Electronic detection of a single particle in a coplanar-waveguide Penning trap

We present a detailed model of the electronic detection of a single particle in a coplanar-waveguide Penning trap. The detection signal is the electric current induced upon the trap’s surface by the charged particle’s motion. In contrast to three-dimensional hyperbolic or cylindrical traps, the cyclotron and magnetron motions can be detected, excited or coupled to the axial motion without segmenting any of the trap’s electrodes. We calculate the effective coupling displacement for different electrodes. This determines the detection signal and resistive cooling time constant for each component of the ion’s motion. We discuss the practical implementation of the electronic detection for a single electron and a single proton.     

The HITRAP project at GSI: trapping and cooling of highly-charged ions in a Penning trap

A decelerator will be installed at GSI in order to provide and study heavy nuclei without or with only few electrons at very low energies or even at rest. Highly-charged ions will be produced by stripping at relativistic energies. After electron cooling and deceleration in the Experimental Storage Ring (ESR) the ions are ejected out of the storage ring at 4 MeV/u and further decelerated in a combination of linear accelerator structures operated in reverse. Finally, they are injected into a Penning trap where the ions are cooled to 4 K by electron cooling in combination with resistive cooling. From here, the ions can be transferred in a quasi DC or in a pulsed mode to different experimental setups. This article describes the technical concepts of this project focused on the Penning trap.      

Simulation and experiment of the cooling effect of trapped ion by pulsed laser

We investigate the process of pulsed laser cooling using a self-constructed molecular dynamics simulation(MDSimulation) program. We simulate the Doppler cooling process and pulsed laser Doppler cooling process of a single ~(40)Ca~+ ion, and the comparison with the experimental results shows that this self-constructed MD-Simulation program works well in the weak laser intensity situation. Furthermore, we analyze the pulsed laser Doppler cooling process of a single ~(27)Al~+ ion. This program can be used to analyze the molecular dynamic process of various situations of Doppler cooling in an ion trap, which could give predictions and experimental guidance.     

基于磁悬浮大体积交叉光学偶极阱的Dimple光阱装载研究

三维拉曼边带冷却后的铯原子样品装载于一个磁悬浮的大体积交叉光学偶极阱中, 继续加载一个小体积的光学偶极阱后, 实现了Dimple光学偶极阱对铯原子的高效装载. 对不同磁场下磁悬浮大体积光阱的有效装载势能进行理论分析与实验测量, 得出最优化的梯度磁场和均匀偏置磁场, 获得了基于磁悬浮大体积光阱的Dimple光学偶极阱的装载势能曲线, 实现了Dimple光学偶极阱对经拉曼边带冷却后俘获在磁悬浮的大体积光阱中的铯原子样品的有效装载. 比较了Dimple光学偶极阱分别从拉曼边带冷却、大体积的交叉光阱和消除反俘获势后的磁悬浮大体积光阱装载的结果, 将俘获在磁悬浮大体积光阱中的铯原子样品装载到Dimple光学偶极阱, 铯原子样品的密度提高了约15倍.     

CSRm随机冷却初步设计

根据实际情况对兰州重离子加速器冷却储存环主环随机冷却做了初步设计和优化, 用冷却方程对主环随机冷却做了详细的数值模拟计算. 研究表明, 随机冷却对主环束流冷却速度很快, 冷却效果很好. 通过对电子冷却和随机冷却的比较, 提出主环的束流冷却采用电子冷却和随机冷却相结合的办法, 这样可以加快冷却速度, 得到更高流强、更好品质的束流.     

Parametric resonance and cooling on an atom chip

This paper observes the parametric excitation on atom chip by measuring the trap loss when applying a parametric modulation. By modulating the current in chip wires, it modulates not only the trap frequency but also the trap position. It shows that the strongest resonance occurs when the modulation frequency equals to the trap frequency. The resonance amplitude increases exponentially with modulation depth. Because the Z-trap is an anharmonic trap, there exists energy selective excitation which would cause parametric cooling. We confirm this effect by observing the temperature of atom cloud dropping.     

Light-induced evaporative cooling in a magneto-optical trap

This paper presents an experimental demonstration of light-induced evaporative cooling in a magneto-optical trap. An additional laser is used to interact with atoms at the edge of the atomic cloud in the trap. These atoms get an additional force and evaporated away from the trap by both the magnetic field and laser fields. The remaining atoms have lower kinetic energy and thus are cooled. It reports the measurements on the temperature and atomic number after the evaporative cooling with different parameters including the distance between the laser and the centre of the atomic cloud, the detuning, the intensity. The results show that the light-induced evaporative cooling is a way to generate an ultra-cold atom source.     

