Local Muon Density Spectra at Various Zenith Angles Measured with NEVOD-DECOR

Data on cosmic ray muon bundles accumulated at the NEVOD-DECOR complex over the period from May 2012 to December 2018 have been analyzed. Local muon density spectra at various zenith angles have been reconstructed and compared with CORSIKA-based simulations. At large zenith angles and high muon multiplicities corresponding to primary particle energies more than about 3 × 1017 eV an excess of multi-muon events compared to simulations is clearly seen. Present data are compatible with the expectation for recent LHC-adjusted hadron interaction models only under assumption of extremely heavy (iron group nuclei) primary composition. The assumption of a heavy composition is however in contradiction with other EAS observables, such as maximum depth and its fluctuations.     

Estimation of Sea Level Muon Energy Spectrum at High Latitude from the Latest Primary Nucleon Spectra Near the Top of the Atmosphere

The vertical muon energy spectra at sea level have been estimated from directly measured primary cosmic-ray nucleon spectrum. The hadronic energy moments have been calculated from the CERN LEBC EHS data on the Lorentz invariant cross-section results on pp ^±X and pp K^±X inclusive reactions and are duly corrected for A–A collisions. Finally, the sea level muon energy spectra have been calculated from the decay of conventional mesons, using standard formulation. The estimated muon spectra are found to be in good agreement with the directly measured muon spectra obtained from the different experiments.     

Muon Spectra at Different Altitudes Derived from Bose-Type Model

The spectra of cosmic pions and kaons produced at the top of the atmosphere have been derived from the primary cosmic ray spectrum of GRIGOROV et al. by using the Bose-type model. With the help of pion and kaon atmospheric diffusion equations the muon spectra at different atmospheric depths viz., 690, 535 and 1033 g cm^?2 have been estimated. The results are in accord with the magnetic spectrograph data of KOCHARIAN et al. and ALLKOFER et al.     

Lepton Electric Charge Swap at the 10 TeV Energy Scale

We investigate the nature of the dark matter by proposing a mechanism for the breaking of local rotational symmetry between ordinary third family leptons and proposed non-regular leptons at energy scales below 10 TeV. This symmetry breaking mechanism involves electric charge swap between ordinary families of leptons can and produces highly massive non-regular leptons of order O (1 TeV) mass unobservable at energy scales below 10 TeV (the scale of LEP Ⅰ, Ⅱ and neutrino oscillation experiments). Electric charge swap between ordinary families of leptons produces heavy neutral non-regular leptons with order O (1 TeV) masses, which may form cold dark matter. The existence of these proposed leptons can be tested once the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) becomes operative at 10 TeV energy-scales. This proposition may have far reaching applications in astrophysics and cosmology.     

Lepton Electric Charge Swap at the 10 TeV Energy Scale

We investigate the nature of the dark matter by proposing a mechanism for the breaking of local rotational symmetry between ordinary third family leptons and proposed non-regular leptons at energy scales below 10 TeV. This symmetry breaking mechanism involves electric charge swap between ordinary families of leptons can and produces highly massive non-regular leptons of order 0 （1 TeV） mass unobservable at energy scales below 10 TeV （the scale of LEP Ⅰ, Ⅱ and neutrino oscillation experiments）. Electric charge swap between ordinary families of leptons produces heavy neutral non-regular leptons with order 0 （1 TeV） masses, which may form cold dark matter. The existence of these proposed leptons can be tested once the Large Hadron Collider （LHC） becomes operative at 10 TeV energy-scales. This proposition may have far reaching applications in astrophysics and cosmology.     

