Antimatter and cosmology

This paper discusses two aspects of antimatter and cosmology: (1) the fundamental cosmological question as to whether antimatter plays an equally important role as matter in the universe (overall baryon symmetry), and (2) cosmic-ray antimatter tests for the nature of the dark matter in the universe.     

Elementary Process Theory: a formal axiomatic system with a potential application as a foundational framework for physics supporting gravitational repulsion of matter and antimatter

Theories of modern physics predict that antimatter having rest mass will be attracted by the earth's gravitational field, but the actual coupling of antimatter with gravitation has not been established experimentally. The purpose of the present research was to identify laws of physics that would govern the universe if antimatter having rest mass would be repúlsed by the earth's gravitational field. As a result, a formalized axiomatic system was developed together with interpretation rules for the terms of the language: the intention is that every theorem of the system yields a true statement about physical reality. Seven non‐logical axioms of this axiomatic system form the Elementary Process Theory (EPT): this is then a scheme of elementary principles describing the dynamics of individual processes taking place at supersmall scale. It is demonstrated how gravitational repulsion functions in the universe of the EPT, and some observed particles and processes have been formalized in the framework of the EPT. Incompatibility of Quantum Mechanics (QM) and General Relativity (GR) with the EPT is proven mathematically; to demonstrate applicability to real world problems to which neither QM nor GR applies, the EPT has been applied to a theory of the Planck era of the universe. The main conclusions are that a completely formalized framework for physics has been developed supporting the existence of gravitational repulsion and that the present results give rise to a potentially progressive research program.     

Matching radiation-dominated and matter-dominated Einstein–de Sitter universes and an application for primordial black holes in evolving cosmological backgrounds

By matching across a surface of constant time, it is demonstrated that the spacetime for a radiation-dominated Einstein–de Sitter universe can be directly matched to the spacetime for a matter-dominated Einstein–de Sitter universe. Thus, this can serve as a model of a universe filled with radiation that suddenly is converted to matter and antimatter, or a universe filled with matter and antimatter that suddenly annihilates to leave radiation. This matching is shown to hold for asymptotically Einstein–de Sitter cosmological black hole spacetimes, yielding simplistic models of primordial black holes that evolve between being in radiation-dominated universes and matter-dominated universes.     

Antimatter in the universe

The models leading to a high abundance of antimatter in the universe are discussed. Special attention is payed to the model of antimatter creation in the form of compact stellar-like objects. Such objects can contribute significantly to the cosmological dark matter. Observational signatures of antimatter in the Galaxy are discussed.     

New Problematic Aspects of Current String Theories and Their Invariant Resolution

We identify new, rather serious, physical and mathematical inconsistencies of the current formulation of noncanonical or nonunitary string theories due to the lack of invariant units necessary for consistent measurements, lack of preservation in time of Hermiticity-observability, and other shortcomings. We propose three novel reformulations of string theories for matter of progressively increasing complexity via the novel iso-, geno-, and hyper-mathematics of hadronic mechanics, which resolve the current inconsistencies, while offering new intriguing possibilities, such as: an axiomatically consistent and invariant inclusion of gravity, the reduction of macroscopic irreversibility to the most primitive level of vibrations of the universal substratum (ether), or the treatment of multi-valued, irreducible, biological structures. We then identify three corresponding classical formulations of string theories for antimatter via the novel anti-isomorphic isodual mathematics. We finally outline the intriguing features of the emerging new cosmologies (including biological structures, as it should be for all cosmologies), such as: universal invariance (rather than covariance) under a symmetry isomorphic to the Poincaré group and its isodual; equal distributions of matter and antimatter in the universe (as a limit case); continuous creation; no need for the missing mass; significantly reduced dimensions; possibility of experimental identification of antimatter in the universe; identically null total characteristics of time, energy, linear and angular momentum, charge, etc.; and other intriguing features.     

Realistic equations of state for the primeval universe

Equations of state for the early universe including realistic interactions between constituents are formulated. Under certain hypotheses, these equations are able to generate an inflationary regime prior to the period of the nucleosynthesis. The resulting accelerated expansion is intense enough to solve the flatness and horizon problems. In the cases of a curvature parameter κ equal to 0 or +1, the model is able to avoid the initial singularity and offers a natural explanation for why the universe is in expansion. All the results are valid only for a matter–antimatter symmetric universe.     

