典型相关分析在医学上的一个应用

本文将典型相关分析应用于女童多源性假性性早熟 ,推导出其性征程度与雌激素水平只有中等程度正相关的结论     

克山病心肌电子显微镜初步观察总结

通过12例克山病心肌电子显微镜观察,发现42％病例出现以祼体颗粒为主的一组特殊结构,它选择作用于心肌细胞外膜系统,使间盘、肌膜和横管呈广泛扩张、疝脱、变性和囊泡变,线粒体等肌浆成分缺氧性变大概与此有关,可见本病是具独自特征的心肌病。 特殊结构可能系外源性特殊蛋白性物质,其性质、多样性的原因和发病学意义皆待探讨。     

外源投入型两阶段制造系统网络DEA效率分析研究

制造过程评价是改善制造系统效率的重要一环,传统的评价方法将每个制造系统决策单元视为黑箱来研究整体效率,忽略了中间产品转化信息及投入要素在各子过程中的配置信息。针对两阶段(第二阶段有外源性新投入)制造系统的效率评估问题,分别在固定规模报酬和可变规模报酬假设下,充分利用制造系统中间产品的转化及外源投入要素的配置信息,建立了制造系统网络DEA效率测度及分解模型,建模方法遵循客观评价原则,无需事先主观确定子效率和系统效率之间的组合关系。并将其应用于钢铁制造系统效率测度与分解,研究结果表明该方法能够挖掘决策单元内部子单元的效率情况,帮助决策者发现复杂制造过程非有效的根源,为复杂制造过程的整体效率测度及分解提供了有效的分析方法。     

延脑下部单胺类神经元及其神经介质对脊髓痛敏神经元活动的影响

在70个猫的脊髓背角痛敏神经元和5个脊髓交感节前神经元上,观察到:1.外源性地电泳去甲肾上腺素(NA),可以明显地抑制痛敏神经元的诱发或自发放电.刺激延脑下部的去甲肾上腺能Al核团,或注射NA的释放剂苯丙胺,或针刺“足三里”都可获得与电泳NA相类似的结果;2.5-羟色胺(5-HT)对痛敏神经元的诱发性痛放电有抑制作用,其作用类似NA,但常能增强其自发放电;3.脊髓交感节前神经元对上述因素的反应也类同于痛敏神经元;4.电泳NA,刺激Al核团,注射苯丙胺或刺激深部肌肉组织均可兴奋痛抑制神经元的活动.提示下脑干的去甲肾上腺能神经核团,可能是构成脊髓痛反射活动的下行性负反馈通路的重要驿站.     

亚临床甲状腺功能减退症与贫血的相关性研究

目的 探讨亚临床甲状腺功能减退症（简称亚临床甲减）与贫血之间的关系及其临床意义。方法 以2011 年1月至2013 年6 月健康体检发现的193 例亚临床甲减患者为研究对象（简称亚临床甲减组）,选取同期进行健康体检的772 例甲状腺功能正常者作为对照（简称甲功正常组）,比较两组受试者甲状腺功能、血常规、肝肾功能、血糖及血脂等各项指标的差异,以及两组间贫血患病率的差异,并分析贫血患病的危险因素。结果 与甲功正常组比较,亚临床甲减组患者的血红蛋白和红细胞均明显降低（均P＜0.05）;球蛋白则高于甲功正常组（P＜0.05）;其余各项指标间比较均无统计学差异（均P ＞0.05）。与甲功正常组比较,亚临床甲减组的贫血患病率增高（6.2% vs 2.7%,P＜0.05）。Pearson 相关分析发现,在亚临床甲减和甲功正常组中,FT3、FT4水平与血红蛋白和红细胞水平呈明显正相关（r=0.364、0.328、0.288、0.243,均P＜0.01）。logistic 回归分析显示亚临床甲减（OR=2.440,95%CI=1.100~5.411,P＜0.05）和低FT4（OR=0.793,95%CI=0.633~0.993,P＜0.05）是贫血患病的独立危险因素。结论 亚临床甲减可引起患者外周血红细胞和血红蛋白的降低,亚临床甲减患者贫血的患病率明显增高;亚临床甲减和低FT4 是贫血患病的独立危险因素。     