Sea Level Muon Spectrum Derived from Bugaev Model Using the Primary Cosmic Ray Energy Spectrum of Grigorov et al

In a recent paper BHATTACHARYYA has derived the pion and kaon production spectra in the atmosphere using a form of the primary nucleon energy spectrum of the measurements of GRIGOROV et al. and the interaction model of BUGAEV et al. The sea level muon spectrum derived from these meson spectra agrees with the magnetic spectrograph data of ALLKOFER et al. and AYRE et al. In this report a critical analysis of the paper has been made and some obvious mistakes in the formulation have been pointed out. The formulation of BUGAEV et al. and the data of GRIGOROV at al. have been misinterpreted by BHATTACHARYYA . The corrected results have been properly interpreted in this report.     

Cosmic Ray Muon on the Altitude of 5500m Above the Sea Level

215 blocks of K6,K7,K8 lead emulsion chambers on Mt.Kanbala are carefully scanned,and a total of 111 muon events are found with zenith angle M(=tgθ)>2.5.The energy of muon showers are determined by saddle-shape curves.The intensity of muon,the energy spectrum and the zenith angle distribution of muon showers on the altitude of 5500m above sea level are shown in the energy region E_μ>2TeV.Meanwhile the simulation calculation is done for the behaviour of muon inside the emulsion chamber,simulation results are basically in agreement with the experiment.     

TeV能区物理的进展

综述近年各种TeV能量对撞机的计划和建造情况,TeV能区物理的理论研究进展和TeV能区物理的发展前景.     

Sea Level Muon Spectrum Derived from the All Particle Primary Spectrum of GRIGOROV et al.

The all particle primary spectrum of GRIGOROV et al. surveyed by HILLAS has been fitted by a power law fit of the form I_{all particle}(>E) = 1.3 E^?1.65 (cm² s sr)^?1 where E is the energy in GeV/nucleus. Using our recently determined conversion factor for protonnuclei flux ratio of equal energies the primary proton spectrum has been calculated and the result agrees with the Goddard Space Flight Centre primary proton spectrum data satisfactorily. The primary nucleon spectrum has also been calculated and follows the form N_nucleons(E) dE = 2.664 E^?2.75 dE (cm² s sr GeV/nucleon)^?1. Using this primary nucleon spectrum as the source of hadrons and accelerator data for various inclusive reactions viz. used for the estimation of hadronic energy moments in the frame work of FEYNMAN- Scaling, the differential meson spectra have been estimated. The meson atmospheric diffusion equation after Bugaev et al. has been considered for the derivation of sea level muon spectrum. The magnetic spectrograph data of Allkofer et al., Ayre et al., Green et al., and MUTRON group are in accord with the calculated muon spectrum.     

Energy spectrum of cosmic ray muons above 10 TeV according to BUST data

The energy spectrum of cosmic ray muons in the range of several TeV to PeV obtained through the analysis of multiple interactions of muons (the pair meter technique) in the Baksan Underground Scintillation Telescope (BUST) is presented. Results are compared with prior BUST data on the muon energy spectrum measurements and data of other experiments, along with calculations for different muon spectrum models.     

放射性9C束流不同贯穿深度上的线能谱测量

为阐述放射性⁹C束流应用于治癌的物理基础, 运用一个球形生物组织等效正比计数器测量了⁹C束流不同贯穿深度上的线能谱, 得到了沿束流贯穿深度上的剂量平均线能分布. 将实验测量得到的线能谱转换成为不同传能线密度在吸收剂量中所占份额的分布, 得到了该⁹C束流在不同贯穿深度上的剂量平均传能线密度分布. 将生物组织等效正比计数器测量得到的与先前通过平行板正比计数器测量得到的该⁹C束流的剂量平均传能线密度分布进行比较, 发现: 在束流入射通道上, 两者测量数据符合很好, 而在束流Bragg峰附近⁹C离子的沉积区域, 由组织等效正比计数器测量得到的剂量平均传能线密度值大于由平行板正比计数器测量得到的值.     

