用于白天自适应光学的波前探测方法分析

提出了两种视场偏移哈特曼波前传感器，用于探测白天条件下强背景中目标信号的波前信息.给出了哈特曼波前传感器子孔径中焦面上天光背景非均匀性分布特征的实验结果，详细分析了基于分光棱镜的双焦面视场偏移哈特曼波前传感器的探测误差，并通过基于倾斜镜的单焦面视场偏移哈特曼波前传感器实验给出了波前测量的结果，证明视场偏移哈特曼波前传感器能够精确、稳定的测量白天条件下目标信号的畸变波前信息，同时给出了其在白天条件下探测能力的估算结果及其受限因素，估算结果表明云南天文台的自适应光学系统在10 W/m²·sr天光背景条件下应用视场偏移哈特曼波前传感器能对5等星(可视星等值)目标进行准确的波前探测. 关键词： 自适应光学 波前传感器 白天工作 误差分析     

偏振滤波白天抑制天光背景作用分析

由于天文观测领域大部分自适应光学系统只能在夜晚工作,提出了采用偏振滤波技术抑制天光背景的办法以达到白天探测微弱星体目标的目的。介绍了偏振滤波的原理并估算了抑制天光背景的效果,通过观测角度关系得到了偏振方位角的计算公式,并在丽江观测站1.8m望远镜自适应光学系统平台上进行实验,给出了消像旋模型。实验结果表明,偏振滤波技术能有效抑制天光背景,提高星体目标探测能力,一定程度上提高了自适应光学系统在白天探测弱小星体目标的可能性。     

Performance analysis of field-of-view shifted Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor based on splitter

We report on a field-of-view shifted Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor based on a splitter designed to measure the wavefront information of object light with strong background. The analysis results indicate that increasing the ratio of the signal beam intensity to the incoming beam intensity and reducing the sampling frequency of CCD₂ (detecting the pure background light) can properly enhance the SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) of the object light. A special noise removing algorithm was presented to enhance the centroid measuring accuracy, and it was proved to be effective against the residual noises caused by the differences between the two beam paths. The experimental results indicate that the field-of-view shifted Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor based on a splitter can exactly measure the wavefront information from the object with strong background. PACS 42.68.Bz; 47.50.Ef; 42.30.Wb     

自适应光学系统中波前传感器噪声的闭环传递特性

 分析了Shack-Hartmann 波前传感器（S-H WFS）在实际大气条件下,大气湍流波前相位的探测误差在自适应光学系统（AOS）中的传递过程以及最后的控制残余方差,导出了定量分析的数学模型,并给出了分析结果。结果表明,当S-H WFS用于微弱信标光大气湍流的探测时,自适应光学系统中的控制斜率残余误差中除了前人分析[1]的误差外还包含一项由天空背景光斑质心位置引起的常数误差值,并且系统的有效控制带宽会因信标探测对比度的下降而减小,这将大大降低AOS的校正能力。分析结果还表明信标光越弱,对S-H WFS的标定光学系统的像差要求越高。     

曲率波前传感器探测高斯光束时的信号误差

曲率波前传感器已被用于天文自适应光学和光学度量等领域。在这些领域使用时都假设入射波前光强均匀,但这种假设与曲率传感技术的基本原理不一致。利用傅里叶光学理论,给出了光强不均匀情况下曲率波前传感器的曲率信号解析式,并利用光强均匀和不均匀情况下的信号表达式对探测高斯光束时的信号误差进行了数值分析。结果表明：曲率波前传感器探测高斯光束时存在一定误差,相位分布为4阶Zernike多项式时,误差最大,且阶数越高,误差越小;分区平均曲率信号误差较小,一般在10％以下。     

Adaptive optics correction based on stochastic parallel gradient descent technique under various atmospheric scintillation conditions: numerical simulation

