磁化溶液样品对ICP发射光谱的增敏效应

利用磁感应强度为0.24T的磁场处理含乙醇的水溶液,研究了样品溶液的物理性质和雾化特性以及样品溶液中元素的谱线强度随磁化时间的变化情况,并且讨论了磁化机理。实验结果表明,随着磁处理时间的延长,分析样品的有效利用率提高了;当样品中加入乙醇时,元素的谱线强度较早地出现了峰值。在磁化时间为2 h的条件下,不含乙醇的样品溶液中,元素Zn, Pb, Cd, Fe, Si, Cu, Cr和Sr的谱线强度比溶液未磁化时分别提高了22.9%, 38.8%, 25.6%, 48.3%, 52.4%, 6.0%, 22.3%和22.7%;含6%乙醇的样品溶液中,元素Zn, Pb, Cd, Fe, Si, Cu, Cr和Sr的谱线强度比溶液未磁化时分别增加了22.4%, 42.6%, 39.4%, 43.9%, 72.4%, 9.7%, 16.1%和17.1%。样品溶液磁化后进行分析, 有利于降低光谱分析检出限。     

钾添加剂对ICP光源辐射的增强效应

为了改善电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱质量,降低分析检出限,实验研究了在水样品中加入钾添加剂以后对光谱强度、信背比的影响,并通过多谱线斜率法和Stark展宽法分别测量了等离子体的激发温度和电子密度。实验结果表明,当水溶液样品中加入钾添加剂以后,等离子体光谱强度有不同程度的增强。在钾含量为1.0g.L-1时,元素Al,Cr,Cu,Mn,Ni和Zn的谱线强度比无添加剂时分别提高了8.62%,32.29%,108.45%,6.06%,64.98%和54.99%,光谱信背比分别提高了7.90%,30.95%,104.60%,5.21%,66.00%和52.82%。在样品中钾含量为1.0g.L-1的条件下,等离子体的激发温度比无添加剂时提高了239.69K,而电子密度提高了4.99×1011 cm-3。可见,钾添加剂能够提高电感耦合等离子体发射光谱质量。     

超声波空化作用对ICP光源辐射强度的影响

为了增大电感耦合等离子体辐射强度,降低分析检出限,实验研究了水样品经过超声波空化处理以后样品表面张力和粘度的变化,并探索了空化效应对光谱强度和信背比的影响。实验结果证明,样品溶液的表面张力和黏度随着超声波功率和空化时间的增加均呈现出先减小后增大的变化规律,在功率为50 W、时间为15min时水样品的表面张力和粘度最低。经此条件处理的水样品引入ICP以后,元素Al,Cd,Mn,Ni,Pb和Zn的谱线强度比无空化处理时分别提高了56.73%,57.23%,44.57%,43.20%,39.04%和40.19%,光谱信背比分别提高了61.54%,64.86%,44.95%,52.27%,40.84%和40.85%。可见,空化处理水溶液能够改善ICP发射光谱质量。     

乙醇添加剂对ICP光源等离子体辐射的增强效应

利用光电检测法,研究了含乙醇水溶液的温度在20,40和60 ℃的条件下,对电感耦合等离子体(ICP)光源发射强度、等离子体参数(激发温度和电子密度)、试液物理性质(表面张力、粘度)及雾化特性(提升量、有效提升量和雾化效率)的影响。实验结果表明,随着乙醇含量及相应溶液温度的提高,分析物进入等离子体的速率增大了,元素Zn,Fe,Mg,Si和Sr的谱线强度有明显增强,而且随着含乙醇样品溶液温度的提高,等离子体中激发能力增强了。在溶液温度为60 ℃时,元素Zn,Fe,Mg,Si和Sr的最大谱线强度比20 ℃时分别高出了55.8%,45.4%,48.9%,17.7%和21.6%,这有利于痕量元素的检测。     

正丁醇对电感耦合等离子体发射光谱的增敏作用

研究了ICP光源中正丁醇对水样品溶液物理性质(表面张力、粘度)及雾化特性的影响,观测了元素Fe、Si、V和Sr的发射强度和信背比,并且用ICP发射光谱法测定了自来水中痕量元素Pb和Cd.结果表明,有机溶剂正丁醇能够改变试液物理性质,提高雾化效率,增强光源辐射强度;元素Pb和Cd的RSD分别为5.84%和7.41%,回收率分别为94.3%和92.7%.     