HIV患者外周血CD4+/CD25hi/CD127low调节性T细胞的表达及临床意义

目的探讨感染人类自身免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）患者抗病毒治疗前后外周血CD4+/CD25hi/CD127low调节性T细胞的表达情况及临床意义。方法选择符合HIV诊断标准、接受抗病毒治疗超过3个月的64例患者,采用高效抗逆转录病毒治疗（HARRT）,分别于治疗前、治疗3个月后采用流式细胞术检测外周血CD4+/CD25hi/CD127low调节性T细胞和CD4+T细胞的表达情况,并与80例健康体检者（对照组）比较。结果与对照组比较,HIV患者CD4+/CD25hi/CD127low调节性T细胞绝对计数及百分比显著降低,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。HIV患者的CD4+/CD25hi/CD127low调节性T细胞绝对计数和CD4+T细胞呈正相关（P＜0.01）;HIV患者治疗3个月后CD4+/CD25hi/CD127low调节性T细胞均有升高,与治疗前的差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.01）。根据年龄将患者分为18~30岁、31~45岁、＞45岁,各年龄段患者治疗后CD4+/CD25hi/CD127low调节性T细胞绝对计数分别是治疗前的4.28倍、3.00倍、2.00倍。结论 HIV患者外周血CD4+/CD25hi/CD127low调节性T细胞的表达与病毒的感染、清除有关;外源性药物可升高调节性T细胞的表达。     

视觉训练治疗集合不足患者的有效性研究

目的探讨视觉训练对临床上集合不足（CI）患者的视疲劳是否有效,了解视觉训练对各项视功能参数的影响。方法研究共纳入23例诊断为CI的患者,其中19名患者接受为期8周的视觉训练。包括负镜片法训练调节幅度;hart chart表训练调节灵活度;brock线、vectogram、lifesaver card和eccentric circles训练集合及融像范围。训练时间为每周4次,每次60min。另有4例患者未接受任何视觉训练治疗,仅接受临床观察8周,之后2例患者再接受为期8周的视觉训练。所有受试者在训练或临床观察前后均进行临床症状评分,并测量各项视功能参数,包括远近屈光度、矫正视力、调节幅度、调节灵活度、集合近点（NPC）、远近隐斜、远近聚散范围和调节性集合与调节的比值（AC/A）。结果19例接受训练的患者临床症状评分由训练前25.8分下降为16.2分（P＜0.01）,治愈率及有效率分别为36.8%、73.6%。患者远近隐斜量,远距负融像能力,AC/A均无明显改变（均P＞0.05）,但远近正融像能力均提高（均P＜0.01）,近距负融像能力也有所提高（P＜0.05）,NPC明显减小（P＜0.01）。通过临床症状和各项视功能参数相关性研究发现,训练前临床症状评分和NPC具有相关性（P＜0.01）,而训练后临床症状评分和远距正融像,近距负融像能力和近距正融像能力均相关（P＜0.05或0.01）。相反,4例接受临床观察的患者无论是症状评分还是视觉参数均无改善,其中2例继续接受训练的患者,其临床症状和部分视功能有所改善。结论通过规范的视觉训练,多数CI患者的临床症状会得到缓解。NPC的缩小和近距正负融像能力的提高可能是减轻症状的主要原因。     

同时考虑响应和毒性的Ⅱ期临床试验设计

肿瘤学研究常通过Ⅱ期临床试验设计来初步评价一个新的治疗方案的疗效,目前流行的方法是 Simon的两阶段试验设计.不过他只关注反应率,即对肿瘤有抑制作用的病人比率.而在实际临床中,人们既想控制肿瘤的生长,也不希望毒性的副作用大.Conaway和Petroni基于治疗方案的疗效和安全性,提出一种Ⅱ期临床试验设计方法,对响应与毒性给以相同的权重.本文提出新的想法来处理安全性与疗效之间的平衡关系,主要思想是分开控制反应率和毒性的第一类错误.在Ⅱ期临床试验阶段,由于样本量较小的缘故不大可能同时控制反应率和毒性的第一类错误,我们可以根据实际临床需要将这两个第一类错误分别确定在不同的显著性水平.比如,如果我们更关注治疗方案的毒性多过疗效,可以将毒性的第一类错误定在较低的水平(如5%),而将反应率的第一类错误定在较高的水平(如10%或15%).基于上面的思想,本文给出了寻找停止域和拒绝域的准则和样本量大小的确定公式.我们的方法较其它设计方案更稳健,而且能准确地控制感兴趣的参数(反应率或毒性)的第一类错误.另外,本文思想在概念上很直观,易于临床操作,尤其符合Ⅱ期临床试验设计小样本量的要求.     

