铜催化的共轭硅化反应的研究进展

有机硅化合物在有机合成中具有广泛的应用.它可以经过简单的反应转化为一系列的功能性的化合物.铜催化的不饱和化合物的共轭硅化反应是一种重要的合成有机硅化合物的方法.综述了铜催化的不饱和化合物的共轭硅化反应的发展过程及用于硅化反应的硅试剂的发展历程,重点总结了近些年的相关报道,尤其是不对称共轭硅化反应的进展.     

如何教给同学系统的，巩固的化学基础知识

在中学化学教学大纲上指示,中学化学教学的基本任务:“第一就是使学生获得一定的系统的和巩固的化学基本知识……。”我觉得这样的要求是非常恰当的。系统的鞏固的化学基本知识,就不是零碎的、片面的、散乱的一堆化学材料,而是系统的、科学的、自然界物质变化的规律;不是无用的、累赘的、死板的知识,而是学了化学之後,能获得合乎高等学校要求的化学基础,或是直接为国家的生产建设服务。因而在正确的进行系统的、鞏固的基本化学知识的讲授     

编者的话

在过去几年中,化学通报,无论在质的方面或量的方面,都有不少的进步,在这里边,作者的支持和读者的关怀,都起了很大的作用。值此新年佳节,我们谨向作者和读者祝贺并致谢意。“中国共产党第八次全国代表大会关于政治报告的决议”里指出了文化教育以及科学事业的发展,对于国家工业化的重要性。在周恩来同志的“关于发展国民经济的第二个五年计划的建议的报告”里,也把提高高等教育的和中等教育的质量作为一项任务。化学通报的主要服务对象,仍然和过去一样,是中等学校教师和大中学生。它的质量的高低,对于国家当前的任务完成的好坏,有直接的影响。我们愿和全国的化学工作者,共同努力,把通报的质量,进一步提高。     

DNA上电荷转移的理论研究

DNA上电荷的转移过程对许多生物化学和生物物理过程起着相当重要的作用，而本论文的主要研究方向即是利用动力学的方法发展双链模型研究DNA上电荷转移过程。根据已有的donor-bridge-acceptor模型的基本想法，论文给出了双链模型的哈密尔顿算符，解释了环境振子哈密尔顿算符与总的哈密尔顿算符中耦合项的关系。在双链模型的计算中，获得了良好的电荷密度衰减曲线。在对桥链长度变化的计算中，得出具有3或4个碱基对的桥链作为电荷转移机理的转折点，在这个折点两边的不同桥链长度的DNA链具有不同的衰减常数。而在对序列变化的计算中，可以看出，由于碱基之间的转移积分的差异导致了不同序列的链上电荷转移速度具有明显的差异，但是这种差异要远小于由于桥链长度不同而带来的速率的快慢。     

结构化学展望

结构化学是探讨化学物质的微观结构以及它和宏观性能之间相互关系的基础科学,是化学学科的一个重要分支。这里所谓微观结构,指的是原子-分子层次的结构,包括分子中原子的空间排列以及原子基团之间的相对空间排布;分子的各种内部运动,包括分子的转动,原子间的振动和其中电子的运动;这些不连续的(即量子化的)运动状态给出的能级的分布。经典的化学结构理论曾经正确地指出:物质的内部结构完全决定了它的典型化学反应性能(实际上也同时决定了大部分其它方面的性能);反过来,通过这些典型化学反应性能的研究,原则上也应该能定出化     

物质的量的测量向摩尔溯源的标准

1 物质的量的基本单位——摩尔 物质的量的基本概念起源于完全确定的化学物质的本质属性—一存在的数目,换句话说起源于物质的特殊性质。按照这种理解表示“量”的最简单的方法就是指示所研究物质的粒子个数。单元是表述物质微粒数的一个合适的单位。然而,由于处理很大的数不方便,就选用了一个大的微粒数,组成一个     

