Polydisperse particle size characterization by ultrasonic attenuation spectroscopy in the micrometer range

The theoretical advantages of ultrasonic attenuation spectroscopy for particle size are currently not fully utilized. Especially in the region of larger particles, there is a lack of experimental confirmation of applicable models which may be used to infer particle sizes from measured attenuation spectra. With the present work, an attempt is made to supply experimental data, obtained with a commercially available ultrasonic attenuation spectrometer, and model calculations, which are based on the resonant scattering theory. It is shown that measured attenuation results for various combinations of disperse and continuous phase for both polydisperse emulsions and suspensions are reproducible by calculation. The approach is further examined for suspensions of porous particles. Here, the resonant scattering approach is combined with the Biot model for poroelasticity to obtain attenuation results with several fractions of titania aggregates, differing in particle size and pore diameter. The results indicate that the theory of resonant scattering is a valid approach if applied to particle size characterization in the large particle limit.     

Experimental observation of oscillating and interacting matter wave dark solitons

We report on the generation, subsequent oscillation and interaction of a pair of matter-wave dark solitons. These are created by releasing a Bose-Einstein condensate from a double well potential into a harmonic trap in the crossover regime between one dimension and three dimensions. Multiple oscillations and collisions of the solitons are observed, in quantitative agreement with simulations of the Gross-Pitaevskii equation. An effective particle picture is developed and confirms that the deviation of the observed oscillation frequencies from the asymptotic prediction nu(z)/sqrt 2, where nu(z) is the longitudinal trapping frequency, results from the dimensionality of the system and the soliton interactions.     

基于超声波测量技术的颗粒尺寸分布模型的研究

提出了一种利用单颗粒背向散射信号来进行粒径分布估算的超声波测量技术,系统阐述了其 理论基础及基本工作原理。被测颗粒的散射信号幅度与它在探测区中的位置、颗粒尺寸和形状有关。 通过理论分析,建立了一个可用于描述散射信号幅度概率分布与颗粒系尺寸分布之间关系的数学模 型,对该模型的反演计算便可得到颗粒系的尺寸分布信息。为了避免求解过程中的病态系数矩阵问 题,将模型求解转化成了易于解决的最优化问题。仿真实例结果验证了该技术的可行性。     

Self-sustained spatiotemporal oscillations induced by membrane-bulk coupling

We propose a novel mechanism leading to spatiotemporal oscillations in extended systems that does not rely on local bulk instabilities. Instead, oscillations arise from the interaction of two subsystems of different spatial dimensionality. Specifically, we show that coupling a passive diffusive bulk of dimension d with an excitable membrane of dimension d-1 produces a self-sustained oscillatory behavior. An analytical explanation of the phenomenon is provided for d=1. Moreover, in-phase and antiphase synchronization of oscillations are found numerically in one and two dimensions. This novel dynamic instability could be used by biological systems such as cells, where the dynamics on the cellular membrane is necessarily different from that of the cytoplasmic bulk.     

Stereoscopic high-speed recording of bubble filaments

Filamentary formations of acoustic cavitation bubbles in an ultrasonic resonator are recorded by high-speed stereoscopic means. The bubble locations and motions are reconstructed in three dimensions, and a velocity distribution of bubbles is obtained. Experimental bubble trajectories are compared to a one-to-one simulation by a particle modeling approach which shows reasonable agreement. Such investigations are important for a better understanding of the mechanisms taking place in applications of intense ultrasound in liquids, and for verification and improvement of particle modeling of cavitation bubbles.     

Dimensions of receptor-ligand complex and the optimal radius of endocytosed virus-like particle

Recent experiments have pointed out that cellular uptake is strongly dependent on the physical dimensions of endocytosed nanoparticles and tile optimal radius of endocytosed virus-like particle coated by transferrin is around 50 nm. As the same time, the dimensions of receptor-ligand complex have strong effects on the size-dependent exclusion of proteins ill cell environments. Inspired by these experimental results, a continuum elastic model is constructed to resolve the relationship between the dinlensions of receptor-ligand complex and the optimal radius of endocytosed virus-like particle. These results demonstrate that the optimal radius of endocytosed virus-like particle depends on the dimensions of reeeptor-ligand complex and the dimension of receptor-ligand complex reduces the depletion zone.     

Cone formation from Mo thin films

It is demonstrated that Ar⁺-ion bombardment of a polycrystalline Mo film in the conventional sputtering mode generates conical protrusions with microscopic dimensions. Typical conical structures were observed in the vicinity of the lower edge of the crater produced by an ion beam, and their precursors are believed to be Mo grains grown at a lower ion dose. The cones were comparable with the precursors in average dimension, suggesting that a particle supply process compensated for the sputter removal of Mo atoms during the cone evolution. Evidence is also presented that Ar⁺ ions accelerated to a few keV produce a heating effect strong enough to melt isolated cones.     

