Preparation and activity measurement of some low pressure methanol synthesis catalysts

Summary In the present study, twenty four catalysts for low pressure methanol synthesis were prepared according to a pre-designed research program consisting of three stages. In each stage, applying the experimental design techniques, a number of catalysts were synthesized by the co-precipitation method, using different proportions of metal salts solutions. The activities of the catalysts were determined applying a laboratory scale continuous packed bed reactor. It was noted that the calcinations temperature, ageing time and molar ratio of metal nitrates to precipitant, had the highest effects on the activity of the catalysts.     

二氧化碳多相催化加氢的新进展

就近年来关于ＣＯ２活化、几个重要的ＣＯ２多相催化加氢反应及廉价氢的供给的研究进展进行综述。参考文献３４篇。     

CO2加氢合成甲醇催化反应中CO的作用

研究了铜基催化剂上CO₂加氢合成甲醇反应中掺人CO的作用,结果表明,在原料中添加少量CO,甲醇的选择性提高38%,收率提高25%;TPD-MS和TPSR-MS结果表明,CO能抑制催化剂表面起逆水汽变换作用的活性位对CO₂的吸附,从而提高了CO₂加氢合成甲醇的选抒性.     

二氧化碳加氢制甲醇多相催化剂研究进展

化石燃料的利用为人类社会带来了前所未有的繁荣和发展. 然而, 化石燃料燃烧引起的过量的二氧化碳(CO₂)排放导致全球气候变化和海洋酸化; 而且作为一种有限的资源, 化石燃料的消耗将迫使人们寻找其它碳源以维持可持续的发展. 利用可再生能源获取电能分解水制得的绿色氢气(H₂)与捕集后的CO₂反应制成甲醇, 不仅能有效利用工业废气中多余的CO₂, 还能获取清洁、 可再生的甲醇化学品, 该过程的技术核心是开发高效稳定的CO₂加氢制甲醇催化剂. 本文综合评述了现有研究关注较多的多相催化CO₂加氢制甲醇催化剂的反应机理和构效关系, 总结了目前多相催化CO₂加氢制甲醇催化剂(Cu基催化剂、 贵金属与双金属催化剂、 氧化物催化剂以及其它新型催化剂)的设计与合成方面的研究进展, 最后对该领域所面临的机遇和挑战进行了展望.     

钾助剂对F-T合成铁基催化剂浆态床反应性能的影响

 采用连续共沉淀与喷雾干燥成型技术相结合的方法制备了不同K助剂含量的系列微球形Fe/Cu/K/SiO2催化剂(K/Fe质量比为0.010～0.058),采用低H2/CO比的合成气于典型的工业反应条件下(523～533 K, 1.5 MPa, H2/CO=0.67)进行了长期的浆态相F-T合成(FTS)反应性能评价. 结果表明: K助剂的添加可增大催化剂活性,提高C5+、总的烯烃、有机含氧化合物及CO2的选择性,并促进水煤气变换反应,但过高的K含量易使催化剂反应稳定性变差. 适中的K含量为K/Fe＝0.030,该K含量催化剂的660 h浆态床FTS反应性能评价结果显示,该催化剂具有较高的催化活性和C5+选择性,产物分布较合理,长期运行稳定性好,反应后卸载下的催化剂形貌观测表明该催化剂还具有较好的抗磨损性能. 除K助剂的化学效应起主导作用外,催化剂的织构性质尤其是孔结构可能对催化剂的催化性能也有一定的影响,并引起K/Fe＝0.045时铁基催化剂对FTS产物选择性和水煤气变换反应活性的部分调变.     

Low‐Temperature Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide to Methanol with a Homogeneous Cobalt Catalyst

Herein we describe the first homogeneous non‐noble metal catalyst for the hydrogenation of CO₂ to methanol. The catalyst is formed in situ from [Co(acac)₃], Triphos, and HNTf₂ and enables the reaction to be performed at 100 °C without a decrease in activity. Kinetic studies suggest an inner‐sphere mechanism, and in situ NMR and MS experiments reveal the formation of the active catalyst through slow removal of the acetylacetonate ligands.     

Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide on Iron Manganese Catalysts

The synthesis of hydrocarbons from hydrogenation of carbon dioxide has been studied on a series of coprecipitated iron-manganese catalysts. Kinetic measurements, X-ray diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and temperature-programmed reaction of adsorbed species were used for activity tests and catalyst characterizations. The results showed that the yields of low-carbon olefins decrease, whereas the amount of methane increases with increasing manganese content in catalysts. The conversion to hydrocarbons is suppressed by the reverse water-gas shift (RWGS) reaction equilibrium. Mössbauer spectra and XRD patterns of catalysts after reaction indicate that catalysts are severely oxidized; it is speculated that the olefin producing surface structure in CO hydrogenation may be destroyed by this oxidation. A pulse-reactor study of the Boudouard reaction showed that manganese has the effect of suppressing CO dissociation and thus decreasing carbon content on catalysts. For CO₂ hydrogenation, the affinity to carbon on catalysts is important; therefore manganese is not a good promoter. Among all catalysts tested, pure iron has the best selectivity to olefinic and long-chain hydrocarbons.     

Pd-Cu/ZrO2催化CO2加氢制甲醇的性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了n(Cu):n(Zr)=1:1、1:2、1:4和1:8的Cu/ZrO₂催化剂。 实验结果表明,当n(Cu):n(Zr)=1:4时,催化剂表现出较高的CO₂转化率(8.0%)和甲醇选择性(59.5%),为了增加CO₂的转化率,提高甲醇选择性,在n(Cu):n(Zr)=1:4的催化剂中添加质量分数1%的Pd,采用浸渍法制备了Pd-Cu/ZrO₂催化剂。 在250 ℃、2 MPa、12000 mL/(g·h)和V(H₂):V(CO₂)=3:1的反应条件下,CO₂转化率和CH₃OH收率相比Cu/ZrO₂催化剂(n(Cu):n(Zr)=1:4)分别提高了40.0%和80.9%。 通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FT-IR)、N₂吸附-脱附(BET)、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)和程序升温还原化学吸附仪(H₂-TPR)等仪器表征证明Pd的添加提高了催化剂的分散性和比表面积。 催化剂中Pd和Cu之间强相互作用,使Cu2p轨道结合能向低处偏移,还原温度的降低,说明Pd-Cu/ZrO₂催化剂还原能力增强,使得CO₂加氢活性提高。     

Cu/Zn/TiO2负载型催化剂上CO2加氢合成甲醇

采用溶胶-凝胶法和浸渍法制备Cu/Zn/TiO2负载型催化剂,研究了不同Cu、Zn负载量对催化剂性能的影响,采用BET、XRD、TPR对催化剂进行了表征.考察了反应温度、压力和催化剂组成对CO2加H2催化合成甲醇的影响.     

固载Ru基催化剂上二氧化碳加氢合成甲酸Ⅱ反应条件对催化剂性能的影响

The synthesis of formic acid from carbon dioxide and hydrogen using a silica immobilized ruthenium catalyst as precursor has been studied in different reaction conditions. The results revealed that the TOF （turn over frequency） of HCOOH achieved 1481.5 h^-1 on immobilized ruthenium catalyst near the critical pressure point of CO2 with H2 pressure of 4.0 MPa, reaction temperature of 80℃ and PPh3/Ru molar ratio of 6：1. The reaction activity of immobilized catalyst was higher than that of homogeneous catalyst, and the immobilized catalyst also offered the practical advantages such as easy separation and reuse.     

CO2加H2合成甲醇Cu－Zn－O催化剂表面化学态研究

应用XRD、ESR、URDS、XPS及XAES等手段研究了CO₂加H₂合成甲醇Cu-Zn-O催化剂在还原后和反应状态下的表面化学状态,结果表明,在还原及反应状态下,催化剂表面仅能检测到Cu⁰,而未发现稳定的Cu²⁺和Cu⁺存在;ZnO被部分还原产生低价锌Zn^2-δ(0<δ<2).关联活性测试结果认为,Cu⁰/Zn^(2-δ)+O构成CO₂加H₂合成甲醇反应的活性中心。     

二氧化碳加氢制甲醇催化剂研究进展

随着全球能源消耗的不断增长和环境污染问题的日益严重,寻找清洁、高效的CO₂利用路径成为研究热点。甲醇由于用途广泛,既是重要的化工原料,也是一种新型清洁能源。CO₂催化加氢制甲醇过程不仅实现CO₂减排,还是碳资源循环利用的有效途径之一,对解决能源紧缺和环境问题具有重要意义。高活性、高选择性和高稳定性的CO₂加氢制甲醇催化剂的开发一直是该过程的核心技术。本文综述了二氧化碳加氢制甲醇的研究进展,主要介绍了反应机理和催化剂,并以Cu基催化剂重点总结了活性位、载体和助剂对催化性能的影响,最后对二氧化碳加氢制甲醇的应用前景进行了展望。     

助剂对NiMgAl催化剂的结构和甲烷二氧化碳重整反应性能的影响(英文)