从高考化学实验题的特点谈实验复习要"形神"兼备

随着高考改革的深入,能力考查的比重将越来越大。而实验题又正是综合能力考查的首选题型之一。对实验题的特点及导向进行分析会有效地提高化学实验复习的质量。1高考化学实验题的特点及导向分析近几年高考化学实验的都具备以下共同的特点:(1)形式上不再出现大型装置的连接,均是小型的又带有研究性的试题。(2)命题的立意上往往用常规搭建平台考查创新。如2002年化学实验的考查,既有氨气的制备方法的常规考查,又有喷泉实验装置的改进创新;2003年的既有制氢氧化亚铁的常规考查,又有氢氧化亚铁的制取的改进和创新。(3)重操作细节的考查。如2002…     

泽林斯基学派底发展道路(一)

一、烃类的合成二、烃的相互转变三、关于石油成因的研究四、■■类的催化反应五、硫化物的催化反应六、关于蛋白质化学的研究社会主义劳动英雄,泽林斯基院士是苏联著名的化学家。他曾经领导过卓越的化学学派,在碳氢化合物化学的研究中表现了出色的成就,他也是有机化合物催化反应创始人之一,对於苏联的有机化学工业作出了杰出的贡献。他发明了防毒面具,在第一次世界大战中拯救了十万人的生命。此外,在一、烃类的合成二、烃的互相转变三、关于石油成因的研究四、杂环类的催化反应五、硫化物的催化反应六、关於蛋白质化学的研究     

11R(-)-双氢青蒿酸的分离鉴定和青蒿酸的同位素标记

青蒿素是中药青蒿抗疟的有效成份。青蒿素不仅具有新颖的倍半萜结构,而且又有突出的抗疟药效。我们小组进行了它的生物合成的研究,以了解自然界合成这类物质的途径,生物合成中间体的分离鉴定,中间体的同位素标记和标记了的中间体的生物转化是生物合成研究的     

Mg-Ni-Y三元合金形成非晶的成分范围

基于形成非晶的热力学观点提出了一种定量预测三元合金形成非晶成分范围的方法，该方法通过比较晶态固溶体的自由能和相应的非晶态的自由能来确定成分范围。在自由能的计算中，三元系的热力学数据由相应的3个二元系的热力学数据由Toop模型外推得到，形成焓的数据则通过Miedems理论的计算得出。用该方法对Mg-Ni-Y三元合金系形成非晶的成分范围进行了计算，其理论预测的形成非晶的成分范围与已有的实验结果相符，说明用该方法对三元合金非晶化的成分范围的定量预测是合理的。     

1，4，7-三氮环壬烷衍生物铜、锌配合物切割DNA及催化对硝基苯磷酸单酯水解

系统研究了1,4,7-三(2-羟基丙基)-1,4,7-三氮环壬烷(L1)和1,2-双[N,N′-二(2-羟基丙基)-1,4,7-三氮杂环壬基]乙烷(L2)铜配合物([CuL1](ClO4)(NO3)和[Cu2L2](ClO4)4])以及锌配合物([ZnL1](ClO4)2)与CT-DNA的相互作用以及核酸酶活性和催化磷酸酯水解功能。两个铜配合物对DNA切割具有浓度、时间和pH依赖性。荧光和CD光谱实验表明[Cu2L2](ClO4)4能插入DNA双螺旋中。配位饱和的[ZnL1](ClO4)2和[Cu2L2](ClO4)4能催化对硝基苯磷酸单酯水解生成对硝基苯,[ZnL1](ClO4)2和[Cu2L2](ClO4)4催化磷酸单酯水解的表观一级反应速率常数分别为2.8×10-5min-1和5.9×10-6min-1。     

Kinetics and activation parameter analysis for the prebiotic oligocytidylate formation on Na(+)-montmorillonite at 0-100 degrees C