Two-dimensional lattice-Boltzmann simulations of single phase flow in a pseudo two-dimensional micromodel

We compare two-dimensional and three dimensional lattice-Boltzmann (LB) simulations of fluid flow in a pseudo-2D micromodel used in experimental work. We show that 2D LB simulations can be used to compute the average velocity field in 3D systems in which the third dimension is small compared with the other two dimensions, and where the velocity component along the third dimension is zero. Correct results are obtained provided a viscous drag force, representing the effect of the third dimension, is used in the 2D model. The use of 2D simulations allows to significantly reduce the computational cost of the calculations, and hence to increase the size and resolution of the systems that can be studied using the LB method.     

The efficiency of ultrasonic oscillations transfer into the load

The results of ultrasonic action to the substances have been presented. It is examined, the correlation between the electrical parameters of ultrasonic equipment and acoustic performances of the ultrasonic field in treating the medium, the efficiency of ultrasonic technological facility, and the peculiarities of oscillations introduced into the load under cavitation development. The correlation between the acoustic powers of oscillations securing the needed level of cavitation and desired technological effect, and the electrical parameters of the ultrasonic facility, first of all, the power, is established. The peculiarities of cavitation development in liquids with different physical-chemical properties (including the molten low-melting metals) have been studied, and the acoustic power of oscillations introduced into the load under input variation of electric power to the generator has been also estimated.     

Hagena团簇尺度定律中锥形喷嘴的等效孔径

本文首先详细重演了锥形喷嘴的等效孔径d_eq, 并根据d_eq的定义给出了它与气体团簇喷流的径向宽度之间的依赖关系. 然后以高背压氩气团簇喷流为例, 通过成像喷流的Rayleigh 散射光的空间分布研究了不同背压下喷流的径向宽度, 并与Hagena 团簇尺度定律中直线流模型假设的喷流径向宽度进行了比较. 结果表明, Hagena 直线流模型假设的喷流径向宽度小于实际的径向宽度, 且实际宽度与气体背压有关. 进一步的研究表明, 直线流模型对喷流宽度的估计偏差导致对锥形喷嘴等效孔径的估计偏差, 这为Hagena 尺度定律估计团簇平均尺寸的偏差给出了一种可能的解释. 关键词： 气体团簇 Hagena尺寸定律 锥形喷嘴的等效孔径     

低维MoS_2混合纳米片的发光特性

采用液相剥离法剥离MoS2块体材料,通过选择合适的剥离剂、超声时间、超声功率得到含有不同尺寸且分散均匀的MoS2混合纳米薄片悬浮溶液。在360 nm光激发下,这种悬浮液表现出单层MoS2及小尺寸MoS2纳米颗粒的复合发光特征。与微机械剥离得到的单层MoS2的发光特性相比,这种液相法得到的混合纳米薄片在512 nm处的最强发光峰位发生明显蓝移。混合纳米薄片在横向尺度上所产生的量子限制效应可能是导致该峰位蓝移的主要原因。     

The Hubbard model at high dimensions: some exact results and weak coupling theory

Recently it was shown that the theory of systems of correlated fermions on a lattice is greatly simplified in the limit of high dimensions as compared to lattice systems of dimensions 2 or 3 or to isotropic systems. We discuss here the implications of the limit of high dimensions on the single particle propagator of the Hubbard model. It is shown that all the typical Fermi liquid features are retained at high dimensions. Some exact results are obtained for infinite dimension: the shape of the Fermi surface as well as the density of states at the Fermi surface are not renormalized at all by the Coulomb interaction as long as the symmetry of the system is not broken. The self-consistent weak coupling theory is cast into a form which is solved numerically with very little effort.Research performed within the program of the Sonderforschungs-bereich 341 supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft     

Scale-dependent nature of the surface fractal dimension for bi- and multi-disperse porous solids by mercury porosimetry

The surface fractal dimension was calculated by using a mathematical model and mercury intrusion data for a variety of bi- and multi-disperse porous solids including silica gels, alumina pellets, and building stones. The mathematical model was obtained by modifying the well-established scaling relation published previously [Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 34 (1995) 1383-1386]. It was also verified by comparing with the theoretical surface fractal dimensions for regular fractal structures (Skerpinski tetrahedron and Menger sponge) and the calculated surface fractal dimensions for silica gel and alumina particles via the linear fitting method established previously. The calculation results for various bi- and multi-disperse porous solids have demonstrated that the scale-dependent nature of the surface fractal dimension is ubiquitous. The difference in the surface fractal dimension between pore size intervals usually exists. The estimation of the surface fractal dimension on an average stand may lead to erroneous results.     

A modified Euler–Maclaurin formula in 1D and 2D with applications in statistical physics

The Euler–Maclaurin summation formula is generalized to a modified form by expanding the periodic Bernoulli polynomials as its Fourier series and taking cuts, which includes both the Euler–Maclaurin summation formula and the Poisson summation formula as special cases. By making use of the modified formula, a possible numerical summation method is obtained and the remainder can be controlled. The modified formula is also generalized from one dimension to two dimensions. Approximate expressions of partition functions of a classical particle in square well in 1D and 2D and that of a quantum rotator are obtained with error estimation.     

