The Lewis acid-catalyzed nazarov reaction of 2-(n-methoxycarbonylamino)-1,4-pentadien-3-ones

[reaction: see text] A highly efficient carbonylative Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction of lactam-derived vinyl triflates and alkenylboronic acids afforded 2-(N-methoxycarbonylamino)-1,4-pentadien-3-ones as suitable substrates for the Nazarov reaction. The most competent Lewis acids for the Nazarov reaction were Cu(OTf)(2) (2 mol %) and Sc(OTf)(3) (3 mol %) in DCE, which provided the Nazarov products in excellent yield. As both the carbonylative coupling and the subsequent Nazarov reaction were high yielding, the overall methodology is a concise and efficient route to [1]pyrindine systems.     

Synthesis of α-Aminophospiionic Esters by Solid-Liquid Phase Transfer Catalysis

Abstract

(1-aminoalkyl)phosphonic acids are important amino acids with interesting biological properties (1). They are available by various procedures (2). However, a potentially efficient and direct route not very well documented is the use of schiff bases derived from diethyl-aminomethylphosphonate. These substrates have been used to prepare a-alkylated phosphonic aminoacids using strong bases under anhydrous conditions (3). We report here a simple method using solid-liquid phase transfer catalysis (PTC) as wel1 as solid-liquid PTC without solvent:     

Synthesis of 2-methyl- and 2-methylenecyclobutane amino acids

An efficient and easy formal [2+2] cycloaddition (Michael-Dieckmann-type reaction) on methyl 2-acetamidoacrylate with ketene diethyl acetal gave the cyclobutane core. Two kinds of 2-substituted cyclobutane amino acids have been obtained from this compound by means of stereocontrolled interconversion of functional groups: 1-amino-2-methylcyclobutane-1-carboxylic acids (2,4-methanovalines) and 1-amino-2-methylenecyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid. The latter amino acid can be regarded as a restricted α-methyl-α-vinylglycine.     

Palladium catalyzed ligand-free Suzuki cross-coupling reactions of benzylic halides with aryl boronic acids under mild conditions

A highly efficient Suzuki cross-coupling reaction between benzylic halides and aryl boronic acids using palladium chloride as catalyst in acetone:water (3:1) as the solvent system has been developed. High yields of products, mild reaction conditions and short reaction times in the absence of ligand are important features of this method.     

Phosphine-free hydrazone-Pd complex as the catalyst precursor for a Suzuki-Miyaura reaction under mild aerobic conditions

[reaction: see text] Glyoxal bis(N-methyl-N-phenylhydrazone) (1) and its related compounds such as 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde N-methyl-N-phenylhydrazone (3) were prepared and examined as ligands for the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction of aryl halides and arylboronic acids. We found phosphine-free catalysts, such as Pd(OAc)(2)/hydrazone ligand 1 or 3, to be efficient catalysts for a variety of substrates to produce the coupling products in good yields.     

导向有机合成的金属有机化学研究初探

总结了麻生明自1997年回国后在国家自然科学基金委、科技部、中国科学院、上海市科委的共同资助下开展的一些研究工作：(1)联烯化学;(2)偶联反应的区域选择性研究-1-芳基-1-炔烃的单锂化反应;(3)多中心反应-1,1-二溴-1-烯烃的氧化加成反应,α-脱卤钯化反应和分子内双环钯碳化反应。     

A Novel One‐Pot Sulfonyloxylactonization of Alkenoic Acids Mediated by Hypervalent Iodine Species Generated in situ from Ammonium Iodide

A novel and efficient one‐pot procedure was designed for the sulfonyloxylactonization of alkenoic acids by the reaction of alkenoic acids with m‐chloroperbenzoic acid and sulfonic acids in the presence of a catalytic amount of ammonium iodide in a mixture acetonitrile/2,2,2‐trifluoroethanol (4 : 1) at room temperature for 24 h, which provided the corresponding sulfonyloxy lactones in moderate‐to‐good yields.     

Synthesis of 1,3-diketones from 3-(4-R-phenyl)propionic acids

Self-acylation of 3-(4-R-phenyl)propionic acids (R = H, Br, 1-adamantyl) in trifluoroacetic anhydride catalyzed by trifluoromethanesulfonic acid provides a simple and efficient synthesis of 1,3-diketones. Indan-1-ones formed in the first step undergo acylation to give the corresponding 2-(3-phenyl-1-oxopropyl) indan-1-ones as the major products. One-pot synthesis of polysubstituted pyrazoles directly from 3-(4-R-phenyl)propionic acids is described.     

