The anomalous thermal radiation of metals produced by ultrashort laser pulses

The spectral-time characteristics of the secondary radiation produced in silver and tungsten by picosecond laser pules of varying duration and fluence (energy density) have been studied theoretically and experimentally. It is established that the secondary radiation is due to heating. In silver, however, it is not usual and does not correspond, for example, to grey body radiation. This radiation — the anomalous thermal radiation — is defined by the following mechanism. When the electron and phonon subsystems in a metal are heated (including also the nonisothermal process), there appears the glow with the continuous spectral distribution and the intensity exceeding the radiation intensity of the grey body whose temperature is equal to the temperature of the ion or electron subsystem of a metal. This anomaly is either due to overheat of the electron subsystem with respect to the ion subsystem or due to recombination of electrons and therm-ions in a microlayer above the metal surface.     

Atomistic simulation of laser ablation of gold: Effect of pressure relaxation

The process of ablation of a gold target by femto- and picosecond laser radiation pulses has been studied by numerical simulations using an atomistic model with allowance for the electron subsystem and the dependence of the ion-ion interaction potential on the electron temperature. Using this potential, it is possible to take into account the change in the physical properties of the ion subsystem as a result of heating of the electron subsystem. The results of simulations reveal a significant difference between the characteristics of metal ablation by laser pulses of various durations. For ablation with subpicosecond pulses, two mechanisms of metal fracture related to the evolution of electronic pressure in the system are established.     

Structural Characteristics of Metal Nanoparticles in Glass Upon Irradiation-Assisted Processing

Irradiation-assisted processing, i.e. ion, electron and laser irradiation, have been applied to fabricate metal/glass nanocomposites. The particle configurations are studied by transmission electron microscopy to get some insight into the rather complex formation mechanisms. Special attention is given to spheroidally shaped particles surrounded by smaller secondary particles observed upon ion beam mixing of silica/silver/silica layer compounds as well as irradiating femtosecond laser pulses on sodium silicate glass containing spherical silver particles. Another unique type of structure are cavities observed in silver particles formed by high fluence ion implantation into silica as well as upon laser pulse irradiation of silver particles in glass. The experimental findings are discussed in terms of irradiation-induced defect formation and radiation-enhanced diffusion.     

The theory of the optogalvanic effect in metal vapour-rare gas discharges

A theory of the laser-excited optogalvanic effect in metal vapour-rare gas discharges is elaborated. The metal vapour depletion due to the ionization processes and the energy losses from the plasma caused by the ion and electron flux to the wall and the elastic and inelastic collisions between electrons and atoms are taken into account. The metal atom depletion increases if the discharge current or the intensity of the laser radiation are increased. The more complete energy balance leads to a substantially greater optogalvanic signal than obtained from previous theories. The metal atom depletion, however, appreciably decreases the optogalvanic signal except very small discharge currents.     

Excimer laser-assisted annealing of silicate glass with ion-synthesized silver nanoparticles

The effect of KrF excimer laser radiation on a composite layer consisting of sodium-potassium silicate glass with silver nanoparticles is studied as a function of the number of laser nanosecond pulses. The silver nanoparticles are synthesized by ion implantation. The measured optical absorption of the composite layer demonstrates that the silver nanoparticle size decreases monotonically as the number of laser pulses increases. Rutherford backscattering shows that laser annealing is accompanied by silver diffusion into the bulk of the glass and partial metal evaporation from the sample surface. The detected decrease in the silver nanoparticle size is discussed in terms of simultaneous melting of silver nanoparticles and the glass matrix due to the absorption of laser radiation.     

Features of excitation of the hydrogen (deuterium)-metal system by an electron bunch

We report on the results of mass-spectroscopic analysis of the hydrogen yield from metals saturated with hydrogen under the action of accelerated electrons (with an energy of up to 100 keV and a current density from 3 to 30 μA). It is found that the desorption rate is determined not only by parameters of the electron bunch, but also by the structure of the oxide film. It is discovered that the electronic subsystem of hydrogen-enriched metals enhances their ability to absorb the energy of the external electromagnetic action and to preserve it for a longer time as compared to a pure metal. This facilitates nonequilibrium migration and yield of hydrogen under the action of radiation in the subthreshold range. A theoretical model is proposed and analytic dependences are derived for the intensity of hydrogen yield from metals exposed to an electron bunch. The results of this study can be used for the removal of hydrogen from metals and for obtaining submicrocrystalline materials (e.g., titanium).     

