILs and the analytes, of which the heteroconjugation between the anions in the ILs and the analytes plays a dominant role. The heteroconjugation between the anions of the ILs and analytes is proton sensitive and only a very small amount of proticsolvents added into the electrolyte solution can harm the separation. When EMIMCl concentration is high, the heteroconjugation between the IL anions and the proton in the analytes make the effective mobility of the analytes much higher than the EOF and their migration direction reversed. Finally, the six aromatic acids in water samples were analyzed by nonaqueous CE with low concentration of EMIMHSO₄ as background electrolytes with satisfactory results.     

The Micellization and Clouding Phenomena of a Nonionic Surfactant,Poly(ethylene glycol) t-octylphenyl ether (Triton X-100): Effect of (Chloride Salt) Electrolytes

Herein, we report the micellization and the clouding of a nonionic surfactant, poly(ethylene glycol) t-octylphenyl ether (Triton X-100), in aqueous solutions in the absence and presence of (chloride salt) electrolytes. In the absence and presence of electrolytes, the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of Triton X-100 was measured by surface tension measurements. Upon increasing the temperature as well as the concentration of electrolytes, the CMCs decreased. The surface properties and the thermodynamic parameters of the micellar systems were evaluated. From these evaluated thermodynamic parameters, it was found that in the presence of an electrolyte, the stability of the micellar system is high. The cloud points (CPs) of Triton X-100 were also measured in the absence and presence of metallic ions of electrolytes. Upon the addition of metallic ions of chloride salts (electrolytes), the decrease in CP values was observed and the order was found to be: K⁺ > Na⁺ > Li⁺ > NH⁺₄.     

Strong electric-field effects on the doubly-excited intrashell states of He below the He+(N = 2) threshold

The method of complex-coordinate rotation is used to investigate electric-field effects on the doubly-excited 2s2p ¹P⁰, 2p^{2 1}D^e, 2p^{2 3}P^e and 2s2p ³P⁰ states of He. Strong electric-field strengths up to F=0.02 Ry are used in our present study. Products of Slater orbitals are used to represent the two-electron wave functions, with l_max=8 being employed for the individual electron. Block matrices with up to L_max=5 (H-states) are used to investigate the convergence behavior for the resonance parameters (resonance energy and width). When the external electric field is turned on, "classic" Stark effect is observed for the M=0 and M=ǃ components of the two singlet-spin states and for the M=ǃ components of the triplet-spin states. Comparisons are made with other calculations when available.     

Effects of Cs and Na ions on the interfacial properties of dodecyl sulfate solutions

The competitive binding of counterions to anionic dodecyl sulfate ions in aqueous solutions of cesium dodecyl sulfate (CsDS) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) mixtures, which significantly influences the critical micelle concentration (cmc) and surface (or interfacial) tension of surfactant solutions, was investigated. The cmc and degree of counterion binding were obtained through electrical conductivity measurements. The curve of cmc versus the mole fraction of CsDS in the surfactant mixture was simulated by Rubingh's equations, which enabled us to estimate the interaction parameter in micelles (W _R) based on the regular solution approximation. The curve-fitting exhibited a slightly negative value (W _R=−0.1), indicating that the mixing (SDS+CsDS) enhances micelle formation owing to a greater interaction between surfactant molecules and counterions than in pure systems (SDS). On going from SDS, SDS:CsDS(75:25), SDS:CsDS(50:50), SDS:CsDS(25:75) to CsDS, interfacial tension at the hexadecane/surfactant-solution interface showed a negative deviation from the mixing rule (interaction parameter in adsorbed film W _A=−0.38), indicating the replacement of Na⁺ bound to anionic dodecyl sulfate by Cs⁺ ions owing to the stronger interaction between the Cs⁺ and the dodecyl sulfate ions. Droplet sizes of emulsion formed with hexadecane and aqueous dodecyl sulfate solutions were investigated using the light scattering spectrophotometer. The higher binding capacity of Cs⁺, having a smaller hydrated ionic size than Na⁺, also resulted in a negative deviation in emulsion droplet size in mixed systems. Received: 10 May 2000/Accepted: 11 August 2000     

Conductance behaviour of a microporous membrane and the application of absolute reaction rate theory

The membrane conductance of a microporous membrane prepared by the hydrogen peroxide (5%) treatment of ion-exchange membranes of the ‘Neosepta’ family has been studied at different temperatures. The membranes were bathed in some common uni-univalent chloride solutions at different concentrations. In general, the membrane conductance, in the temperature range studied, shows values increasing more or less linearly with increases in concentration, but tends towards limiting values at higher concentrations. The magnitudes follow the order K⁺ > NH₄⁺ ≥ Na⁺ > Li⁺, which is the reverse order of the hydrated sizes of these ions. The temperature variations of the conductance have been utilised to calculate the activation parameters, E_a, ΔH3, ΔG3 and ΔS3, assuming the applicability of the theory of absolute reaction rate. The activation energies for conduction increase in the order K⁺ < NH₄⁺ ≤ Na⁺ < Li⁺, which is the reverse of the order of conductances but the same as the sequence of the hydrated sizes of the cations. For a particular electrolyte solution, the energy values decrease with increasing concentrations of the bathing electrolyte. The ΔS3 values are found to be mostly very small positive quantities, indicating that virtually neither any bond formation nor any loss of membrane structure takes place during the permeation process.     