重力光学势阱中消逝波冷却原子的蒙特卡罗研究

讨论了三能级原子在消逝波光场作用下的Ｓｉｓｙｐｈｕｓ冷却和几何冷却机制,通过蒙特卡罗（Ｍｏｎｔｅ－Ｃａｒｌｏ）方程分别模拟了消逝波光场在方锥形势阱和圆锥阱两种情况下对原子冷却的动力学过程,并计算了原子在不同的失谐量、激光功率及消逝波的判断宽度下的冷却情况。结果表明,增大消逝波的激光功率能有效地减少原子的损耗,但对冷却结果影响不大;而消逝波的判断宽度不够宽时,结果偏差较大;对于方锥形势阱,失谐量趣小     

用于原子干涉仪实验的锂原子的塞曼减速与磁光囚禁

为了制备适于原子干涉仪实验的低温锂原子样品,开展了锂原子的塞曼减速及与磁光阱囚禁相关的实验研究.设计并实现了一种结构紧凑的腔体内冷式多级线圈叠加的塞曼减速器,将速度小于600 m/s的7Li原子减速到60 m/s,磁光阱装载速率为5×108/s,囚禁原子数目1×109个,原子团的最低温度约为220±30μK.研究了光学黏胶中7Li原子的寿命与囚禁光频率失谐量的关系.这些结果为进一步开展7Li原子亚多普勒冷却、光势阱蒸发冷却以及原子干涉仪实验奠定了基础.     

Raman sideband cooling of rubidium atoms in optical lattice

We develop a simple and practical scheme to apply sideband cooling to a cloud of rubidium atoms. A sample containing 4 × 10~(70) ~(87)Rb is trapped in a far red detuned optical lattice. Through optimizing the relevant parameters, i.e., laser detuning, magnetic field, polarization, and duration time, a temperature around 1.5 μK and phase space density close to 1/500 are achieved. Compared with polarization gradient cooling, the temperature decreases by around one order of magnitude. This technique could be used in high precision measurement such as atomic clocks and atom interferometer. It could also serve as a precooling means before evaporation cooling in a dipole trap, and may be a promising method of achieving quantum degeneracy with purely optical means.     

全光学冷却与囚禁133Cs原子玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚的可能性

综述了近年来有关蒸发冷却¹³³Cs原子样品的实验进展,分析了磁囚禁¹³³Cs原子玻色爱因斯坦凝聚(BEC)的困难,并在此基础上提出了一个全光型冷却与囚禁¹³³Cs原子BEC的新方案.该方案主要由一个来自半导体激光(λ=0852μm)的倒金字塔形中空光束重力光学囚禁(pyramidal-hollow-beam gravito-optical trap,缩写为PHB GOT)和一个来自Ar⁺激光(λ=05013μm)的圆锥形中空光束重力光学囚禁(conical-hollow-beam gravito-optical trap,缩写为CHB GOT)组成.在PHB GOT中,冷原子经历了一个有效的中空光束感应的Sisyphus冷却(也即强度梯度冷却)和抽运光感应的几何冷却,原子温度将被从磁光囚禁(MOT)温度(约为60μK)冷却至几个光子反冲极限(约为2μK);而在Ar⁺中空光束囚禁(CHB GOT)中,冷原子将被Raman冷却或速度选择相干粒子数囚禁技术(velocity-selection coherent population trap,缩写为VSCPT)进一步冷却至光子反冲极限以下,并被激光频率高于原子共振频率的(也即蓝失谐的)covering光束压缩.我们就PHB冷却的动力学过程进行了Monte-Carlo模拟,并计算了Ar⁺中空光束囚禁¹³³Cs原子的光学势.研究结果表明,实现一个全光学冷却与囚禁的¹³³Cs原子BEC是可能的 关键词： 倒金字塔型中空光束重力光学囚禁 强度梯度冷却 氩离子中空光束囚禁 喇曼冷却 铯原子BEC     

实现玻色-费米混合气体量子简并的四极Ioffe组合磁阱设计

四极Ioffe组合磁阱(QUIC磁阱)是由一对四极线圈和一个Ioffe线圈组合构成的一种Ioffe-Pritchard磁阱,它已广泛应用在囚禁中性原子和实现蒸发冷却原子的实验中.设计了两种不同结构的四极线圈和Ioffe线圈,并对其进行了相应的数值模拟和测试.通过比较获得了一种参数优化的QUIC磁阱,这为QUIC磁阱线圈的优化设计提供了参考.最后在优化的QUIC磁阱中,采用射频蒸发冷却俘获⁸⁷Rb原子,实现了⁸⁷Rb原子气体的玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚,同时采用“共同冷却 关键词： 四极线圈 Ioffe线圈 四极Ioffe线圈组合磁阱 原子冷却     

