纯四方相硫化氧化锆催化剂的制备及其生物柴油合成应用研究

将过硫酸铵浸渍于直接合成的纳米氧化锆晶体表面,经300-500℃高温焙烧处理获得硫化氧化锆催化剂。采用X射线衍射（XRD）、氮气吸附-脱附、氨气程序升温脱附（NH₃-TPD）、傅里叶红外光谱（FT-IR）、扫描电镜（SEM）和能谱仪（EDS）等分析手段对催化剂的结构性能进行了表征。结果表明,所有的催化剂均展现出纯四方相结构和高的结晶度。其中,经500℃热处理获得的催化剂拥有最高的硫含量和酸性位,将其应用于大豆油与甲醇酯交换反应合成生物柴油,获得了脂肪酸甲酯收率高达84.6%的催化效果,进一步表明该催化剂表面存在优越的超强酸位。     

白藜芦醇清除自由基活性的密度泛函理论研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)方法,从静态与动态两大方面分析了白藜芦醇分子酚羟基在不同溶剂中清除自由基活性的能力大小.通过白藜芦醇的结构参数、前线轨道理论、3种抽氢反应机制等方面分析了分子活性位与其性质的关系.探讨了白藜芦醇分子不同位置酚羟基清除·OH和·OOH的抗氧化机理,得到了该分子与·OOH发生抽氢反应时的过渡态结构.计算结果表明,在任何溶剂中白藜芦醇分子C(4')位上酚羟基活性最高,发生抽氢反应时反应热最小,是高活性位点.     

Density functional theory study on mechanisms of epoxy‐phenol curing reaction

A comprehensive picture on the mechanism of the epoxy‐phenol curing reactions is presented using the density functional theory B3LYP/ 6‐31G(d,p) and simplified physical molecular models to examine all possible reaction pathways. Phenol can act as its own promoter by using an addition phenol molecule to stabilize the transition states, and thus lower the rate‐limiting barriers by 27.0–48.9 kJ/mol. In the uncatalyzed reaction, an epoxy ring is opened by a phenol with an apparent barrier of about 129.6 kJ/mol. In catalyzed reaction, catalysts facilitate the epoxy ring opening prior to curing that lowers the apparent barriers by 48.9–50.6 kJ/mol. However, this can be competed in highly basic catalysts such as amine‐based catalysts, where catalysts are trapped in forms of hydrogen‐bonded complex with phenol. Our theoretical results predict the activation energy in the range of 79.0–80.7 kJ/mol in phosphine‐based catalyzed reactions, which agrees well with the reported experimental range of 54–86 kJ/mol. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Density functional theory study of mechanism of epoxy‐carboxylic acid curing reaction

A comprehensive picture on the mechanism of the epoxy‐carboxylic acid curing reactions is presented using the density functional theory B3LYP/6‐31G(d,p) and simplified physical molecular models to examine all possible reaction pathways. Carboxylic acid can act as its own promoter by using the OH group of an additional acid molecule to stabilize the transition states, and thus lower the rate‐limiting barriers by 45 kJ/mol. For comparison, in the uncatalyzed reaction, an epoxy ring is opened by a phenol with an apparent barrier of about 107 kJ/mol. In catalyzed reaction, catalysts facilitate the epoxy ring opening prior to curing that lowers the apparent barriers by 35 kJ/mol. However, this can be competed in highly basic catalysts such as amine‐based catalysts, where catalysts can enhance the nucleophilicity of the acid by forming hydrogen‐bonded complex with it. Our theoretical results predict the activation energy in the range of 71 to 94 kJ/mol, which agrees well with the reported experimental range for catalyzed reactions. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

三聚氰胺结构和热力学性质的密度泛函理论研究

采用Materials Studio 软件中的DMol~3模块对三聚氰胺的结构和性质进行了理论研究.得到了分子的几何构型、振动频率、各原子上的电荷分布、热力学、以及Fukui指数和前线分子轨道.计算结果表明:三聚氰胺分子中的C原子易得电子,是亲核试剂进攻点,而胺基上的N原子因含孤对电子是亲电反应中心.     

