各向异性钛板双向拉伸的胡克定律屈服条件和强化效应研究

本文从各向异性理论出发,研究了TA_2钛板,双向拉伸的胡克定律.屈服条件和强化效应,经过系统试验证明:(1)TA_2钛板有明显的各向异性,导出的双向拉伸胡克定律适用于TA_2钛板双向受拉结构的应力应变计算;(2)TA_2钛板有明显的双向强化效应,其双向屈服强度比其单向屈服强度大44～51%;(3)Hill 的1948各向异性屈服条件适用于TA_2钛板结构的强度设计。     

正交各向异性韧性材料应力-应变关系

采用大变形弹塑性有限元方法分析了各向同性和正交各向异性韧性材料光滑圆棒拉伸试件的颈缩问题．首先给出了采用计算机模拟确定各向同性韧性材料真实应力-应变曲线的具体方法；对正交各向异性韧性材料的分析表明，颈缩截面呈椭圆形，其长短轴方向的等效塑性应变基本上均匀分布，与Bridgman假设一致；轴向拉伸载荷-位移曲线与其它两方向的各向异性参数关系不大．在此基础上，建议了一种确定正交各向异性韧性材料真实应力-应变曲线的方法．     

应变率历史对应力应变曲线的影响

利用普通SHPB实验系统、双试件SHPB实验系统，对一特种钢材进行了不同应变率历史的动态压缩实验，获得了不同应变率历史所对应的应力应变曲线。通过量化平均应变率相同的情况下不同应变率历史所对应的应力应变曲线的差别，以及量化应变率历史的恒定程度，初步分析了应变率历史对应力应变曲线的影响。研究结果表明:特别是在较高平均应变率下，应变率历史对试件材料的应力应变曲线有明显的影响，在材料动态本构关系研究中应当考虑应变率历史的影响。     

双向拉伸试验的进展与钛板双向拉伸的强化研究

本文研究了双向拉伸的各种装置、试件和试验方法,以及它们各方面的进展,同时推导出双向拉伸下的各向异性虎克定律和屈服条件,并对钛板作了相应的专题研究。     

低碳钢压缩应力-应变曲线的讨论

针对当前材料力学、工程力学教材中低碳钢受压极限强度无法测定的结论,通过对低碳钢压缩$F$-$\Delta l$曲线进行二次处理,获得了低碳钢压至鼓状的真实$\sigma _t $-$\varepsilon _t $曲线,有利于学生对名义$\sigma $-$\varepsilon $, 真实$\sigma_t$ -$ \varepsilon _t $, 极限应力概念的正确理解.     

冲击加载下材料应力应变曲线振荡现象的研究综述

在冲击加载下获得的材料应力应变曲线往往具有显著的振荡,长期以来由于很难判断振荡的真伪,即不确定振荡是试样材料的本征特性还是纯粹的机械加载等带来的影响,故曲线的振荡往往没有从真实应力应变曲线中直接消除。但这种振荡的存在掩盖了真实的材料响应,导致很难准确确定材料的动态屈服强度,也影响了材料动态本构关系的建立及本构模型参数的准确性,这对重大装备工程在冲击载荷下的优化设计及安全可靠性带来不利影响。针对这个长期困扰科研和工程技术人员的普遍性问题,本文综述了冲击加载下材料应力应变曲线振荡现象的研究进展,首先从加载系统设计、应力波传播、试样变形分布等方面分析了动态测试曲线中出现振荡的原因;其次依据振荡成因重点论述了抑制或消除振荡现象的方法;最后总结了现阶段研究的突出问题,并对未来发展方向提出一些建议。     

循环冲击作用下岩石应力应变曲线及应力波特性

利用研制的岩石动静组合加载实验装置进行循环冲击实验,研究了在循环冲击过程中岩石典型的动态应力应变曲线及反射波和透射波的变化规律。结果表明:岩石在循环冲击过程中的动态应力应变曲线可分为压密阶段、弹性阶段、内部裂纹扩展的加载阶段、第1卸载阶段和第2卸载阶段等5个阶段。在相同入射波循环作用下,随着循环次数的增加,岩石的反射波峰值越来越大,反射波峰值出现的时间越来越迟,透射波峰值越来越小,透射波峰值出现的时间越来越早,表明在循环冲击过程中岩石内部损伤逐渐累积,从而导致抵抗外部冲击载荷的能力逐渐降低。     