Production of dual species Bose–Einstein condensates of ~(39)K and ~(87)Rb

We report the production of~(39) K and~(87) Rb Bose–Einstein condensates(BECs) in the lowest hyperfine states |F =1, m_F = 1 simultaneously. We collect atoms in bright/dark magneto-optical traps(MOTs) of~(39) K/~(87) Rb to overcome the light-assisted losses of~(39) K atoms. Gray molasses cooling on the D1 line of the~(39) K is used to effectively increase the phase density, which improves the loading efficiency of~(39) K into the quadrupole magnetic trap. Simultaneously, the normal molasses is employed for~(87) Rb. After the microwave evaporation cooling on~(87) Rb in the optically plugged magnetic trap,the atoms mixture is transferred to a crossed optical dipole trap, where the collisional properties of the two species in different combinations of the hyperfine states are studied. The dual species BECs of~(39) K and~(87) Rb are obtained by further evaporative cooling in an optical dipole trap at a magnetic field of 372.6 G with the background repulsive interspecies scattering length a_(KRb)= 34 a_0(a_0 is the Bohr radius) and the intraspecies scattering length a_K= 20.05 a_0.     

玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚在中国科学院上海光机所实现

文章报道了在稀薄87Rb原子气体中观测到的玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚(BEC)现象.在四极矩和Ioffe组合磁阱(QUIC)中装载了1×10\\+8个原子,经过19s蒸发冷却达到了相变条件.在高原子密度的情况下,文章作者观察到了BEC对探测光的衍射光环.这时降低磁阱势垒和绝热的放开冷原子样品,我们拍摄到冷原子和BEC的吸收像.根据数据拟合满足双高斯分布,表明发生了BEC相变.相变温度约215nK,凝聚的原子数约为5×10\\+4.     

Pulsed polarization gradient cooling in an optical dipole trap with a Laguerre-Gaussian laser beam

We utilized a blue-detuned Laguerre-Gaussian (doughnut) laser beam to trap cold rubidium atoms by optical dipole force. ”Pulsed” polarization gradient cooling was applied to the trapped atoms to suppress the trap loss due to heating caused by random photon scattering of the trapping light. In this trap about 10⁸ atoms were initially captured and the trap lifetime was 1.5 s, which was consistent with losses due to background gas collisions. This trap can readily be applied to atom guiding, compression, and evaporative cooling. Received: 10 July 1997 / Received in final form: 5 January 1998 / Accepted: 16 January 1998     

Optical forces on neutral atoms in the presence of fluctuating laser fields: numerical analysis

Doppler cooling of ⁸⁸Sr atoms is studied in the presence of off-resonant red-detuned fluctuating laser fields.Using a semi-classical approach,we show that the relevant physical quantities in the cooling process,such as optical forces,the damping coefficient,Doppler temperature,and atom number in the trap,are strongly affected by the laser amplitude and phase fluctuations.We find that the Doppler cooling limit is higher than the predicted Doppler theory for non-fluctuating lasers.This ...     

Cooling of short-lived, radioactive, highly charged ions with the TITAN cooler Penning trap

TITAN is an on-line facility dedicated to precision experiments with short-lived radioactive isotopes, in particular mass measurements. The achievable resolution on mass measurement, which depends on the excitation time, is limited by the half life of the radioactive ion. One way to bypass this is by increasing the charge state of the ion of interest. TITAN has the unique capability of charge-breeding radioactive ions using an electron-beam ion trap (EBIT) in combination with Penning trap mass spectrometry. However, the breeding process leads to an increase in energy spread, ??E, which in turn negatively influences the mass uncertainty. We report on the development of a cooler Penning trap which aims at reducing the energy spread of the highly charged ions prior to injection into the precision mass measurement trap. Electron and proton cooling will be tested as possible routes. Mass selective cooling techniques are also envisioned.     

HIRFL-CSR 实验环电子冷却装置参数优化

 以400MeV/u的²³⁸U⁹¹为例,用电子冷却模拟程序计算了冷却时间随冷却段长度、冷却段磁感应强度、磁场平行度、电子密度、电子束半径、电子温度的变化规律,并分析了影响冷却时间的因素,获得了电子冷却装置最优参数。     

HIRFL-CSR 实验环电子冷却装置参数优化

以400MeV/u的238U91为例,用电子冷却模拟程序计算了冷却时间随冷却段长度、冷却段磁感应强度、磁场平行度、电子密度、电子束半径、电子温度的变化规律,并分析了影响冷却时间的因素,获得了电子冷却装置最优参数。     

HIRFL-CSR主环电子冷却模拟计算

以¹⁶O⁸⁺为例,用电子冷却模拟程序计算了冷却时间随离子能量、初始发射度、初始动量分散、离子流强以及离子电荷态的变化规律,研究了储存环在冷却段的β函数和色散函数对冷却时间的影响.