Influence of surface topography on the secondary electron yield of clean copper samples

Secondary electron yield (SEY) due to electron impact depends strongly on surface topography. The SEY of copper samples after Ar-ion bombardment is measured in situ in a multifunctional ultrahigh vacuum system. Increasing the ion energy or duration of ion bombardment can even enlarge the SEY, though it is relatively low under moderate bombardment intensity. The results obtained with scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy images demonstrate that many valley structures of original sample surfaces can be smoothed due to ion bombardment, but more hill structures are generated with stronger bombardment intensity. With increasing the surface roughness in the observed range, the maximum SEY decreases from 1.2 to 1.07 at a surface characterized by valleys, while it again increases to 1.33 at a surface spread with hills. This phenomenon indicates that hill and valley structures are respectively effective in increasing and decreasing the SEY. These obtained results thus provide a comprehensive insight into the surface topography influence on the secondary electron emission characteristics in scanning electron microscopy.     

Functionality of novel black silicon based nanostructured surfaces studied by TOF SIMS

A functionality of the novel black silicon based nanostructured surfaces (BS 2) with different metal surface modifications was tested by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF SIMS). Mainly two surface functions were studied: analytical signal enhancement and analyte pre-ionization effect in SIMS due to nanostructure type and the assistance of the noble metal surface coating (Ag or Au) for secondary ion formation. As a testing analyte a Rhodamine 6G was applied. Bi⁺ has been used as SIMS primary ions. It was found out that SIMS signal enhancement of the analyte significantly depends on Ag layer thickness and measured ion mode (negative, positive). The best SIMS signal enhancement was obtained at BS2 surface coated with 400 nm of Ag layer. SIMS fragmentation schemes were developed for a model analyte deposited onto a silver and gold surface. Significant differences in pre-ionization effects can play an important role in the SIMS analysis due to identification and spectra interpretation.     

Transition Radiation,Bremsstrahlung und Plasmastrahlung

The visible and ultraviolet radiation emitted from electron bombarded metal targets was investigated for normal and oblique electron incidence in the range of primary energiesE=6?40 keV. For normal incidence the observed spectra could be separated in transition radiation and bremsstrahlung because of their different energy dependences. When silver targets were bombarded at oblique incidence a third radiation was observed which is peaking nearλ=3500 Å (half widthΔ λ=200?300 Å). For grazing indicence (α=0,5° against the target surface) under UHV conditions the peak intensity is 100 times greater than transition radiation at normal incidence. Due to the wavelenght, the dependence on the angle of incidence, and the strong dependence on surface contaminations this radiation is assumed to be caused by surface plasmon excitation in the silver target.     

A sunlight-induced method for rapid biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using an <Emphasis Type="Italic">Andrachnea chordifolia</Emphasis> ethanol extract

In this study a sunlight-induced method for rapid synthesis of silver nanoparticles using an ethanol extract of Andrachnea chordifolia is described. The silver nitrate solutions (1 mM) containing the ethanol extract of Andrachnea chordifolia were irradiated by both sunlight radiation and by sunlight radiation passed through different colored filters (red, yellow or green). The smallest size of silver nanoparticles was obtained when a silver ion solution was irradiated for 5 minutes by direct sunlight radiation. Further examination of the shape and size and of the surface chemistry of these biogenic silver nanoparticles, which were prepared under sunlight radiation, was carried out using transmission electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy images show spherical particles with an average size of 3.4 nm. Hydroxyl residues were also detected on the surface of these biogenic silver nanoparticles fabricated using plant extract of Andrachnea chordifolia under sunlight radiation. Our study on the reduction of silver ions by this plant extract in darkness shows that the synthesis process can take place under dark conditions at much longer incubations (48 hours). Larger silver polydispersed nanoparticles ranging in size from 3 to 30 nm were obtained when the silver ions were treated with the ethanol extract of Andrachnea chordifolia under dark conditions for 48 hours.     