Anti-helium flux as a signature for antimatter globular clusters in our Galaxy

The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer experiment is shown to be sensitive to test the hypothesis on the existence of antimatter globular cluster in our Galaxy. The hypothesis follows from the analysis of possible tests for the mechanisms of baryosynthesis and uses antimatter domains in the matter-dominated Universe as the probe for the physics underlying the origin of matter. The interval of masses for the antimatter in our Galaxy is fixed from below by the condition of antimatter domain survival in the matter-dominated Universe and from above by the observed gamma-ray flux. For this interval, the expected fluxes of anti-helium-3 and anti-helium-4 are calculated with account for their interaction with the matter in the Galaxy.     

Dark matter from split seesaw

The seesaw mechanism in models with extra dimensions is shown to be generically consistent with a broad range of Majorana masses. The resulting democracy of scales implies that the seesaw mechanism can naturally explain the smallness of neutrino masses for an arbitrarily small right-handed neutrino mass. If the scales of the seesaw parameters are split, with two right-handed neutrinos at a high scale and one at a keV scale, one can explain the matter–antimatter asymmetry of the universe, as well as dark matter. The dark matter candidate, a sterile right-handed neutrino with mass of several keV, can account for the observed pulsar velocities and for the recent data from Chandra X-ray Observatory, which suggest the existence of a 5 keV sterile right-handed neutrino.     

Separation processes in the primordial neutrino-antineutrino gas

The transport coefficients of a neutrino-antineutrino mixture are calculated on the basis of the neutral current weak interaction. From the values obtained it is concluded that matter and antimatter could separate in the universe during the primordial lepton era.     

Brief History of a Relativistic Century

More than one century is passed by the publication of special relativity and few less by the birth of general relativity. Despite the great experimental successes of these theories, the study of the universe, is plagued by numerous unsolved problems. For example one of the most problems in cosmology is the cosmological constant, which governs the expansion of the universe, also known as dark energy. A substantial portion, about 60%, of the mass-energy in the universe is in a form of mysterious energy that is pushing the cosmos apart at an accelerating rate. What is this energy, and where does it come from? Cosmologists have no real idea. Although given a similar name, there is another problem in cosmology, the so-called dark matter, which is actually unrelated to dark energy, except insofar as they involve things we don’t understand. About 90% of the mass in the universe is in an apparently invisible form of matter that we call dark matter. This dark matter can only be measured by the gravitational pull it has on objects around it, and all galaxies we observe contain large halos of it, often extending for hundreds of thousands of light years beyond the edge of luminous matter. Is this dark matter actual matter, such as weakly interacting massive particles, or perhaps it is just an observational artifact caused by an improper theory of gravity? Another mystery is why there is so much more matter than antimatter in the universe. According to physical theories, these forms of matter are essentially equivalent, but conventional matter is observed in much greater abundances than antimatter. In this paper we summarily introduce the principal alternative theories proposed during one century of relativity.     

Quark deconfinement in antiproton annihilation at rest on light nuclei

The production of low-energy antimatter provides unique opportunities to search for new physics in an unexplored regime. Testing gravitational interactions with antimatter is one such opportunity. Here a scenario based on Lorentz and CPT violation in the Standard-Model Extension is considered in which anomalous gravitational effects in antimatter could arise.     

Baryogenesis in the chaotic inflationary cosmology

Baryogenesis in the reheating phase of the chaotic inflationary universe is investigated, taking into account the non-thermal production of baryon-number non-conserving Higgs bosons from an inflation field. It is found that the baryon asymmetry may have different signs depending on the reheat temperature. Furthermore a model is presented in which appear universes with various baryon/entropy ratio and also antimatter universes as well as our universe, even though CP violation has a definite sign.     

Unified picture for Dirac neutrinos,dark matter,dark energy and matter–antimatter asymmetry

We propose a unified scenario to generate the masses of Dirac neutrinos and cold dark matter at the TeV scale, understand the origin of dark energy and explain the matter–antimatter asymmetry of the universe. This model can lead to significant impact on the Higgs searches at LHC.     

反氢和反原子

自从狄立预言反粒子的存在后，虽然人们已经找到了几乎每个粒子的反粒子，但几代物理学家苦苦寻找着由反粒子组成的以原子，１９９６年１月ＣＥＲＮ宣布制成反氢原子，打开了通向反物质世界的大门子，引起轰动，文章叙述这一重大发现的物理背景，报道了上述发现，并展望由此开辟的崭新领域。     

Extended relativity: Mass and the fifth dimension

A self-consistent relativistic formalism is presented which postulates that mass is the eigenvalue of a fifth momentum operator component. Lorentz covariance is generalized so that a systematic program for covariant wave equations can be formed. The fifth dimension is identified with cosmic time, resulting in a bias toward matter over antimatter for the universe. A distinction between μ ande also seems possible through the space-time extension.     