Density functional theory study of the structure and energetics of negatively charged oligopyrroles

First‐principles calculations are used to investigate the electronic properties of negatively charged n‐pyrrole oligomers with n = 2–18. Chains of neutral oligomers are bent, whereas the negatively charged oligomers become almost planar due to accumulation of negative charge at the end monomers. Isomers of short oligomers (n < 6) display negative electron affinity although the corresponding anions are energetically stable. For longer oligomers with n ≥ 6, the electron affinity is small and positive, slowly increasing with oligopyrrole length. Doping of 12‐pyrrole with lithium atoms shows that negative oxidation states are possible due to electron transfer from dopant to oligomer at locations close to dopant. These 12‐pyrrole regions support extra negative charge and exhibit a local structural change from benzenoid to quinoid structure in the C? C backbone conjugation. Comparison between neutral and doped polypyrrole (PPy) indicates that doped polymers displays a substantial depletion of the band gap energy and the appearance of dopant‐based bands in the gap for a 50% per monomer doping level. It is predicted that Li‐doped PPy is not metallic. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011     

Density functional theory study of the interaction between formamide and uracil

The hydrogen bonding of complexes formed between the formamide and uracil molecule has been fully investigated in the present study using the density functional theory (DFT) method at varied basis set levels from 6‐31G to 6‐311++G(d,p). Eight stable cyclic structures with two hydrogen bonds involved in the interaction are found on the potential energy surface (PES). The four structures are seven‐membered rings; the others are eight‐membered rings. The eight‐membered ring is preferred over the seven‐membered one by analyzing the hydrogen bond lengths and the interaction energies. The infrared (IR) spectrum frequencies, IR intensities, and the vibrational frequency shifts are reported. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007     

Reactivation pathway of the hydrogenase H‐cluster: Density functional theory study

This work puts forth a reaction pathway for the reactivation of exogenous ligand inhibited H‐cluster, the active site of Fe‐only hydrogenases. The H‐cluster is a dimetal complex, Fe–Fe, with the metal centers bridged by di(thiomethyl)amine. Exogenous ligands, H₂O, and OH^?, are bound to the distal iron (Fe_d). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations on the native and ruthenium‐modified H‐cluster have been performed using the B3LYP functional with 6‐31+G** and 6‐311+G** basis sets. We have ascertained that there is a thermodynamically favorable pathway for the reactivation of the OH^? inhibited H‐cluster, which proceeds by an initial protonation of the Fe_d–OH^? complex. The proposed reaction pathway has all its intermediate reactions ensue exothermically. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007     

肾上腺素与胞嘧啶相互作用的密度泛函理论研究

采用密度泛函理论（DFT）B3LYP方法和6-311＋G（d,p）基组对肾上腺素-胞嘧啶复合物进行结构优化和频率计算,得到15种稳定的复合物.研究发现,所有的复合物进行基组重叠误差（BSSE）校正后的相互作用能为-11.43^-48.96kJ/mol,符合氢键能量范围,相互作用能主要由氢键所贡献.结构和振动频率分析显示,氢键的形成使相应O（N）—H键的键长变长,对称伸缩振动频率减小,说明复合物中形成的氢键都是正常的红移型氢键.应用自然键轨道（NBO）理论和分子中的原子（AIM）理论对15种复合物的氢键性质和特征进行分析,发现氢键对于复合物的稳定性起着重要作用,当复合物形成2个或更多的氢键时,氢键的数目、类型及强度共同决定着复合物的稳定性,复合物基本符合三氢键〉二氢键〉单氢键的稳定顺序,三氢键复合物4是最稳定的,复合物3存在单氢键O—H…O,比部分二氢键复合物要稳定.     

Potential energy surface of the reaction of imidazole with peroxynitrite: Density functional theory study

This article presents a theoretical investigation of the reaction mechanism of imidazole nitration by peroxynitrite using density functional theory calculations. Understanding this reaction mechanism will help in elucidating the mechanism of guanine nitration by peroxynitrite, which is one of the assumed chemical pathways for damaging DNA in cells. This work focuses on the analysis of the potential energy surface (PES) for this reaction in the gas phase. Calculations were carried out using Hartree–Fock (HF) and density functional theory (DFT) Hamiltonians with double‐zeta basis sets ranging from 6‐31G(d) to 6‐31++G(d,p), and the triple‐zeta basis set 6‐311G(d). The computational results reveal that the reaction of imidazole with peroxynitrite in gas phase produces the following species: (i) hydroxide ion and 2‐nitroimidazole, (ii) hydrogen superoxide ion and 2‐nitrosoimidazole, and (iii) water and 2‐nitroimidazolide. The rate‐determining step is the formation of a short‐lived intermediate in which the imidazole C₂ carbon is covalently bonded to peroxynitrite nitrogen. Three short‐lived intermediates were found in the reaction path. These intermediates are involved in a proton‐hopping transport from C₂ carbon to the terminal oxygen of the ? O? O moiety of peroxynitrite via the nitroso (ON? ) oxygen. Both HF and DFT calculations (using the Becke3–Lee–Yang–Parr functional) lead to similar reaction paths for proton transport, but the landscape details of the PES for HF and DFT calculations differ. This investigation shows that the reaction of imidazole with peroxynitrite produces essentially the same types of products (nitro‐ and nitroso‐) as observed experimentally in the reaction of guanine with peroxynitrite, which makes the former reaction a good model to study by computation the essential characteristics of the latter reaction. Nevertheless, the computationally determined activation energy for imidazole nitration by peroxynitrite in the gas phase is 84.1 kcal/mol (calculated at the B3LYP/6‐31++G(d,p) level), too large for an enzymatic reaction. Exploratory calculations on imidazole nitration in solution, and on the reaction of 9‐methylguanine with peroxynitrite in the gas phase and solution, show that solvation increases the activation energy for both imidazole and guanine, and that the modest decrease (15 kcal mol^?1) in the activation energy, due to the adjacent six member ring of guanine, is counterbalanced by solvation. These results lead to the speculation that proton tunneling may be at the origin of experimentally observed high reaction rate of guanine nitration by peroxynitrite in solution. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005     