向担载镍基催化剂NiMgAl中添加助剂(Co,Ir或Pt)制备了三种助剂促进型催化剂,通过氢气程序升温还原(H2-TPR),CO2/CH4程序升温表面反应(CO2/CH4-TPSR)和CO2程序升温脱附(CO2-TPD)等方法对催化剂进行表征.助剂对催化剂性能的影响通过甲烷干重整实验进行评价.添加少量的Pt或Ir助剂可以降低Ni活性组分的还原温度和提高反应性能.添加助剂的样品与原始NiMgAl催化剂相比能够降低反应的活化能,添加Co或Ir助剂的催化剂与NiMgAl催化剂相比活化能有了明显的降低.NiMgAl催化剂的活化能为51.8 kJ·mol-1,添加Pt助剂的NiPtMgAl催化剂活化能降至26.4 kJ·mol-1.NiMgAl催化剂中添加Pt助剂制备的催化剂具有较好的催化活性和较低的活化能.CH4-TPSR和CO2-TPSR结果表明添加Pt助剂可以在更低的温度下(与NiMgAl催化剂相比)提高CH4的活化能力,并在催化剂表面形成更多的碳物种.CO2-TPD结果显示,添加助剂的催化剂与NiMgAl样品相比在反应温度区间内增加了CO2的吸附/脱附量.     

Effect of Chromium on Copper Containing Activated Carbon Catalysts for Methanol Decomposition

The decomposition of methanol was studied on Cu or Cu-Cr catalysts supportedon activated carbon, prepared by active phases decomposition from theirammonium solutions. Catalytic active centers with a complex character,consisting of copper ions in different oxidation state, were found to be present.They determine the high activity and selectivity of the catalysts.     

改进型铜基甲醇含成催化剂NC208的活性相谱学表征

利用XRD和FTIR等谱学方法,对改进型铜基联醇催化剂NC208和工业催化剂C207的活性相进行了谱学表征.实验结果表明,联醇铜基甲醇含成催化剂的活性中心可能是Cu_x⁰-Cu⁺-O-Zn²⁺/Al₂O₃-MOx添加少量金属氧化物助剂的改进型NC208催化剂工作表面Cu⁺活性位的浓度比Cu－Zn－Al三组份工业催化剂C207高;NC208催化剂能维持工作表面具有较大的Cu⁺/Cu0比,即维持较高的Cu＋价态稳定性,这与该催化剂的活性和热稳定性明显优于C207有着密切联系.     

固载Ru基催化剂上二氧化碳加氢合成甲酸的研究(IV): 反应机理

探讨了在CO₂加H₂合成HCOOH过程中原位合成的固载Ru基催化剂的可能结构、CO₂的活化方式以及可能的反应机理. 在反应中, 固载Ru配合物中的一个P配体首先解离, 被质子型溶剂ROH取代而生成循环活性物质, 然后CO₂正插入Ru—H键生成甲酸酯配合物, 之后甲酸酯配合物中的Ru—O₂CH键被H₂氢解生成HCOOH, 而本身重新转化为活性物质, 完成催化循环.     

Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes as a Novel Promoter of Catalysts for CO/CO2 Hydrogenation to Alcohols

Multi-walled carbon-nanotubes (MWCNTs) are drawing increasing attention in recent years. This material possesses a series of unique features, such as its nanometer-sized channel, highly conductive graphitized tube-wall, sp ²-C-constructed surface, and excellent performance for adsorption and spillover of hydrogen, which make the MWCNTs full of promise to be a novel catalyst support or promoter. This article will review the recent progress in applied research of MWCNTs as a novel promoter in heterogeneous catalysis for active components, including metals and their oxides, with the emphasis on the study and development of MWCNT-promoted catalysts related to CO/CO₂ hydrogenation to alcohols and dimethyl ether based on the recent works carried out in our laboratory.     

铁锆复合氧化物催化甲醇与CO2直接合成 DMC反应性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备的铁锆复合氧化物催化甲醇与CO2直接合成碳酸二甲酯（DMC）反应,其催化活性远高于氧化铁和氧化锆,当铁锆摩尔比为5：1时,其催化活性是氧化锆的2倍。利用XRD、XPS、IR、TPD和N2物理吸附-脱附等技术对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,氧化铁主要以六方晶相的α-Fe2O3形式存在,氧化锆主要以四方晶相存在,铁锆之间发生了相互作用,使铁锆复合氧化物表面L酸增强和少量B酸产生。L酸的增强和B酸的产生是催化剂催化活性增加的主要原因,并对催化剂的催化作用机理进行了探讨。