An adaptive optics system utilizing a Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor and a deformable mirror can successfully correct a distorted wavefront by the conjugation principle. However, if a wave propagates over such a path that scintillation is not negligible, the appearance of branch points makes least-squares reconstruction fail to estimate the wavefront effectively. An adaptive optics technique based on the stochastic parallel gradient descent (SPGD) control algorithm is an alternative approach which does not need wavefront information but optimizes the performance metric directly. Performance was evaluated by simulating a SPGD control system and conventional adaptive correction with least-squares reconstruction in the context of a laser beam projection system. We also examined the relative performance of coping with branch points by the SPGD technique through an example. All studies were carried out under the conditions of assuming the systems have noise-free measurements and infinite time control bandwidth. Results indicate that the SPGD adaptive system always performs better than the system based on the least-squares wavefront reconstruction technique in the presence of relatively serious intensity scintillations. The reason is that the SPGD adaptive system has the ability of compensating a discontinuous phase, although the phase is not detected and reconstructed.     

Constrained matched filtering for extended dynamic range and improved noise rejection for Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensing

We recently introduced matched filtering in the context of astronomical Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensing with elongated sodium laser beacons [Appl. Opt. 45, 6568 (2006)]. Detailed wave optics Monte Carlo simulations implementing this technique for the Thirty Meter Telescope dual conjugate adaptive optics system have, however, revealed frequent bursts of degraded closed loop residual wavefront error [Proc. SPIE 6272, 627236 (2006)]. The origin of this problem is shown to be related to laser guide star jitter on the sky that kicks the filter out of its linear dynamic range, which leads to bursts of nonlinearities that are reconstructed into higher-order wavefront aberrations, particularly coma and trifoil for radially elongated subaperture spots. An elegant reformulation of the algorithm is proposed to extend its dynamic range using a set of linear constraints while preserving its improved noise rejection and Monte Carlo performance results are reported that confirm the benefits of the method.     

光强不均匀情况下曲率波前传感器的信号分析

曲率波前传感器广泛应用于天文自适应光学、光学度量等领域。在这些领域使用时都假设入射波前光强均匀,但这种假设与曲率传感技术的基本原理不一致。定性分析了曲率波前传感技术理论的不自洽,利用衍射理论和几何光学近似的方法,推导了光强不均匀情况下曲率渡前传感器信号的解析式,分析了信号误差。结果表明,光强不均匀情况下曲率波前传感器的信号引入了光强对数的梯度和波前梯度的点乘项。在大多数应用中,点乘项可以忽略,因此,光强均匀的假设是合理的。但应用于光强量级发生变化的激光高斯光束时,会有一定的误差。     

Free-space laser communications with adaptive optics: Atmospheric compensation experiments

Refractive index inhomogeneities of the turbulent air cause wave-front distortions of optical waves propagating through the atmosphere, leading to such effects as beam spreading, beam wander, and intensity fluctuations (scintillations). These distortions are responsible for severe signal fading in free-space optical communications systems and therefore compromise link reliability. Wave-front distortions can be mitigated, in principle, with adaptive optics, i.e., real-time wave-front control, reducing the likeliness of signal fading. However, adaptive optics technology, currently primarily used in astronomical imaging, needs to be adapted to the requirements of free-space optical communication systems and their specific challenges.In this chapter we discuss a non-conventional adaptive optics approach that has certain advantages with respect to its incorporation into free-space optical communication terminals. The technique does not require wave-front measurements, which are difficult under the strong scintillation conditions typical for communication scenarios, but is based on the direct optimization of a performance quality metric, e.g., the communication signal strength, with a stochastic parallel gradient descent (SPGD) algorithm.We describe an experimental adaptive optics system that consists of a beam-steering and a higher-resolution wave-front correction unit with a 132-actuator MEMS piston-type deformable mirror controlled by a VLSI system implementing the SPGD algorithm. The system optimizes the optical signal that could be coupled into a single-mode fiber after propagating along a 2.3-km near-horizontal atmospheric path. We investigate characteristics of the performance metric under different atmospheric conditions and evaluate the effect of the adaptive system. Experiments performed under strong scintillation conditions with beam-steering only as well as with higher-resolution wave-front control demonstrate the mitigation of wave-front distortions and the reduction of signal fading.     