Role of VI/II ratio on the growth of ZnO nanostructures using chemical bath deposition

In this paper the growth process and morphological evolution of ZnO nanostructures were investigated in a series of experiments using chemical bath deposition. The experimental results indicate that the morphological evolution depends on the reaction conditions, particularly on OH⁻ to Zn²⁺ ratio (which directly affects the pH). For low VI/II ratios, quasi-spherical nanoparticles of an average diameter 30 nm are obtained, whereas for larger VI/II ratios, nanorods with an average diameter less than 100 nm are produced, which indicates that by systematically controlling the VI/II ratio, it is possible to produce different shapes and sizes of ZnO nanostructures. A possible mechanism for the nanostructural change of the as-synthesized ZnO from particle to rod was elucidated based on the relative densities of H⁺ and OH⁻ in the solution.     

激光散射法测试超细颗粒粒度分布的研究

本文系统研究了样品制备条件对激光散射法测试超细颗粒粒度的影响,例如:分散介质的选择、分散剂的类型和浓度、分散颗粒的浓度、超声分散的时间和强度等。并与其他TEM结果进行了对比。研究表明:只有将各种条件最优化,获得高度分散和稳定的悬浮体系或胶体体系,才能最终精确地得到颗粒的粒度分布结果。     

Basic features of a charged particle dynamics in a laser beam with static axial magnetic field

In this paper, the trajectory and kinetic energy of a charged particle, subjected to interaction from a laser beam containing an additionally applied external static axial magnetic field, have been analyzed. We give the rigorous analytical solutions of the dynamic equations. The obtained analytical solutions have been verified by performing calculations using the derived solutions and the well known Runge-Kutta procedure for solving original dynamic equations. Both methods gave the same results. The simulation results have been obtained and presented in graphical form using the derived solutions. Apart from the laser beam, we show the results for a maser beam. The obtained analytical solutions enabled us to perform a quantitative illustration, in a graphical form of the impact of many parameters on the shape, dimensions and the motion direction along a trajectory. The kinetic energy of electrons has also been studied and the energy oscillations in time with a period equal to the one of a particle rotation have been found. We show the appearance of, so-called, stationary trajectories (hypocycloid or epicycloid) which are the projections of the real trajectory onto the (x, y) plane. Increase in laser or maser beam intensity results in the increase in particle’s trajectory dimension which was found to be proportional to the amplitude of the electric field of the electromagnetic wave. However, external magnetic field increases the results in shrinking of the trajectories. Performed studies show that not only amplitude of the electric field but also the static axial magnetic field plays a crucial role in the acceleration process of a charged particle. At the authors of this paper best knowledge, the precise analytical solutions and theoretical analysis of the trajectories and energy gains by the charged particles accelerated in the laser beam and magnetic field are lacking in up to date publications. The authors have an intention to clarify partly some important aspects connected with this process. The presented theoretical studies apply for arbitrary charged particle and the attached figures-for electrons only.     

Particle drift in a resonance tube--a numerical study

The paper considers longitudinal drift of small particles in a resonance tube, caused by periodic shock waves, and its effect on particle agglomeration. It is found that depending on particle size, drift is caused by shock waves and/or gas acceleration and compression. It is also shown that the drift velocity and direction can be controlled by the frequency of the piston that causes gas oscillations in the resonance tube. The obtained numerical solutions indicate that particle drift in a resonance tube enhances aerosol agglomeration. An agglomeration kernel is derived for this case, accounting for particle drift, leading to an estimate of agglomeration time. The time predicted by present model is of the same order of magnitude as that obtained from experiments in the literature.     

Phospholipid lung surfactant and nanoparticle surface toxicity: Lessons from diesel soots and silicate dusts

Because of their small size, the specific surface areas of nanoparticulate materials (NP), described as particles having at least one dimension smaller than 100 nm, can be large compared with micrometer-sized respirable particles. This high specific surface area or nanostructural surface properties may affect NP toxicity in comparison with micrometer-sized respirable particles of the same overall composition. Respirable particles depositing on the deep lung surfaces of the respiratory bronchioles or alveoli will contact pulmonary surfactants in the surface hypophase. Diesel exhaust ultrafine particles and respirable silicate micrometer-sized insoluble particles can adsorb components of that surfactant onto the particle surfaces, conditioning the particles surfaces and affecting their in vitro expression of cytotoxicity or genotoxicity. Those effects can be particle surface composition-specific. Effects of particle surface conditioning by a primary component of phospholipid pulmonary surfactant, diacyl phosphatidyl choline, are reviewed for in vitro expression of genotoxicity by diesel exhaust particles and of cytotoxicity by respirable quartz and aluminosilicate kaolin clay particles. Those effects suggest methods and cautions for assaying and interpreting NP properties and biological activities.