混凝土剪切应力-应变曲线的研究

本文利用自行设计的混凝土剪切试件对混凝土剪切强度、剪切应力一应变曲线进行了研究,为混凝土结构的分析提供了必要的力学模型．     

低碳钢拉伸的真应力——应变曲线测量1)

针对低碳钢拉伸的真应力-应变曲线测量问题,开发了基于单相机三维数字图像相关的实验教学系统。该系统可测量低碳钢拉伸过程中的表面三维形貌和表面应变,并由此获得低碳钢拉伸的真应力-应变曲线。该实验有助于学生深入理解塑性金属材料的力学性能,培养其科研兴趣。     

基于微面有效应力矢量的各向异性屈服准则

基于微面模型,定义损伤变量为微面上有效承载面积的减少. 将Kachanov的一维有效 应力概念推广到三维,提出微面有效应力矢量的概念. 根据微面的有效应力矢量,将无损材 料的宏观应力张量及不变量与微面应力矢量的积分关系拓展到有损材料,得到了有损材料的 宏观有效应力张量及其不变量与宏观名义应力张量、微面面积损伤组构张量之间的关系. 将 无损材料的以应力张量不变量表示的Drucker-Prager准则推广到有损材料,建立了含缺陷 材料的各向异性屈服准则. 对有损材料,宏观有效应力张量与Murakami的有效应力张量具 有相同的形式,各向异性强度准则与Liu等提出的扩展Hill准则有相同的形式,当不考虑 静水应力对屈服的影响时,它与Hill准则具有相同的形式.     

On the use of homogeneous polynomials to develop anisotropic yield functions with applications to sheet forming

This paper investigates the capabilities of several non-quadratic polynomial yield functions to model the plastic anisotropy of orthotropic sheet metal (plane stress). Fourth, sixth and eighth-order homogeneous polynomials are considered. For the computation of the coefficients of the fourth-order polynomial an improved set of analytic formulas is proposed. For sixth and eighth-order polynomials the identification uses optimization. Simple constraints on the optimization process are shown to lead to real-valued convex functions. A general method to extend the above plane stress criteria to full 3D stress states is also suggested. Besides their simplicity in formulation, it is found that polynomial yield functions are capable to model a wide range of anisotropic plastic properties (e.g., the Numisheet’93 mild steel, AA2008-T4, AA2090-T3). The yield functions have then been implemented into a commercial finite element code as constitutive subroutines. The deep drawing of square (Numisheet’93) and cylindrical (AA2090-T3) cups have been simulated. In both cases excellent agreement with experimental data is obtained. In particular, it is shown that non-quadratic polynomial yield functions can simulate cylindrical cups with six or eight ears. We close with a discussion on earing and further examples.     

复合材料后压力框加筋元件双轴拉伸试验与模拟

试验针对应用在飞机后压力框上的碳纤维织物复合材料的力学特性和设计压力框壳体加强筋的刚度匹配问题,本文设计了十字形的试件,并开展了双轴拉伸试验,测试分析了试件中心位置含有不同尺寸加强筋时对刚度和强度的影响。依照试验条件,建立有限元模型,以中心位置未加筋试件为基准,探讨了两种尺寸筋条增强效果的差异。试验与模拟结果表明:在双轴拉伸载荷作用下,帽型加强筋明显提高了试件刚度和强度;两种筋条尺寸的差异对于试件刚度和强度的影响不明显;根据重量最小的原则,在同等条件下使用较小尺寸加强筋更为合适;有限元模拟与试验结果吻合良好,验证了本文提出的试验和模拟方法可用于复杂应力条件下织物复合材料结构的力学性能分析。     

各向异性本构关系在板料成形数值模拟中的应用

对几种能表达面内各向异性的屈服准则Hill、Barlat-Lian、Barlat进行了比较。以弹性变形服从各向同性广义虎克定律的情况下，给出了基于张量算法推导的弹塑性本构关系的一般表达式，并由此导出了相应屈服准则的弹塑性本构关系的显式表达。借助ABAQUS软件本构模块用户子程序接口，分别实现了这些屈服准则在ABAQUS的嵌入。以模拟方形盒的拉延过程为例，分析了不同的屈服准则在板料成形过程数值模拟中的应用。模拟结果表明，基于弹塑性本构关系一般表达所列出的相应屈服准则的显式表达式是正确的；在采用壳元来模拟板料成形时，采用Barlat准则的模拟结果和采用Barlat-Lian准则的结果差别不大。     

Characterization and development of an evolutionary yield function for the superconducting niobium sheet