A modified phase diversity diffraction wavefront sensor with a grating

The phase diversity wavefront sensor is one of the tools used to estimate wavefront aberration, and it is often used as a wavefront sensor in adaptive optics systems. However, the performance of the traditional phase diversity wavefront sensor is limited by the accuracy and dynamic ranges of the intensity distribution at the focus and defocus positions of the CCD camera. In this paper, a modified phase diversity wavefront sensor based on a diffraction grating is proposed to improve the ability to measure the wavefront aberration with larger amplitude and higher spatial frequency. The basic principle and the optics construction of the proposed method are also described in detail. The noise propagation property of the proposed method is also analysed by using the numerical simulation method, and comparison between the diffraction grating phase diversity wavefront sensor and the traditional phase diversity wavefront sensor is also made. The simulation results show that the diffraction grating phase diversity wavefront sensor can obviously improve the ability to measure the wavefront aberration, especially the wavefront aberration with larger amplitude and higher spatial frequency.     

渡越辐射及其在北京自由电子激光置束测中的应用

在北京自由电子激光器装置的性能改进中,采用了基于渡越辐射的电子束诊断方法。描述了渡越辐射应用于电子束参数测量的基本理论,介绍了BFEL中利用渡越辐射进行的实验方案,并报导了初步的结果。     

A modified phase diversity wavefront sensor with a diffraction grating

Phase diversity wavefront sensor is one of the useful tools to estimate the wavefront aberration, and it is often used as a wavefront sensor in adaptive optics system. However, the performance of the traditional phase diversity wavefront sensor is limited by the accuracy and dynamic ranges of the intensity distribution at focus and defocus positions of the CCD camera. In this paper, a modified phase diversity wavefront sensor based on a diffraction grating is proposed to improve the ability to measure the wavefront aberration with larger amplitude and higher spatial frequency. The basic principle and the optics construction of the proposed method are also described in detail. The noise propagation property of the proposed method is also analysed by using the numerical simulation method, and comparison between the diffraction grating phase diversity wavefront sensor and the traditional phase diversity wavefront sensor is also made. The simulation results show that the diffraction grating phase diversity wavefront sensor can obviously improve the ability to measure the wavefront aberration, especially the wavefront aberration with larger amplitude and higher spatial frequency.     

A comparison of the Shack-Hartmann and pyramid wavefront sensors

The performance of two wavefront sensors, the Shack-Hartmann and the pyramid wavefront sensor, for use in a closed-loop adaptive optics system, are compared. Their theoretical performance is derived and compared to simulations. We quantify the advantages of the pyramid sensor under normal operating conditions, and discuss the possibilities of achieving this in practice.     

Adaptive optics by incoherent digital holography

Adaptive optics in astronomical and other imaging systems allows compensation of aberrations introduced by random variations of the refractive index in the imaging path. I propose what I believe is a new type of adaptive optics system that dispenses with the hardware lenslet arrays and deformable mirrors of conventional systems. Theoretical and experimental studies show that wavefront sensing and compensation can be achieved by numerical processing of digital holograms of the incoherent object and a guide star. The incoherent digital holographic adaptive optics is seen to be particularly robust and efficient, with envisioned applications in astronomical imaging, as well as fluorescence microscopy and remote sensing.     

实际大气湍流下弱光信标Shack-Hartmann波前传感器的波前斜率探测误差

 深入分析了Shack-Hartmann 波前传感器（S-H WFS）在实际大气湍流条件下弱光信标波前斜率的探测误差,导出了定量分析的数学模型。分析结果表明,当S-H WFS用于弱光信标（光子受限）湍流波前斜率的探测时,除了信标光起伏和探测器噪声外,大气强度闪烁、天空背景光等因素会增加探测误差,并且随着探测信标与天空背景光的对比度的下降,质心探测误差会随着孔径到达角起伏的增加而增加。     