同时考虑响应和毒性的Ⅱ期临床试验设计(英文)

肿瘤学研究常通过Ⅱ期临床试验设计来初步评价一个新的治疗方案的疗效,目前流行的方法是Simon的两阶段试验设计。不过他只关注反应率,即对肿瘤有抑制作用的病人比率。而在实际临床中,人们既想控制肿瘤的生长,也不希望毒性的副作用大。Conaway和Petroni基于治疗方案的疗效和安全性,提出一种Ⅱ期临床试验设计方法,对响应与毒性给以相同的权重。本文提出新的想法来处理安全性与疗效之间的平衡关系,主要思想是分开控制反应率和毒性的第一类错误。在Ⅱ期临床试验阶段,由于样本量较小的缘故不大可能同时控制反应率和毒性的第一类错误,我们可以根据实际临床需要将这两个第一类错误分别确定在不同的显著性水平。比如,如果我们更关注治疗方案的毒性多过疗效,可以将毒性的第一类错误定在较低的水平(如5%),而将反应率的第一类错误定在较高的水平(如10%或15%)。基于上面的思想,本文给出了寻找停止域和拒绝域的准则和样本量大小的确定公式。我们的方法较其它设计方案更稳健,而且能准确地控制感兴趣的参数(反应率或毒性)的第一类错误。另外,本文思想在概念上很直观,易于临床操作,尤其符合Ⅱ期临床试验设计小样本量的要求。     

儿童额叶癫痫临床和长程视频脑电图特征

目的通过对46例儿童额叶癫痫患儿的临床表现、长程视频脑电图（VEEG）特点进行分析,提高对儿童额叶癫痫的认识。方法收集2008年12月至2014年8月儿科门诊及住院确诊的46例儿童额叶癫痫病例的资料,回顾性分析其临床表现、VEEG及神经影像学等特征。结果本组患儿发病年龄最小11个月,最大15岁。46例患儿共监测到临床发作258次,明确临床发作34例,14.7%仅于清醒期发作,61.8%仅在睡眠期发作,23.5%在清醒、睡眠中均有发作;临床发作形式包括额叶失神、局部阵挛发作、偏转性强直、姿势性强直、过度运动性自动症、口咽自动症、发声、发笑发作、临床下放电和自主神经性发作等。73.9%患儿记录到发作间期额叶为主的癫痫样放电,63.0%患儿记录到发作期额叶为主的癫痫样放电。结论儿童额叶癫痫临床发作频繁、短暂,以睡眠期发作为主,临床表现复杂多样,易漏诊;长程VEEG可监测到儿童额叶癫痫发作期临床及异常脑电图表现,可提供明确诊断率。     

New properties of the Busemann ellipsea

A combination of the Busemann ellipse, the inscribed unit circle and a circle of radius √2 about the same centre is considered. For supersonic two-dimensional potential gas flows, it is shown that the inclinations of the velocity vector in motion along an arbitrary characteristic, the characteristic itself and the characteristic of the other family have values equal to, respectively. the difference between the areas of the elliptical and circular (R = 1) sectors, the difference between the areas of the elliptical and circular (R = √2) sectors, and the area of the elliptical sector, apart from unimportant multiplicative and additive constants. The straight sides of the sectors in question are the semiminor antis of the ellipse and the radius vector of the velocity. The obvious analogy with one of Ke:pler's laws is pointed out. The existence of a point of intersection of the ellipse and the second circle illustrates a well-known result of Khristianovich concerning the points of inflexion of characteristics with a monotone velocity distribution. It is shown how the combination of the ellipse and the inscribed circle illustrates the simplification of the compatibility conditions and the Darboux equation for trans- and hypersonic flows.     