Inter- and intramolecular N-terminal methyl–side chain interactions in N-acetyl-L-glutamic acid oligomeric benzyl ester solutions. 1H NMR study

Oligomeric N-acetyl-L-glutamic acid benzyl esters with exact residue number (2, 3 or 4) have been synthesized by a stepwise procedure. The aggregational behavior of these oligomeric molecules in dioxane and benzene has been investigated by use of ¹H NMR. In particular, the concentration dependence of the ¹H signals for the N-terminal CH₃ protons has provided evidence that an intermolecular CH₃···? interaction plays a critical role in the formation of aggregates and that an intramolecular CH₃···? interaction occurs in the monomolecular state.     

Surface charge of detonation nanodiamond particles in aqueous solutions of simple 1 : 1 Electrolytes

Adsorption isotherms of potential-determining H⁺ and OH⁻ ions and the pH dependences of the specific surface charge of detonation nanodiamond (DND) particles are obtained in a pH range of 3–10 by the acid-base titration of their hydrosols containing 0.001–1 M LiCl, NaCl, KCl, NaNO₃, KNO₃, and NaClO₄ as background electrolytes. The data obtained attest to the chemical nonuniformity (heterogeneity) of a DND surface and different degrees of binding of background electrolyte cations and anions with ionized groups. It is revealed that the adsorption of OH-anions diminishes in the lyotropic series of cations Na⁺ > K⁺ > Li⁺ and increases with a decrease in the adsorbability of anions in the following series: NO₃⁻ ≊ ClO₄⁻ > Cl⁻. The adsorption of potential-determining H⁺ and OH⁻ ions on a DND surface containing two types of functional groups, i.e., acidic carboxyl and amphoteric hydroxyl groups, is simulated by the Protofit software package. The optimal surface densities and ionization constants that correspond to minimal deviations of model adsorption isotherms from the experimental curves are found for these groups.     

Preparation and characterization of diethylnicotinamidium perchlorate

The title compound is the first example of N,N′-diethylnicotinamidium, [denaH]⁺, salt which has been characterized by X-ray analysis and IR spectra. [denaH]ClO₄ was obtained from the reaction mixture prepared from N,N′-diethylnicotinamide (dena) and Fe(ClO₄)₃ in ethanol without any addition of HClO₄. The proton required for protonation of dena is produced by hydrolysis of aquairon(III) cations. In the crystal structure, cations and anions are held together by ionic interactions. The cations are linked to each other by pyridinium-carbonyl N-H⋯O=C hydrogen bonds and an infinite linear chain along axis a is formed. Dedicated to Professor Milan Melník on the occasion of his 70th birthday     

Studies with inorganic precipitate membranes. III. Consideration of energetics of electrolyte permeation through membranes

The permeability of various electrolytes through parchment-supported ferrocyanide membranes of manganese, cobalt, silver, and cadmium has been measured at 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30°C. The order of permeability at a given temperature was Cl^- > NO₃^- > CNS^- > CH₃COO^- > SO₄^2- for both monovalent and divalent cations. For any given anion, the cations followed the sequence NH₄⁺ > Li⁺ > Ba²⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺ > Al³⁺. This sequence has been correlated with the size of the hydrated ion. Further, the data have been considered from the standpoint of the theory of rate processes and the values for the entropy of activation (ΔS′) have been derived assuming an equilibrium distance of 3 Å in the membrane. The values of ΔS′ were all negative and decreased with increasing valence of the ions. This was interpreted to mean electrolyte permeation with partial immobilization in the membrane.     

New mononuclear copper(II) complexes from β-diketone and β-keto ester N-donor heterocyclic ligands: structure,bioactivity, and molecular simulation studies

Four new mononuclear copper(II) complexes with methyl acetoacetate and benzoylacetone in the presence of 1,10-phenanthroline and 2,2′-bipyridine were synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, FT-IR, and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The molecular structures of complexes [Cu(MAA)(bpy)(ClO₄)] (1a), [Cu(bzac)(bpy)]ClO₄ (2a), [Cu(MAA)(phen)(ClO₄)] (1b) and [Cu(bzac)(phen)(ClO₄)] (2b) were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction technique. 1a, 1b, and 2b are five coordinate with a distorted square pyramidal geometry and the structure of 2a consists of isolated [Cu(bzac)(bpy)]⁺ cations and perchlorate counter anions. The electrochemical studies of copper complexes in acetonitrile solution showed that Cu^II/Cu^I reduction processes are electrochemically irreversible. Cytotoxic activity of complexes was screened, including an MTT assay against gastric cancer cell line (MKN-45). The four Cu(II) complexes exhibited lethal effects against MKN-45 cell lines and the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) values obtained were much lower in comparison with 5-fluorouracil. In addition, MTT and migration studies revealed that benzoylacetone complexes are more active than complexes of methyl acetoacetate against the MKN-45 cancer cell lines. Docking simulations of Cu(II) complexes on DNA revealed that the most stable adducts with DNA bind in the minor groove. All complexes display a binding specificity to the A/T rich regions.