Effect of temperature and silicon resistivity on the elaboration of silicon nanowires by electroless etching

The morphology of silicon nanowire (SiNW) layers formed by Ag-assisted electroless etching in HF/H₂O₂ solution was studied. Prior to the etching, the Ag nanoparticles were deposited on p-type Si(1 0 0) wafers by electroless metal deposition (EMD) in HF/AgNO₃ solution at room temperature. The effect of etching temperature and silicon resistivity on the formation process of nanowires was studied. The secondary ion mass spectra (SIMS) technique is used to study the penetration of silver in the etched layers. The morphology of etched layers was investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM).     

Thermal erosion of metal surfaces under the action of fine-focused scanning electron beams

A model of thermal erosion of a metal surface under the action of low-energy fine-focused scanning electron beams is developed. Peculiarities of thermal erosion of a metal surface irradiated by these beams with a power of 1…10 kW are considered. The influence of the irradiation parameters on the intensity of carrying the substance from the surface is analyzed. It is shown that due to such beams, the coefficients of metal erosion reach values of 10³ atom/electron and even greater. This is characteristic of powerful submicrosecond electron and ion beams, but the efficiency of using their energy turns out to be much higher.     

HL-2A 装置中利用可见光谱段轫致辐射测量有效离子电荷数

通过测量可见光谱段的轫致辐射(λ=535.1nm)强度,结合等离子体电子密度和电子温度,HL-2A     

Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering on colloid gels originated from low molecular weight gelator

Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) on silver and gold colloid gels formed by a low molecular weight organic gelator, bis‐(S‐phenylalanine) oxalyl amide, was obtained. Strong Raman signals dominate in the SERS spectra of hydrogels containing silver nanoparticles prepared by citrate and borohydride reduction methods, whereas broad bands of low intensity are detected in the spectra of gold colloid gels. Resemblance between Raman spectrum of the crystalline substance and the SERS spectra of the silver nanoparticle–hydrogel composites implies the electromagnetic nature of the signal enhancement. A change in Raman intensity of the benzene and amide II bands caused by an increase in temperature and concentration indicates that the gelling molecules are strongly attached through the benzene moieties to the metal nanoparticles while participating in gel formation by intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the adjacent oxalyl amide groups. Transmission electron microscopy reveals a dense gel structure in the close vicinity of the enhancing metal particles for both silver colloid gels. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

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The multichannel bremsstrahlung measurement system on HL-2A tokamak has been using to observe the intensity of visible (535.1nm) bremsstrahlung radiation. Combined the intensity with plasma electron density and electron temperature, the effective ion charge measurements can be obtained on HL-2A tokamak. The 1×10¹⁹m⁻³ to4×10¹⁹m⁻³ experimental results show that when the plasma electron density increases from 1×10 m to 4×10 m , the effective ion charge number changes from 5 down to around 2. The bremsstrahlung radiation signal intensity is proportional to the quadratic plasma density. When the electron density is higher than 3×10¹⁹m⁻³, the multichannel bremsstrahlung measurement system can collect sufficient signal through the plasma, which enables the measurement of effective ion charge radial profile.     

用于检测水环境中银离子浓度的荧光适体传感器研究

银凭借其独特的性能,在医疗材料、摄影、电子、成像等行业中应用广泛。然而,银离子被列为最具毒性的重金属离子之一,会对环境以及人类的生命健康造成严重威胁。为了灵敏、特异性的检测水环境中的银离子浓度,利用纳米金的优良光学猝灭性以及双链核酸适体捕获银离子能力更强的优点,结合荧光能量共振转移原理,提出一种用于检测水环境中银离子浓度的荧光适体传感器。将修饰SH键的核酸适体与纳米金混合形成稳定的纳米结构,并加入标记有FAM的核酸适体,形成检测银离子浓度的工作溶液。当不存在银离子时由于不匹配碱基C-C之间的排斥力导致两条核酸适体不结合,反应体系中具有较强的荧光;当存在银离子时,双链核酸适体中不匹配的C-C能与银离子通过金属离子-碱基的相互作用形成稳定的C-Ag+-C碱基对,这种复合结构的产生会拉近纳米金和荧光基团之间的距离,使得荧光信号随着银离子浓度的增加而逐渐减弱。根据加入银离子前后荧光强度的变化可实现银离子浓度的检测。同时,为了提高传感器的灵敏性和稳定性,实验优化了工作溶液中纳米金与核酸适体的浓度比、氯化钠浓度、缓冲液的pH以及培养温度等参数。结果表明,当浓度为0.012 5 g·L-1的纳米金与5 μmol·L-1核酸适体的体积比为5∶1,NaCl浓度为260 mmol·L-1,缓冲液pH 7,培养温度为30 ℃时,工作溶液初始荧光强度最强,银离子检出限为10 nmol·L-1,相关系数为R2=0.99。此外,该传感器对银离子的浓度检测表现出较好的特异性,且具有操作简单、灵敏和不引入有毒溶剂等优点,在水环境中的银离子浓度检测领域有较好的应用前景。     