Optimization of the Relaxation Parameter for S.S.O.R. and A.D.I. Preconditioning

We present and compare several approaches for the optimization of the relaxation parameter both for A.D.I. and S.S.O.R. basic iteration and preconditioning conjugate gradient method. For each kind of preconditioning a detailed link between estimates of the spectral radius of the iteration matrix and of the condition number resulting from preconditioning is proposed. It allows to choose the best approach in order to obtain the optimal relaxation parameter and the corresponding optimal estimates either of the spectral radius of the iteration matrix and of the resulting condition mumber of the S.S.O.R. and A.D.I. preconditioning.     

Tools of the mind: Techniques and methods for intellectual work: V. STIBIC North-Holland,Amsterdam, 1982, xiii + 297 pages,Dfl.85.00

Many location problems may be separated into a series of interrelated macro, meso and micro decision-making states. The macro scale decision determines the type, capacity and number of facilities, the meso scale decision determines the location and allocation of facilities and the micro scale decision determines such considerations as routing and scheduling of service vehicles. This paper concerns the first two levels of decision-making.The present paper demonstrates the use of two models: (i) an analytical model that uses continuum approximations and methods of calculus to determine the number of facilities, the capacity and the approximate location of each that minimizes the sum of the transportation and facility costs for a slowly varying demand rate, and (ii) a traditional location-allocation model that determines more exactly the resulting locations and allocations. These two approaches have specific requirements in terms of data input, cost of data collection and cost of solution and, consequently, yield unique insights and benefits for practising planners. The strengths and weaknesses of the two models are complementary. This thesis is developed with an analysis of the Calgary, Alberta refuse collection and disposal system.     

考虑成员风险态度的零售商资金约束闭环供应链定价与回收决策

针对由制造商、回收商和资金约束的零售商组成的三级闭环供应链,考虑供应链成员面对市场需求不确定时表现出不同的风险态度,研究了闭环供应链的定价与回收决策问题。首先给出了产品的市场需求函数与回收商的回收成本函数;然后基于均值-方差法,构建了各成员和闭环供应链的效用函数;进一步地,依据博弈论的思想,确定了不同渠道权力结构下的最优零售价格、最优回收率和最优批发价格;最后分析了闭环供应链成员风险态度和贷款利率对供应链最优决策和效用的影响。研究表明,成员风险态度和贷款利率能够影响闭环供应链最优决策和效用,其中,风险规避的零售商和制造商对闭环供应链其他成员均有利,但是对自身和闭环供应链不利;风险规避的回收商对闭环供应链成员均不利;贷款利率的增长会降低成员和闭环供应链的效用。     

The thermodynamically consistent equations of a thermoelastic saturated porous medium

A phenomenological model of a porous medium saturated with fluid is considered with in the framework of the hypothesis of interpenetrating continua. Assuming that there are no phase transitions, that the contribution of pulsations to the stress tensor and kinetic energy is small, and the components of the medium are in thermal equilibrium, mass, momentum and energy equations and a law of conservation of compatibility of the deformations and velocities are formulated. Using a representation of the force of interaction of the components in the form of the sum of equilibrium and dissipative components, a new form of inequality is obtained for the rate of entropy production. A definition of a thermoelastic saturated porous medium is given. The symmetry group of such a medium is considered as a set of two groups, corresponding to the symmetry of the skeleton and the fluid. It is shown that, in the class of thermoelastic porous media with an arbitrary type of symmetry of the skeleton, the saturating fluid can only be an ideal fluid, while the thermodynamic potentials and the porosity, stresses and entropies determined by them do not depend on the temperature gradient and the relative fluid velocity. It is found that the condition of incompressibility of only one of the components of the medium leads to the elimination of the porosity from the governing relations, rather than to kinematic limitations. The limitations imposed on the governing relations by the principle of thermodynamic consistency and the requirement of independence of the choice of the frame of reference are investigated. A form of the governing relations, necessary and sufficient to satisfy these principles, is obtained. It is shown that the Biot equations are one of the forms of thermodynamically consistent governing relations. A thermodynamic validation of the effective-stress tensor is given.     