KCl添加剂对激光诱导土壤等离子体辐射强度的影响

为了提高激光诱导击穿光谱技术对低含量物质成分的检测能力,实验研究了KCl添加剂对土壤样品发射光谱的增强效应。利用高能量钕玻璃脉冲激光器烧蚀样品,由组合式多功能光栅光谱仪和CCD数据采集处理系统记录等离子体光谱,并通过测量光谱线的强度和Stark展宽分别计算了等离子体的电子温度和电子密度。实验结果证明,随着KCl加入量的增加,激光等离子体的光谱强度、信背比、电子温度和电子密度均呈现出先增大而后减小的规律。当KCl加入量为15%时,等离子体辐射最强,元素Mn,Fe,和Ti的谱线强度分别比无添加剂时提高了2.23,1.13和2.04倍,信背比分别提高了1.33,0.89和0.94倍;而等离子体的温度和电子密度比无添加剂时分别提高了14%和38%。     

纳秒脉冲激光诱导土壤等离子体辐射强度研究

为了改善激光诱导击穿光谱质量,采用Nd∶YAG激光器输出的纳秒脉冲激光激发土壤样品,由光栅光谱仪和光电检测系统记录激光诱导等离子体发射光谱,研究了激光输出能量(100～500mJ)对等离子体辐射强度的影响。实验结果表明,在激光能量为200mJ的优化条件下,可以提高光谱强度和信背比。当激光束被适当散焦以后激发样品时,能够进一步改善光谱质量,散焦位置为+6mm时元素Mg,Al,K和Fe的谱线强度比未散焦时分别提高了46%,63%,59%和45%,而光谱信背比分别提高了11%,31%,35%和38%。这为检测土壤样品中痕量杂质元素奠定了基础。     

低气压下80 ns长脉宽激光诱导击穿铜合金光谱特性研究

激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)因具有实时快速、多元素分析、样品损伤性小等优势,已成为检测未知物质元素组分以及相应元素含量的重要手段。近期的一些研究表明,百纳秒级别激光脉冲由于在确保有效击穿阈值的条件下延长了激光与样品作用时间,使得其LIBS光谱质量相对于传统10 ns级激光脉冲得到了提高;适度降低环境气压(至10~4 Pa量级), LIBS光谱强度和信背比均得到明显提高。为探究低气压对长脉宽(百纳秒级)激光诱导铜合金等离子体光谱特性的影响,采用自主研发80 ns脉宽Nd∶YAG激光器(波长1 064 nm,单脉冲能量20～200 mJ)作为激发光源,样品为BYG19431的锡青铜(基体元素Cu质量百分数为92.9%,低含量元素Fe质量百分数为0.007 8%),通过样品气氛控制系统改变环境气压,分别研究了低环境压力(1.01×10~5, 9.6×10~4, 9.2×10~4, 8.8×10~4和8.4×10~4 Pa)下铜合金基体元素Cu与低含量元素Fe光谱特性。实验中,激光脉冲重复频率为1 Hz,每次打击均为新鲜表面(通过真空腔内的可控旋转平台更换样品位置),每个能量和气压下分别选取5个脉冲能量较稳定的光谱,取平均值作为当前实验条件的最终实验结果,激光脉冲能量的实时监测由透反比1∶1分束镜及能量计完成。研究发现,基体元素谱线(CuⅠ324.75 nm),常压下低能量(20 mJ, 40 mJ)时均存在较严重的自吸收现象。在60 mJ时,虽自吸收效应得到改善,但谱线背景强度升高,且激光对样品的损伤加大。为在低光谱背景,微样品损伤的条件下实现光谱质量的进一步提升,实验激光能量为20 mJ。结果表明,随着环境气压降低,基体元素Cu自吸收程度大幅度降低,样品中低含量Fe元素谱线信背比增加,等离子温度升高,谱线展宽变窄。气压为8.4×10~4 Pa时,与常压相比基体元素铜(CuⅠ324.75 nm)与微量元素铁(FeⅠ330.82 nm)谱线信背比分别增强5.31和2.43倍;等离子体温度提升了21.6%;FeⅠ330.82 nm谱线展宽由0.29 nm降到0.21 nm,在一定程度提高了LIBS元素谱线的分辨率。     