Superconducting radio frequency (SRF) niobium cavities are widely used in high-energy physics to accelerate particle beams in particle accelerators. The performance of SRF cavities is affected by the microstructure and purity of the niobium sheet, surface quality, geometry, etc. Following optimum strain paths in the forming of these cavities can significantly control these parameters. To select these strain paths, however, information about the mechanical behavior, microstructure, and formability of the niobium sheet is required. Due to the lack of information, first an extensive experimental study was carried out to characterize the formability of the niobium sheet, followed by examining the suitability of Hill’s anisotropic yield function to model its plastic behavior. Results from this study showed that, due to intrinsic behavior, it is necessary to evolve the anisotropic coefficients of Hill’s yield function in order to properly model the plastic behavior of the niobium sheet. The accuracy of the newly developed evolutionary yield function was verified by applying it to the modeling of the hydrostatic bulging of the niobium sheet.     

Model identification and FE simulations: Effect of different yield loci and hardening laws in sheet forming

The bi-axial experimental equipment [Flores, P., Rondia, E., Habraken, A.M., 2005a. Development of an experimental equipment for the identification of constitutive laws (Special Issue). International Journal of Forming Processes] developed by Flores enables to perform Bauschinger shear tests and successive or simultaneous simple shear tests and plane strain tests. Flores investigates the material behavior with the help of classical tensile tests and the ones performed in his bi-axial machine in order to identify the yield locus and the hardening model. With tests performed on one steel grade, the methods applied to identify classical yield surfaces such as [Hill, R., 1948. A theory of the yielding and plastic flow of anisotropic materials. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A 193, 281–297; Hosford, W.F., 1979. On yield loci of anisotropic cubic metals. In: Proceedings of the 7th North American Metalworking Conf. (NMRC), SME, Dearborn, MI, pp. 191–197] ones as well as isotropic Swift type hardening, kinematic Armstrong–Frederick or Teodosiu and Hu hardening models are explained. Comparison with the Taylor–Bishop–Hill yield locus is also provided. The effect of both yield locus and hardening model choices is presented for two applications: plane strain tensile test and Single Point Incremental Forming (SPIF).     

Orthotropic yield criteria for description of the anisotropy in tension and compression of sheet metals

In this paper, yield functions describing the anisotropic behavior of textured metals are proposed. These yield functions are extensions to orthotropy of the isotropic yield function proposed by Cazacu et al. (Cazacu, O., Plunkett, B., Barlat, F., 2006. Orthotropic yield criterion for hexagonal close packed metals. Int. J. Plasticity 22, 1171–1194). Anisotropy is introduced using linear transformations of the stress deviator. It is shown that the proposed anisotropic yield functions represent with great accuracy both the tensile and compressive anisotropy in yield stresses and r-values of materials with hcp crystal structure and of metal sheets with cubic crystal structure. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the proposed formulations can describe very accurately the anisotropic behavior of metal sheets whose tensile and compressive stresses are equal.     

Identification and characterization of delamination in polymer coated metal sheet

In this paper, a mixed numerical-experimental approach is adopted to quantitatively investigate and characterize delamination in polymer coated steel. The integral bi-material system is analysed and special attention is given to the constitutive modelling of the polymer coating, the interface and the determination of all involved parameters. An extended cohesive zone model for large displacements is proposed, allowing for a mode-dependent behaviour in large deformations. Finally, peel tests are used to characterize the interface, whereby the interfacial properties are determined through an inverse parameter identification procedure.     

DH36钢拉伸塑性流动特性及本构关系

对DH36钢在温度从293~800 K、应变率为0.001和0.1 s-1的拉伸塑性流动特性进行实验研究,通过端口形貌图对变形前后的试样进行了微观分析,结果表明：(1)在实验温度范围内,0.001和0.1 s-1的应变率下,第三型应变时效现象出现,随应变率的增加,时效发生的温度区域移向更高温度;(2)第三型应变时效的发生与合金原子在晶界和晶粒中大量的第二相析出强化有关联;(3)建立包含第三型应变时效现象的统一本构模型,通过比较该模型能够较好的预测DH36的塑性拉伸流动应力。     

无氧铜平面冲击波实验的横向应力测试及屈服强度确定

为直接确定平面冲击波实验中无氧铜的流动应力,测量了试件中的纵向应力和横向应力,得到了试件中流动应力随时间的变化。采用构建的7种本构模型对无氧铜平面冲击波实验进行数值模拟,比较了实验结果与理论计算结果。研究指出,由SHPB等确定的中等应变率本构并不能拓宽应用于平面冲击波实验。