Density functional study on the reaction mechanism of palladium-catalyzed addition of cyanoboranes to alkynes

The B3LYP hybrid density functional method has been carried out to study theoretically the mechanism of Pd(0)-catalyzed alkyne cyanoboration reaction. Both the intermolecular and intramolecular alkyne cyanoboration reactions were studied. For each reaction, three paths were proposed. In path A of each reaction, the first step is B-CN bond oxidative addition to bisphosphine complex Pd(PH(3))(2), in path B of each reaction, the first step is alkyne coordination to bisphosphine complex Pd(PH(3))(2), and in path C of each reaction, the first step is the PH(3) dissociation from Pd(PH(3))(2) to form monophosphine complex Pd(PH(3)). For both reactions, path B is favored. The dissociation and recoordination of phosphine ligand are found to be very important for the entire reaction, in agreement with the experiment. In both intermolecular and intramolecular cyanoboration reactions, cyano migration is preferred to take place compared with alkenylboryl migration for the formation of the final cis products. The rate-determining step for both intermolecular and intramolecular cyanoboration reactions is found to be the insertion of carbon-carbon triple bond into Pd-B bond with the activation energy of 38.4 and 34.3 kcal/mol relative to the initial reactants, respectively. These values suggest that intramolecular reaction is relatively easy to occur.     

Density functional investigation on electron-transfer catalysis of cycloreversion of cyclobutane: radical anion mechanism

The mechanism of cycloreversion of cyclobutane radical anion (c-C(4)H(8) (-)) has been investigated at the UB3LYP/6-31++G(d,p) level, and compared with those of neutral c-C(4)H(8) and c-C(4)H(8) (+) radical cation. Although both c-C(4)H(8) (-) and C(2)H(4) are shown to be Rydberg states unstable with respect to electron ejection, the activation barrier for the "rotating" cycloreversion of c-C(4)H(8) (-) (37.3 kcal/mol) is lower by about 25.2 kcal/mol than that of c-C(4)H(8), and even the intervention of tetramethylene radical anion intermediate may reduce the activation barrier for the cycloreversion of c-C(4)H(8) by about 8.4 kcal/mol, mainly due to stronger electron-deficiency of intermediate biradical species than close-shell cyclobutanes. For the cycloreversion for c-C(4)H(8) (-), side isomerization reaction may be efficiently prevented by the low kinetic stability of tetramethylene radical anion intermediate towards dissociation, just different from the radical cation case. Our theoretical results have suggested the possibility of electron-attachment catalysis of the cycloreversion of some electron-deficient substituted cyclobutanes.     

左旋葡聚糖热解机理的密度泛函理论研究

采用密度泛函理论B3LYP/6-31++G(d,p)方法,对纤维素热解的主要产物左旋葡聚糖的热解反应机理进行了理论计算分析,设计了四种可能的热解反应途径, 对各种反应的反应物、产物和过渡态的结构进行了能量梯度全优化。计算结果表明,左旋葡聚糖开环成链状中间体时,首先,左旋葡聚糖中的两个半缩醛键C(1)-O(7)和C(6)-O(8)断裂,经过渡态TS₁形成中间体IM₁,同时,C(6)-O(7)结合成键使C(5)-C(6)-O(7)形成环状结构,该反应的能垒较高,为296.53 kJ/mol,然后IM₁经过渡态TS₂转变为中间体IM₂,该反应的能垒为234.09 kJ/mol;对IM₂设计了四条可能的反应路径,反应路径2和3能垒较低,是IM₂最可能的热解反应途径;在反应路径1和4中都包含了脱羰基反应,其反应能垒较高,不易发生。     

Density functional theory study on the interaction of catechin and cytosine

The interacting patterns and mechanism of the catechin and cytosine have been investigated using the density functional theory B3LYP method with 6-31+G* basis set.Eleven stable structures of the catechin-cytosine complexes have been found respectively.The results indicate that the complexes are mainly stabilized by the hydrogen bonding interactions.Theories of atoms in molecules(AIM) and natural bond orbital(NBO) have been utilized to investigate the hydrogen bonds involved in all the systems.The interactio...     