What Would Be Outcome of a Big Crunch?

I suggest the existence of a still undiscovered interaction: repulsion between matter and antimatter. The simplest and the most elegant candidate for such a force is gravitational repulsion between matter and antimatter. I argue that such a force may give birth to a new Universe; by transforming an eventual Big Crunch of our Universe, to an event similar to Big Bang. In fact, when a collapsing Universe is reduced to a supermassive black hole of a small size, a very strong field of the conjectured force may create particle-antiparticle pairs from the surrounding quantum vacuum. The amount of antimatter created from the physical vacuum is equal to the decrease of mass of “black hole Universe” and violently repelled from it. When the size of the black hole is sufficiently small, the creation of antimatter may become so huge and fast, that matter of our Universe may disappear in a fraction of the Planck time. So fast transformation of matter to antimatter may look like a Big Bang with initial size about 30 orders of magnitude greater than the Planck length, questioning the need for inflation. In addition, a Big Crunch, of a Universe dominated by matter, leads to a new Universe dominated by antimatter, and vice versa; without need to invoke CP violation as explanation of matter-antimatter asymmetry. Simply, our present day Universe is dominated by matter, because the previous Universe was dominated by antimatter.     

Gravity,antimatter and the Dirac-Milne universe

We review the main arguments against antigravity, a different acceleration of antimatter relative to matter in a gravitational field, discussing and challenging Morrison’s, Good’s and Schiff’s arguments. Following Price, we show that, very surprisingly, the usual expression of the Equivalence Principle is violated by General Relativity when particles of negative mass are supposed to exist, which may provide a fundamental explanation of MOND phenomenology, obviating the need for Dark Matter. Motivated by the observation of repulsive gravity under the form of Dark Energy, and by the fact that our universe looks very similar to a coasting (neither decelerating nor accelerating) universe, we study the Dirac-Milne cosmology, a symmetric matter-antimatter cosmology where antiparticles have the same gravitational properties as holes in a semiconductor. Noting the similarities with our universe (age, SN1a luminosity distance, nucleosynthesis, CMB angular scale), we focus our attention on structure formation mechanisms, finding strong similarities with our universe. Additional tests of the Dirac-Milne cosmology are briefly reviewed, and we finally note that a crucial test of the Dirac-Milne cosmology will be soon realized at CERN next to the ELENA antiproton decelerator, possibly as early as fall 2018, with the AEgIS, ALPHA-g and Gbar antihydrogen gravity experiments.     

Tachyons in an expanding universe

It has been suggested that causality problems associated with tachyons can be eliminated by the existence of a perferred frame of rest in which backward time travel is impossible. Furthermore, cosmology provides a de facto preferred rest frame. However, it is demonstrated here that the observed expansion of the universe raises further problems for the existence of tachyons.     

Constraining antimatter domains in the early universe with big bang nucleosynthesis

We consider the effect of a small-scale matter-antimatter domain structure on big bang nucleosynthesis and place upper limits on the amount of antimatter in the early universe. For small domains, which annihilate before nucleosynthesis, this limit comes from underproduction of 4He. For larger domains, the limit comes from 3He overproduction. Since most of the 3He from &pmacr; 4He annihilation are themselves annihilated, the main source of primordial 3He is the photodisintegration of 4He by the electromagnetic cascades initiated by the annihilation.     

Isotopic grand unification with the inclusion of gravity

We introduce a dual lifting of unified gauge theories, the first characterized by theisotopies, which are axiom-preserving maps into broader structures with positive-definite generalized units used for the representation of matter under the isotopies of the Poincaré symmetry, and the second characterized by theisodualities, which are anti-isomorphic maps with negative-definite generalized units used for the representation of antimatter under the isodualities of the Poincaré symmetry. We then submit, apparently for the first time, a novel grand unification with the inclusion of gravity for matter embedded in the generalized positive-definite units of unified gauge theories while gravity for antimatter is embedded in the isodual isounit. We then show that the proposed grand unification provides realistic possibilities for a resolution of the axiomatic incompatibilities between gravitation and electroweak interactions due to curvature, antimatter and the fundamental space-time symmetries.