The kinetic analysis of the temperature dependence of the formation of oligocytidylate (oligo(C)) from the 5'-monophosphorimidazolide moiety of cytidine (ImpC) in the presence of Na (+)-montmorillonite (Na (+)-Mont) catalyst has been carried out at 0-100 degrees C. The rate constants for the formation of oligo(C), hydrolysis of ImpC with and without Na (+)-Mont and degradation of oligo(C) were determined. The apparent activation parameters were 30.8 +/- 3.9 kJ mol (-1) ( Ea), 28.3 +/- 4.0 kJ mol (-1) (Delta H++), and -231 +/- 13 J mol (-1) K (-1) (Delta S++) for the formation of the 2-mer; 45.6 +/- 2.9 kJ mol (-1) ( Ea), 43.0 +/- 3.0 kJ mol (-1) (Delta H++), -164 +/- 10 J mol (-1) K (-1) (Delta S++) for the 3-mer; and 45.2 +/- 0.6 kJ mol (-1) ( Ea), 42.7 +/- 0.7 kJ mol (-1) (Delta H++), -159 +/- 2 J mol (-1) K (-1) (Delta S++) for the 4-mer in the presence of Na (+)-Mont. An increasing trend for the rate constants for the formation of oligo(C) in the order 2-mer < 3-mer <4-mer was observed at high temperatures, which is consistent with that observed at low temperatures. These analyses implied for the first time that the associate formation between an activated nucleotide monomer and an elongating oligonucleotide prior to the phosphodiester bond formation during the elongation of an oligonucleotide on a clay surface would be based on the interaction between the two reactants at the phosphoester and/or ribose moieties rather than at the nucleotide bases. The hydrolysis rate of ImpC at 25-100 degrees C was 5.3-10.6 times greater in the presence of Na (+)-Mont than in its absence. Although the degradation of oligo(C) in the presence of Na (+)-Mont was slower than the formation of the 3-mer and longer oligo(C) on Na (+)-Mont, its yield decreased with temperature. This is mainly because the ratios of the rate constant of the 2-mer formation to those of ImpC hydrolysis and the 3-mer and 4-mer formation decrease with an increase in temperature, which is attributed to the enthalpy and entropy changes for the formation of the 2-mer. This trend resembles the case of the template-directed formation of oligo(G) on a poly(C) template but is different from the Pb (2+)-ion-catalyzed oligo(C) formation. According to the kinetics and activation parameter analyses regarding the clay reaction and other prebiotic polymerase models, the possible pathways for the oligonucleotide formation are discussed and compared.     

Determination of rate constants and activation energy of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol hydrolysis by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection

A method based on capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection (CE-ED) to calculate the rate constants and activation energy of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) hydrolysis was described. Effects of several factors, such as the pH value and the concentration of the running buffer, separation voltage, injection time and the potential applied to the working electrode, were investigated to find the optimum conditions. With a 50 cm length of 25 microm diameter fused-silica capillary at a separation of 10 kV, well-defined separation of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol from glycerol was achieved in 30 mmol/l borax (pH 9.24) within 13 min. Operated in a wall-jet configuration, a 328 microm copper-disk electrode used as the working electrode exhibits good response at 0.65 V (versus SCE) for 3-MCPD and glycerol. The rate constants of 3-MCPD hydrolysis at different temperatures were determined by monitoring the concentration changes of 3-MCPD. At 80, 85 and 90 degrees C, the measured rate constants of 3-MCPD hydrolysis were 3.8 x 10(-3) min(-1), 7.1 x 10(-3) min(-1) and 11.5 x 10(-3) min(-1), respectively. The activation energy for 3-MCPD hydrolysis was calculated to be 118.1 kJ/mol, which is in good agreement with the value in the literature.     

毛细管电泳用于瑞香苷水解常数的研究

采用毛细管电泳-紫外检测法对瑞香苷进行了水解动力学研究.瑞香素是瑞香苷的水解产物.考察了瑞香苷(DN)和瑞香素(DP)的紫外吸收随水解反应过程的进行而发生的变化,计算得水解的速率常数,并总结了酸度和温度对速率常数的影响规律.当盐酸浓度为1.0 mol/L,温度为333、347、351、363、371 K时的水解常数分别为1.1×10-3、4.6×10-3、6.6×10-3、17.3×10-3、33.5×10-3min-1.同时,根据阿仑尼乌斯公式计算该反应的活化能为91.62 kJ/mol.此法用于测定瑞香苷水解常数简便、直观.     