ICCD型与CCD型弱光哈特曼-夏克波前传感器的性能分析与对比

哈特曼－夏克（Ｈａｒｔｍａｎｎ－Ｓｈａｃｋ）波前传感器由于其光能利用率高、结构简单、通道容量大等突出优点,是目前自适应光学系统波前传感器的主流形式。本文深入分析和比较了目前普遍采用的ＩＣＣＤ型和ＣＣＤ型这两种主要类型的弱光哈特曼－夏克波前传感器的特点和波前相位探测精度,导出了定量分析数学模型,给出了实验结果。此研究结果对弱光哈特曼－夏克波前传感器的技术方案选定和工程设计有指导意义。     

Differential focal anisoplanatism in laser guide star wavefront sensing on extremely large telescopes

Laser guide stars (LGSs) aim at increasing the sky coverage of adaptive optics (AO) as this is highly restricted when using only natural guide stars. With such three-dimensional extended objects, spot elongation may limit the measurement accuracy of wavefronts. We evaluate the effect of differential focal anisoplanatism, induced solely by the longitudinal extension of a side-launched LGS, on the slope measurements performed by a Shack-Hartmann for a 40?m class telescope. We also take this effect into account in the wavefront reconstruction and derive estimations of the resulting wavefront error in a multi-LGS AO system. We find an error of 100?nm in the worst case at the subaperture level and a small error of the order of 10?nm for six LGSs after wavefront reconstruction.     

Real-time blind deconvolution of retinal images in adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy

With the use of adaptive optics (AO), the ocular aberrations can be compensated to get high-resolution image of living human retina. However, the wavefront correction is not perfect due to the wavefront measure error and hardware restrictions. Thus, it is necessary to use a deconvolution algorithm to recover the retinal images. In this paper, a blind deconvolution technique called Incremental Wiener filter is used to restore the adaptive optics confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (AOSLO) images. The point-spread function (PSF) measured by wavefront sensor is only used as an initial value of our algorithm. We also realize the Incremental Wiener filter on graphics processing unit (GPU) in real-time. When the image size is 512 × 480 pixels, six iterations of our algorithm only spend about 10 ms. Retinal blood vessels as well as cells in retinal images are restored by our algorithm, and the PSFs are also revised. Retinal images with and without adaptive optics are both restored. The results show that Incremental Wiener filter reduces the noises and improve the image quality.     

Phase diversity for calibrating noncommon path aberrations of adaptive optics system under nonideal measurement environment

When the defocus cannot be measured and the wavefront solution set is restricted by a multi-channel, some practical problems exist in the calibration of the noncommon path aberrations of the adaptive optics system. To solve these problems, an evaluation function of phase diversity algorithm is constructed in this paper. We use the method that the estimated aberration and the modulated deformable mirror iterate each other to make up the nonideal measurement environment. Then the ill-pose problem of the solution by phase diversity, produced as relaxing constraints of the diversity defocus on the wavefront solution set, is solved. We have adopted the proposed method to measure the noncommon path aberrations of the adaptive optics system on a 1.23 m telescope. Experimental results demonstrate that wavefront solution is more accurate and the whole imaging quality is improved effectively by using the deformable mirror to compensate the aberration measured.     

基于深度学习的自适应光学波前传感技术研究综述

波前传感是自适应光学系统的重要组成部分,在地基大口径望远镜、激光大气传输、无线光通信、激光驱动核聚变等领域发挥了关键作用,同时也常应用于自由曲面的光学测量中。与此同时,深度学习作为一种较为通用的前沿技术,成功在计算机视觉、自然语言处理等众多领域取得了革命性进展。使用深度学习的方法改进自适应光学系统中的波前传感器,以期实现更精准的波前探测,以及适应更复杂的应用场景是自适应光学的发展趋势,也是深度学习应用领域的一个新课题。介绍了深度学习在自适应光学波前传感中的应用现状,主要分析了在相位反演波前传感器和哈特曼波前传感器中的研究特点,并在最后进行了总结和展望。