样品添加剂对激光诱导等离子体辐射的增强效应

为了改善激光诱导等离子体的辐射特性,利用由高能量钕玻璃脉冲激光器、组合式多功能光栅光谱仪和CCD数据采集处理系统构成的光谱测量装置,以国家土壤标样为靶,研究了NaCl样品添加剂对激光等离子体辐射强度的影响,并由光谱线的强度和Stark展宽分别计算了等离子体的电子温度和电子密度。实验结果表明:随着NaCl加入量的增加,激光等离子体的光谱强度、信背比、电子温度和电子密度均呈现出先增大而后减小的趋势。当NaCl加入量为15%时,等离子体的辐射强度最大,元素Mn,K,Fe和Ti的谱线强度分别比无添加剂时提高了39.2%,42.5%,53.9%和33.8%,光谱信背比分别提高了64.4%,84.3%,44.5%和58.2%,而等离子体的电子温度和电子密度比无添加剂时分别提高了0.17倍和0.36倍。     

单脉冲和再加热正交双脉冲激光诱导击穿光谱对比研究

为了提高激光诱导击穿光谱技术(LIBS)的检测灵敏度和辐射光谱特性,采用再加热正交双脉冲结构对样品中的4种元素Fe,Pb,Ca和Mg以及含有不同浓度重金属元素Cr的土壤样品进行分析。研究了4条特征谱线FeⅠ：404.581 nm,PbⅠ：405.78 nm,CaⅠ：422.67 nm和MgⅠ：518.361 nm的光谱强度和信背比随两激光脉冲之间时间间隔的变化关系,获得了两激光脉冲之间最佳的时间间隔为1.0 μs。在单脉冲和双脉冲条件下,得到了4条特征谱线FeⅠ：404.581 nm,PbⅠ：405.78 nm,CaⅠ：422.67 nm和MgⅠ：518.361 nm光谱强度的增强倍数分别为2.23,2.31,2.42和2.10;分析了特征谱线FeⅠ：404.581 nm和CaⅠ：422.67 nm谱线强度随时间的演化特性以及4条特征谱线信背比随光谱采集延时的变化关系,双脉冲能有效延长光谱强度的衰减时间以及提高特征谱线的信背比;比较分析了等离子体温度和电子密度随时间的演化特性,在双脉冲条件下,等离子体温度最大升高了730 K,电子密度最大增加了1.8×1016 cm-3。单脉冲和双脉冲条件下获得重金属元素Cr的检测限分别为38和20 μg·g-1,再加热正交双脉冲技术使元素检测限下降近2倍。以上结果表明：再加热正交双脉冲能有效地提升LIBS技术的检测灵敏度和光谱特性,为进一步降低元素的检测限提供了有效的方法。     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Research on beamforming method for dual-line array with space mismatch between the two line arrays

The performance of port/starboard discrimination of dual-line array will be seriously degraded when the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. The directivity function of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is deduced and the port/starboard discrimination of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is also studied both under the ideal status and the status under which the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. Analysis results show the delay-subtract beamforming has better performance of port/starboard discrimination. At last, the sea trial results demonstrate the theoretical results.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Retrieval of ultraviolet skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities from balloon-borne limb spectrometer

With a novel light-weight and absolutely calibrated ultraviolet （UV） spectrometer, UV skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities are measured by balloon-borne limb measurements in Xinjiang area, China. UV skylight radiances measured at the height of 31 km are compared with the results from Modtran in the wavelength range from 290 to 420 nm. O3 slant column densities are derived from radiance spectra in the Huggins bands （320 - 335 nm） using differential optical absorption spectroscopy method. And the parameter exhibits a good correlation with the same value simulated by radiative transfer model （Tracy）. The O3 profile simultaneously measured by an O3 sonde is used as input in Tracy calculations. The O3 sonde is launched on the same balloon.