A simple method for the alkaline hydrolysis of esters

A very mild and rapid procedure for the efficient alkaline hydrolysis of esters in non-aqueous conditions has been developed, by the use of dichloromethane/methanol (9:1) as solvent. This method conveniently provides both carboxylic acids and alcohols from the corresponding esters and sodium hydroxide in a few minutes at room temperature. A plausible reaction mechanism is proposed.     

Pd(OAc)2/dppf as an efficient and highly active catalyst for the allylation of amines, alcohols and carboxylic acids with 1-phenyl-1-propyne

Pd(OAc)₂/1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene as an efficient, highly active catalyst for the allylation of amines, alcohols and carboxylic acids with 1-phenyl-1-propyne has been developed. The effect of various reaction parameters, such as ligand, time, solvent, temperature, metal: ligand ratio and catalyst concentration on yields of the product were investigated. The optimized procedure works well under mild operating conditions and permits rapid generation of a library for various allylated products.     

A modified approach for the site-selective direct C-6 arylation of benzylated uracil

An efficient methodology is reported for the regioselective C-6 arylation of protected uracil via the palladium catalyzed CH functionalization of 1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-3-methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione with (hetero)aryl halides and boronic acids. Utilization of the Pd(OAc)₂/Xantphos catalytic system with a stoichiometric amount of CuI and DBU as the base was vital for the success of this protocol. The methodology is facile and compatible with aryl bromides, iodides and boronic acids and hence affords broad substrate scope and diversity.     

Profiling of esterified fatty acids as biomarkers in the blood of dengue fever patients using a microliter‐scale extraction followed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry

An improved gas chromatography with mass spectrometry procedure was developed to highlight the esterified fatty acids in 100 μL blood of dengue fever patients in the early febrile phase versus healthy volunteers. 24 adult patients and 24 healthy volunteers were included in this study. The recoveries of targeted esterified fatty acids content were in the range of 92.10–101.00% using methanol/dichloromethane (2:1, v/v) as the extraction solvent. An efficient chromatographic separation of targeted 17 esterified fatty acid methyl esters was obtained. The limits of detection and quantification were within the range of 16–131 and 53–430 ng/mL, respectively. The relative standard deviation of intraday and interday precision values ranged from 0.4 to 5.0%. The statistical data treatment showed a significant decrease of the content of four saturated fatty acids, C14:0, C15:0, C16:0, and C18:0 (P value < 0.05), and also showed a decrease of the content of eight unsaturated fatty acids, C16:1, C18:3n6, C18:2n6, C18:1n9, C20:3n3, C20:4n6, C20:2, and C22:6n3 (P value < 0.05) in dengue fever patients. Moreover, the amount of three omega‐6 fatty acids including C18:3n6, C18:2n6, and C20:4n6 was dramatically decreased in the blood of dengue fever patients to a limit of 50 ± 10%.     

Effective synthesis of 1beta-acyl glucuronides by selective acylation

[reaction: see text] Acyl glucuronides are vital metabolites for many carboxylic acid containing drugs. We report an efficient new method for the chemical synthesis of these molecules by selective 1beta-acylation of allyl glucuronate with carboxylic acids catalyzed by HATU and then mild deprotection through treatment with Pd(PPh(3))(4) and morpholine. The method is effective for a range of aryl and alkyl carboxylic acids, including important drugs.     

Bromamine-B/PdCl2 is an Efficient System for the Synthesis of Anthranilic Acids from Indoles and Indigos

A convenient method has been developed for the conversion of indoles and indigos into anthranilic acids in good to excellent yields using a bromamine-B/PdCl₂ system. The general process utilizes our efficient method for the oxidation of indoles and indigos in alkaline (pH 12) acetonitrile/water (1:1) at 60 °C.     

New pincer-like receptor derived from trans-cyclopentane-1,2-diamine as a chiral shift reagent for carboxylic acids

A new pincer-like enantiopure receptor bearing two (1R,2R)-cyclopentane-1,2-diamine moieties has been synthesized and tested as a chiral shift reagent (CSR) for different carboxylic acids. This CSR is efficient for those acids bearing an aromatic group attached to Cα, especially for arylpropionic acids. A full structural study of the diastereomeric supramolecular complexes has allowed us to propose a reasonable model for the interaction.     

Triaryl(1-pyrenyl)bismuthonium salts: efficient photoinitiators for cationic polymerization of oxiranes and a vinyl ether

Photoirradiation of triaryl(1-pyrenyl)bismuthonium salts in acetonitrile afforded triarylbismuthanes and pyrene, accompanied by the generation of protic acids. Triaryl(1-pyrenyl)bismuthonium hexafluoroantimonates have proven to behave as efficient photoinitiators for cationic polymerization of oxiranes and a vinyl ether, affording the corresponding polymers in good yields within 1 min.     