The buckling of a drill string in a curvilinear borehole with axial line imperfections

The problem of the elastic buckling of drill strings in the channels of deep curved boreholes with geometric axial line imperfections is formulated. Imperfections in the form of localized helices are considered. The relation between the forces resisting the motion of the string and the amplitudes, pitches and sites of localization of the imperfections is analysed. The distributed forces of contact and friction interaction between the drill string and the borehole surface are found and the effects of seizure of the drill string are established. It is shown that the resistive forces and their moments increase as the amplitudes of the imperfections increase, and as their pitches and the displacement of the zones where they are relocated from the lower most distorted parts to the upper least distorted parts, decrease.     

基于模糊信息熵理论的港口物流系统竞争能力研究——以福州港智慧物流与低碳港口建设为例

在其深层次机理上,港口物流系统竞争能力必受其物质技术支撑体系的制约．结合智慧港口和第五代港口基本理论,可得出深层次物质技术支撑体系主要有：物质资源禀赋、城市经济系统、物联网系统、港口经营系统、绿色效率系统等．以相关港口物流系统竞争力基本理论为指导,考虑到中国各港口的实际情况,结合数据获得的难易程度,分别从基础设施、发展环境、智慧技术、服务水平、低碳绩效五个方面遴选出18个评价指标,按照模糊信息熵理论,利用全国24个主要港口2001—2013年的原始数据,通过数学软件Matlab编程,计算出系统层指标的信息熵和权重及全国8个代表性港口2013年的竞争能力综合评价值,并以福建省福州港为例,对其进行横向比较和纵向时序分析．     

乡村绿色生态旅游适宜等级VIKOR评估方法

针对乡村绿色生态旅游特征,并考虑旅游者个体感受与群体效益,本文从乡村绿色生态旅游开发与适宜评级概念出发,提出乡村绿色生态旅游适宜等级VIKOR评估模型与方法。首先,从等级评估的概念与内涵出发,刻画乡村绿色生态旅游适宜评级问题,避免混淆旅游适宜评级和排序两个本质不同的问题。然后,构建乡村绿色生态旅游适宜等级评估指标及隶属函数,提出评估指标的熵权确定方法。其次,提出乡村绿色生态旅游适宜等级VIKOR评估模型与二元语义等级评估方法。最后,通过案例研究和比较分析,说明本文所提模型与方法的合理性、可行性与实用性。     

Algorithms for partitioning of large routing networks

Partitioning of large networks is vital for decentralized management and control.This paper presents two algorithms called ‘Hierarchical Recursive Progression-1’ (HRP-1) and ‘Hierarchical Recursive Progression-2’ (HRP-2) for partitioning of large networks into subnetworks of limited size with very few interconnections between them. In other words, we are trying to maximize the internal nodes and minimize the external connections of the subnetworks. The restriction on the size and the external connections is obtained by comparison against a user-defined value for the size of the subnetwork and for external connections via a term called density. The density of a subnetwork is defined as the ratio of the number of external connections and the size of the subnetwork. The two algorithms presented in the paper are based on the principle of subnetwork clustering. At the start of the algorithms,the number of subnetworks is equal to the total number of nodes of the network with each subnetwork containing a single node. Later, subnetworks are merged at various runs of the algorithm to form new subnetworks using connectivity,density and size criteria. The algorithms terminate when all the subnetworks satisfy a user-defined size and density limit. The difference between the algorithms HRP-1 and HRP-2 lies in the definition of density of subnetworks and the way through which the subnetworks are grouped at consecutive iterations of the algorithm. Note that the number of nodes inside the subnetworks never violates the size limit, thereby ensuring even distribution of load on the partitions obtained. Finally, the two algorithms are compared and tested on randomly generated graphs and a part of Paris road Network.     

政府奖惩下供应链合作减排与低碳宣传的动态优化

为减少生产过程中碳排放对环境带来的不利影响,考虑到政府对制造商采取奖惩措施,以此为背景,针对供应链长期合作减排、低碳宣传的问题,构建微分博弈模型。考虑到产品需求受碳排放量和零售商低碳宣传努力的共同影响下,得出并分析了分散式和集中式决策下制造商和零售商的反馈均衡策略及产品碳排放量的最优轨迹,发现产品碳排放量的最优轨迹具有多种敛散性,且在集中式决策下实现了供应链利润和环境绩效的双赢。此外,还分析了政府奖惩力度对产品碳排放量的影响。最后结合算例对模型进行分析,为供应链的低碳化管理和政府奖惩政策的制定提供了理论参考。