N2O在焦炭表面异相生成和分解机理的密度泛函理论研究

选用合理简化的焦炭模型,对煤焦燃烧过程中N₂O的异相生成和分解机理进行了分子水平上的研究。采用UB3LYP/6-31G(d)密度泛函理论方法优化得到了反应路径上反应物、产物、中间体和过渡态的几何构型和各中间反应的活化能和反应焓变。NO与其预先吸附在焦炭表面解离生成的表面氮组分反应生成N₂O的路径有两个,需要克服的势垒分别为69.3kJ/mol和200.0kJ/mol;NO亦可直接与焦炭中的吡啶氮结合释放出N₂O,该反应路径所需克服的最大势垒为418.0kJ/mol。N₂O可在焦炭表面分解释放出N₂,异相分解反应为一步反应,计算所得活化能为100.8kJ/mol。N₂O的异相生成和异相分解反应均为放热反应。采用经典过渡态理论计算得到了各路径中速率控制步骤的反应速率常数。低温条件下,N₂O的异相分解反应速率略低于其异相生成速率,随着温度的升高,两者逐渐接近,说明高温条件有利于N₂O的异相分解。     

聚苯胺包覆Pt／C催化剂的电子结构与催化活性的密度泛函研究

针对聚苯胺（PANI）包覆Pt／C催化剂以后,形成的Pt／C@PANI核壳结构催化剂稳定性和催化氧还原活性显著提高的现象,采用密度泛函方法从理论角度研究了其稳定性和催化活性提高的原因．结果发现,随着PANI将电子转移给载体C,自身空穴增加,PANI部分氧化,导电性增强;PANI在Pt／C表面主要通过共轭苯环的形式（3C、N2C．I）相互作用且伴随着电子转移;PANI的存在使Pt／C@PANI体系的HOMO能级升高,减小了与氧气分子LUMO能级的差异,有利于电子从催化剂HOMO转移到氧分子的LUMO轨道,使得氧容易得到电子;PANI吸附后,Pt原子d带中心显著降低,利于中间物种的脱附,催化活性更高;分态密度表明,PANI使Pt、C均向低能级方向移动,使Pt／C体系更稳定．     

Gas‐phase pyrolysis mechanisms of 3‐anilino‐1‐propanol: Density functional theory study

The gas‐phase pyrolytic decomposition mechanisms of 3‐anilino‐1‐propanol with the products of aniline, ethylene, and formaldehyde or N‐methyl aniline and aldehyde were studied by density functional theory. The geometries of the reactant, transition states, and intermediates were optimized at the B3LYP/6‐31G (d, p) level. Vibration analysis was carried out to confirm the transition state structures, and the intrinsic reaction coordinate method was performed to search the minimum energy path. Four possible reaction channels are shown, including two concerted reactions of direct pyrolytic decomposition and two indirect channels in which the reactant first becomes a ring‐like intermediate, followed by concerted pyrogenation. One of the concerted reactions in the direct pyrolytic decomposition has the lowest activation barrier among all the four channels, and so, it occurs more often than others. The results appear to be consistent with the experimental outcomes. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009     

儿茶素-胞嘧啶分子间相互作用的密度泛函研究

采用密度泛函理论的B3LYP方法,在6-31+G*基组水平上研究了儿茶素-胞嘧啶分子间相互作用机制,得到稳定的儿茶素-胞嘧啶复合物11个.计算结果表明氢键对于复合物的稳定性起着重要的作用,并且当复合物形成2个或更多的氢键时,氢键的类型及强度共同决定着复合物的稳定性.我们还应用了分子中的原子(AIM)理论和自然键轨道(NBO)理论对这11种复合物中氢键的性质和特征进行了分析.通过研究发现,所有的氢键复合物进行基组重叠误差(BSSE)校正后的相互作用能为-17.35～-43.27kJ/mol,相互作用能主要由氢键所贡献.振动分析显示,氢键的形成使相对应键的对称伸缩振动频率减小,说明这些复合物中形成的氢键都是正常的红移型氢键,与实验结果相一致.