Method of Measuring Electron Density in Pulse Metal Vapor Lasers Using Microwave Technique

A method of measuring the electron density kinetics in the plasma of pulse-periodic metal vapor and metal compound vapor lasers using microwave technique within the wavelength region of 78–142 GHz is realized. The method is based on the dependence of the absorption efficiency of a probe microwave radiation on the frequency of electron collisions and also on the dependence of the cut-off or the critical density on the frequency of the probe radiation. In a quasioptical translucence scheme the plasma of a copper bromide vapor laser is studied within an interpulse time interval in a gas-discharge tube of 20 mm in inner diameter and with a 300 mm long active heated region excited by a capacitor discharge with a pulse repetition rate of 10 kHz. It is shown that under operational conditions typical for metal vapor lasers the absorption of the probe radiation within the interpulse intervals is totally determined by Coulomb electron–ion collisions. This allows one to measure both the density kinetics and the electron temperature. Probable measurement errors are analyzed and it is shown that they result in a systematic error for the absolute value of the electron density but have a slight influence on the density kinetics.     

Secondary ion emission processes of sputtered alkali ions from alkali/Si(100) and Si(111)

The secondary alkali ion yield vs. the work function change (Δφ) of Na, K and Cs/Si(100) and Si(111) was measured to discuss the details of secondary ion emission processes. In the case of alkali/metal systems, the secondary ion emission is explained by the electron tunneling model. In this model, the ionization of the ejected atom occurs as a result of electron resonant tunneling through the potential barrier separating an atom and a metal, and the secondary ion yield depends on exponentially the work function change of metal surface. For alkali/Si(100) systems, the secondary ion emission processes are explained in terms of the electron tunneling model since the secondary alkali ion yield vs. the work function change (Δφ) follows the exponential manner. However, it is not easy to apply the simple electron tunneling model to our experimental results for alkali/Si(111) systems. There is the essential difference in surface structures between Si(100) and Si(111). Therefore, it is suggested that the local electronic environment around the adsorbates might be taken into consideration for alkali/Si(111) systems.     

识别过渡金属离子的1,8-萘二甲酰亚胺多胺衍生物荧光传感器的研究

设计合成了用以检测过渡金属离子的荧光化学敏感器体系,它们是由1,8-萘二酰亚胺为荧光团,多胺衍生物为金属离子受体组成．在室温下对其光物理性质的研究中发现,在没有加入过渡金属离子时,由于体系内存在有效的光诱导电子转移过程使得荧光团的荧光被淬灭．加入过渡金属离子后,金属离子受体中的氮原子和过渡金属离子之间的配位作用阻断了光诱导电子转移过程,体系的荧光增强．不同的金属离子受体表现出了和过渡金属离子不同的配位识别能力,并且通过荧光的变化传递出受体-金属离子作用的信息．     

Investigations on the mechanism of secondary ion formation from organic compounds: Amino acids

The secondary ion emission from metal supported amino acid layers has been investigated. Submono-, mono- and multilayers have been prepared under UHV conditions by a molecular beam technique. The influence of the substrate metal, the relative coverage, the sample temperature and the ion and electron prebombardment on the secondary ion emission suggests a preformation of the emitted parent-like ions on the sample surface before the ion bombardment.