大环三胺1,4,7-三氮杂环癸烷锌(Ⅱ)配合物催化水解作用研究

在25℃、离子强度I=0.10(KNO3)条件下,采用pH电位滴定法测定了大环三胺配体1,4,7-三氮杂环癸烷(TACD)与Zn(Ⅱ)离子的配位平衡常数,讨论了配体与金属离子的配位情况.利用分光光度法,在pH=7～9范围内[2×10-4mol.L-1三羟甲基氨基甲烷(tris)为缓冲溶液]研究了配合物在对硝基苯酚乙酸酯(NA)水解中的催化动力学行为,得到了NA酯的水解速率常数kcat.结果表明,催化水解速率对底物(NA)及配合物浓度均呈一级反应,水解反应遵循速率方程v=(kcat.cZn2++kOH-.cOH-+…).在中性和弱碱性条件下,配合物对NA酯的水解具有很好的催化作用,当pH=9.19时,催化速率常数达3.420×10-2mol-1.L.s-1;催化反应受酸碱平衡控制.     

Direct measurements of the rate constants of the reactions NCN + NO and NCN + NO2 behind shock waves

The high-temperature rate constants of the reactions NCN + NO and NCN + NO(2) have been directly measured behind shock waves under pseudo-first-order conditions. NCN has been generated by the pyrolysis of cyanogen azide (NCN(3)) and quantitatively detected by sensitive difference amplification laser absorption spectroscopy at a wavelength of 329.1302 nm. The NCN(3) decomposition initially yields electronically excited (1)NCN radicals, which are subsequently transformed to the triplet ground state by collision-induced intersystem crossing (CIISC). CIISC efficiencies were found to increase in the order of Ar < NO(2) < NO as the collision gases. The rate constants of the NCN + NO/NO(2) reactions can be expressed as k(NCN+NO)/(cm(3) mol(-1)s(-1)) = 1.9 × 10(12) exp[-26.3 (kJ/mol)/RT] (±7%,ΔE(a) = ± 1.6 kJ/mol, 764 K < T < 1944 K) and k(NCN+NO(2))/(cm(3) mol(-1)s(-1)) = 4.7 × 10(12) exp[-38.0(kJ/mol)/RT] (±19%,ΔE(a) = ± 3.8 kJ/mol, 704 K < T < 1659 K). In striking contrast to reported low-temperature measurements, which are dominated by recombination processes, both reaction rates show a positive temperature dependence and are independent of the total density (1.7 × 10(-6) mol/cm(3) < ρ < 7.6 × 10(-6) mol/cm(3)). For both reactions, the minima of the total rate constants occur at temperatures below 700 K, showing that, at combustion-relevant temperatures, the overall reactions are dominated by direct or indirect abstraction pathways according to NCN + NO → CN + N(2)O and NCN + NO(2) → NCNO + NO.     

咪唑钴(III)配合物还原动力学机理研究

配合物间的电子转移反应是近代化学中重要的一类反应［‘，’J，对于大多数反应来说，由于前驱配合物离子对形成常数较小，难以独立分离出各基元步骤动力学参数问；给研究带来困难问．为了丰富电子转移反应研究内容，寻找更多可供详细研究的反应体系，在前文报导［Fe（CN）6p还原高位阻［Co（tmen）3p”的反应动力学研究基础上＊，本文进一步合成了含有生物体系中常见配体咪哩（IInll）的Co仰）配合物［Co（NH。）。（ImH）］（CIO小和t，an。－［Co（NH。）（en）。（IInH）］（C104）。，再以［Fe（CN）6p为还原剂，考察了两C…     

不同酸解聚麦秸产物分析及其动力学

以麦秸为研究对象,解聚剂为HCl、HNO₃和H₃PO₄,对解聚产物进行定性和定量分析,并利用动力学模型描述木糖及糠醛的产生过程。 结果表明,解聚液中的产物有葡萄糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖、纤维二糖、乙酸、糠醛、5-羟甲基糠醛。 通过引入变量(α,木糖/木聚糖的比值)利用Saeman动力学模型获得了不同温度下,木聚糖的水解速率常数、木糖的转化速率常数以及糠醛的生成速率常数。 HCl、HNO₃和H₃PO₄解聚麦秸,木糖的生成活化能分别为55.5、46.3和59.8 kJ/mol。 结合反应温度、反应时间、反应速率以及木糖和糠醛的浓度,确定最佳解聚条件为:硝酸作解聚剂,在130 ℃下水解95 min。     