Synthesis of libraries of thiazole, oxazole and imidazole-based cyclic peptides from azole-based amino acids. A new synthetic approach to bistratamides and didmolamides

Treatment of a 1 : 1 mixture of the thiazole-based amino acids 8a and 8b with FDPP-i-Pr(2)NEt in CH(3)CN gave a mixture of the cyclic trimers 14, 15, 16 and 17 and the cyclic tetramers 19 and 23 in the ratio 2 : 7 : 5 : 8 : 1 : 1 and in a combined yield of 70%. Separate coupling reactions between the bisimidazole amino acid 45 and the thiazole/oxazole amino acids 43a and 42a in the presence of FDPP-i-Pr(2)NEt led to the bisimidazole based cyclic trimers 55 and 57 respectively (54-57%) and to the cyclic tetramer 56 (8-11%). Similar coupling reactions involving the bisthiazole and bisoxazole amino acids 49 and 47 with the imidazole/oxazole/thiazole amino acids 41a, 42a and 43a gave rise to the library of oxazole, thiazole and imidazole-based cyclic peptides 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64 and 65. A coupling reaction between the bisthiazole amino acid 49 and the oxazole amino acid 73 led to an efficient (36% overall) synthesis of bistratamide H (67) found in the ascidian Lissoclinum bistratum. Coupling reactions involving oxazolines with thiazole amino acids were less successful. Thus, a coupling reaction between the phenylalanine-based oxazoline amino acid 71a and either the thiazole amino acid 8a or the bisthiazole amino acid 74 gave only a 2% yield of the cyclic hexapeptide didmolamide A (4) found in the ascidian Didemnum molle. Didmolamide B (68) was obtained in 9% yield from a coupling reaction between 74 and the phenylalanine threonine amino acid 72, using either FDPP or DPPA.     

Chiral dihydrobenzofuran-based diphosphine (BICMAP): optical resolution and application to rhodium(I)-catalyzed asymmetric 1,4-addition of aryl- and alkenylboronic acids to cyclic enones

Chiral dihydrobenzofuran-based diphosphine ligand (BICMAP) 1 was used as a ligand for the rhodium(I)-catalyzed asymmetric 1,4-addition of arylboronic acids to cyclic enones up to 99% ee. We also found that the BICMAP-rhodium system was an efficient catalyst for the 1,4-addition of alkenylboronic acids to 2-cyclohexenone in good enantioselectivities.     

Reactivity of amino acids in nitrosation reactions and its relation to the alkylating potential of their products

Nitrosation reactions of amino acids with an -NH(2) group [namely, six alpha-amino acids (glycine, alanine, alpha-aminobutyric acid, alpha-aminoisobutyric acid, valine, and norvaline); two beta-amino acids (beta-alanine and beta-aminobutyric acid), and one gamma-amino acid (gamma-aminobutyric acid)] were studied. Nitrosation was carried out in aqueous acid media, mimicking the conditions of the stomach lumen. The rate equation was r = k(3)(exp)[amino acid][nitrite](2), with a maximum k(3)(exp) value in the 2.3-2.7 pH range. The existence of an isokinetic relationship supports the argument that all the reactions share a common mechanism. A nitrosation mechanism is proposed, and the following conclusions are drawn: (i) Nitrosation reactions of amino acids with a primary amino group in acid media occur with dinitrogen trioxide as the main nitrosating agent. The finding that the nitrosation rate is proportional to the square of the nitrite concentration suggests that the yield of nitrosation products in the stomach would increase sharply with higher nitrate/nitrite intakes. (ii) Stomach hypochlorhydria could be a potential enhancer of in vivo amino acid nitrosation. (iii) The reactivity (k(3)()(exp)) [alpha-amino acids > beta-amino acids > gamma-amino acids] is the same as that found in a previous work for the alkylating potential of lactones formed from nitrosation products of the same amino acids. This implies that the nitrosation reactions of the most common natural amino acids are the most efficient precursors of the most powerful alkylating agents. (iv) The order of magnitude (10(7)-10(8) M(-1) s(-1)) of the bimolecular rate constants of nitrosation shows that such reactions occur through an encounter process.     

Oxidative Decarboxylation of Short‐Chain Fatty Acids to 1‐Alkenes

The enzymatic oxidative decarboxylation of linear short‐chain fatty acids (C4:0–C9:0) employing the P450 monooxygenase OleT, O₂ as the oxidant, and NAD(P)H as the electron donor gave the corresponding terminal C₃ to C₈ alkenes with product titers of up to 0.93 g L^?1 and TTNs of >2000. Key to this process was the construction of an efficient electron‐transfer chain employing putidaredoxin CamAB in combination with NAD(P)H recycling at the expense of glucose, formate, or phosphite. This system allows for the biocatalytic production of industrially important 1‐alkenes, such as propene and 1‐octene, from renewable resources for the first time.