Neutron-Proton Ratio at Different Atmospheric Depths and Sea Level Neutron Spectrum Derived from the Primary Nucleon Spectrum

The differential neutron spectrum at sea level has been calculated using the conventional phenomenological model after ASHTON. The energy dependence of nucleon-air nucleus inelastic interaction cross section is assumed in these calculations. The derived sea level neutron spectrum from the satellite measured primary nucleon spectrum of GRIGOROV et al. fits well the experimental neutron spectrum of ASHTON and COATS. The neutron-proton ratios calculated for different atmospheric depths is in accord with the measured data (AGUIRRE).     

10TeV宇宙线时间变化研究

利用羊八井ASγ二期阵列实验数据,分析研究了10TeV宇宙线时间变化,以10.4σ和9.6σ的显著性发现了10TeV宇宙线流强气象效应修正后的半太阳日和太阳日周期变化,没有发现有恒星日变化.同时发现10TeV宇宙线流强有7天左右周期变化的迹象.     

Single Production of Vector-Like Top Quark in the Littlest Higgs Model at TeV Energy e-γ Colliders

The existence of a new coloured vector-like heavy fermion T is a crucial prediction in little Higgs models, which play a key role in breaking the electroweak symmetry. The littlest Higgs model is the most economical one among various little Higgs models. In the context of the littlest Higgs model, we study single production of the new heavy vector-like quark and discuss the possibility of detecting this new particle in the future LC experiment. It is found thai, the production cross section is in the range of 1.7× 10^-3 - 30 fb at TeV energy electron-photon collider with √s- 3 TeV and a yearly integrated luminosity of ,￡ = 500 fb^-1.     

Doppler Spectra of Centimeter and Millimeter Microwaves Backscattered from a Rough Water Surface at low Grazing Angles

We present the results of processing of X- and Ka-band radar signals backscattered from a rough water surface at low grazing angles. Processing is made by the method of decomposing a Doppler spectrum into three basic line profiles. Each of these profiles corresponds to a certain scattering mechanism. Comparative evaluations of the contribution of the Bragg mechanism described by the Gaussian line profile and two non-Bragg mechanisms described by the Lorentz and Voigt profiles are obtained.     

脱水螺旋藻细胞复水后在不同光强下的谱学性质

将冷冻干燥处理后的极大螺旋藻干粉(脱水细胞)悬浮于NaCl等渗盐水中并添加葡萄糖和尿素,分别置于暗室、自然光照环境和培养箱中,在2,14,26 h后分别测定其吸收光谱、荧光发射和激发光谱的变化。结果表明：在相同时间下,藻细胞复水后的光谱特征峰随光强的不同呈现有规律的下降,暗室下的复水藻细胞特征峰强度最高,而放置在光照培养箱的则最低。说明在水分胁迫和光抑制的双重作用下,经过冷冻脱水的藻细胞复水后无法恢复其正常的光合作用。     

Muon Content of Extensive Air Showers: Comparison of the Energy Spectra Obtained by the Sydney University Giant Air-Shower Recorder and by the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Sydney University Giant Air-shower Recorder(SUGAR) measured the energy spectrum of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays reconstructed from muon detector reading. Comparison of their spectra SUGAR and Pierre Auger Observatory allows us to reconstruct the empirical dependence of the number of muons in a vertical shower on the primary energy for energies between 1017 and 1018 eV. We compared this dependence with the predictions of hadronic interaction models QGSJET-II-04, EPOS-LHC and SIBYLL-2.3c. In addition, we analyzed the response of the array of muon detectors in order to determine the slope of the muon lateral distribution function. It is important to understand how much the number of muons differs from the predictions of modeling at different distances from the shower axis.     

Investigation of the Energy Loss of Muon Bundles in the Cherenkov Water Calorimeter

Investigations of the energy loss of muon bundles are being conducted at the Experimental complex NEVOD. Such investigations are directed to detailed study of “muon puzzle” (the excess of multi-muon events observed in several cosmic ray experiments at ultra-high energies). Results of measurements of the muon bundle energy deposit during a long period of observations in primary cosmic ray energy range 10–1000 PeV have been obtained and have been compared with simulations performed on the basis of the CORSIKA code.