Direct measurements of the high temperature rate constants of the reactions NCN + O, NCN + NCN, and NCN + M

The rate constant of the reaction NCN + O has been directly measured for the first time. According to the revised Fenimore mechanism, which is initiated by the NCN forming reaction CH + N(2)→ NCN + H, this reaction plays a key role for prompt NO(x) formation in flames. NCN radicals and O atoms have been quantitatively generated by the pyrolysis of NCN(3) and N(2)O, respectively. NCN concentration-time profiles have been monitored behind shock waves using narrow-bandwidth laser absorption at a wavelength of λ = 329.1302 nm. Whereas no pressure dependence was discernible at pressures between 709 mbar < p < 1861 mbar, a barely significant temperature dependence corresponding to an activation energy of 5.8 ± 6.0 kJ mol(-1) was found. Overall, at temperatures of 1826 K < T < 2783 K, the rate constant can be expressed as k(NCN + O) = 9.6 × 10(13)× exp(-5.8 kJ mol(-1)/RT) cm(3) mol(-1) s(-1) (±40%). As a requirement for accurate high temperature rate constant measurements, a consistent NCN background mechanism has been derived from pyrolysis experiments of pure NCN(3)/Ar gas mixtures, beforehand. Presumably, the bimolecular secondary reaction NCN + NCN yields CN radicals hence triggering a chain reaction cycle that efficiently removes NCN. A temperature independent value of k(NCN + NCN) = (3.7 ± 1.5) × 10(12) cm(3) mol(-1) s(-1) has been determined from measurements at pressures ranging from 143 mbar to 1884 mbar and temperatures ranging from 966 K to 1900 K. At higher temperatures, the unimolecular decomposition of NCN, NCN + M → C + N(2) + M, prevails. Measurements at temperatures of 2012 K < T < 3248 K and at total pressures of 703 mbar < p < 2204 mbar reveal a unimolecular decomposition close to its low pressure limit. The corresponding rate constants can be expressed as k(NCN + M) = 8.9 × 10(14)× exp(-260 kJ mol(-1)/RT) cm(3) mol(-1) s(-1)(±20%).     

First principle kinetic studies of zeolite-catalyzed methylation reactions

Methylations of ethene, propene, and butene by methanol over the acidic microporous H-ZSM-5 catalyst are studied by means of state of the art computational techniques, to derive Arrhenius plots and rate constants from first principles that can directly be compared with the experimental data. For these key elementary reactions in the methanol to hydrocarbons (MTH) process, direct kinetic data became available only recently [J. Catal.2005, 224, 115-123; J. Catal.2005, 234, 385-400]. At 350 °C, apparent activation energies of 103, 69, and 45 kJ/mol and rate constants of 2.6 × 10(-4), 4.5 × 10(-3), and 1.3 × 10(-2) mol/(g h mbar) for ethene, propene, and butene were derived, giving following relative ratios for methylation k(ethene)/k(propene)/k(butene) = 1:17:50. In this work, rate constants including pre-exponential factors are calculated which give very good agreement with the experimental data: apparent activation energies of 94, 62, and 37 kJ/mol for ethene, propene, and butene are found, and relative ratios of methylation k(ethene)/k(propene)/k(butene) = 1:23:763. The entropies of gas phase alkenes are underestimated in the harmonic oscillator approximation due to the occurrence of internal rotations. These low vibrational modes were substituted by manually constructed partition functions. Overall, the absolute reaction rates can be calculated with near chemical accuracy, and qualitative trends are very well reproduced. In addition, the proposed scheme is computationally very efficient and constitutes significant progress in kinetic modeling of reactions in heterogeneous catalysis.