基于不同结构新型方形超导线材的交流损耗仿真研究

高温超导体的交流损耗直接影响超导设备的价格及其商用化.对于高温超导体,降低其交流损耗有助于优化电力传输性能并降低运行成本.对于不同堆叠结构的YBCO超导方形线材,本文使用有限元分析软件Comsol Multiphysics基于H方程计算了不同种类方形线材的交流损耗.通过数据汇总计算与结果分析,验证了仿真计算的有效性、准确性与合理性.     

高温超导体的交流损耗计算机仿真分析

高温超导体的交流损耗直接关系高温超导器件的运行成本和稳定性.交流损耗的测量与计算,以及交流损耗的降低一直是目前需要解决的问题之一.本文应用有限元软件Comsol Multiphysics基于Maxwell方程和高温超导体的E~J指数特性仿真分析了YBCO超导体在自场和垂直超导体表面的交流背景磁场下的交流损耗,通过与理论值和实验结果比较,验证了该仿真模型的有效性与合理性.     

千匝量级高温超导YBCO磁体交流损耗的仿真分析

高温超导YBCO带材严重的各向异性,使得YBCO磁体的交流损耗特性比BSCCO磁体更加复杂。利用有限元方法研究了匝数多达1000匝的YBCO磁体的交流损耗特性。该方法基于H方程,考虑了YBCO带材与磁场强度和方向相关的临界电流密度以及高温超导体高度非线性的E-J关系。由于磁体匝数众多,采用均质化bulk近似方法简化了磁体建模,加快了计算速度,并以200匝带材组成的双饼为例,对比均质化Bulk模型和考虑超导层实际尺寸的参考模型,验证了该方法的可靠性。此外,还详细分析了不同传输电流上升率、幅值以及带材的n值和临界电流等参数对YBCO磁体交流损耗的影响。     

YBCO线圈在液氮中的失超特性研究

由于高温超导材料的临界温度较高,可以运行在一个较宽的温度范围内,因此高温超导磁体被看作是稳定性较好的磁体,它在超导电力、超导磁体方面的应用占着日益重要的地位.YBCO带材作为第二代高温超导体的代表,近年来其生产工艺水平也得到了迅速发展和提高.磁体失超是影响超导磁体运行稳定性的重要问题之一.本文研究了YBCO单饼线圈在液氮环境中因由热扰动诱发的失超特性,设计了一套高温超导线圈在液氮浸泡下的失超测量系统,通过软件LABVIEW和数据采集卡对线圈的温度和电压进行采集和记录,测量YBCO单饼线圈在不同运行条件下的失超特性.     

YBCO线圈交流损耗的有限元分析与实验验证

随着高温超导YBCO带材载流能力的不断提高和成本的逐渐降低,YBCO线圈及磁体的应用将日益广泛。文中利用有限元方法研究了YBCO线圈的交流损耗特性,计算了50Hz下线圈的瞬时交流损耗,分析了每匝带材中的电流和磁场分布。仿真结果表明,线圈内侧承受的磁场最大,但线圈中部每周期的交流损耗最大,且线圈中始终存在未被磁场穿透的区域。除此之外,文中实验测量了YBCO线圈的临界电流和交流损耗,实验结果良好地验证了仿真方法的正确性。     

准各向同性高温超导股线交流损耗的实验研究

高温超导体的交流损耗直接影响超导电力装置的运行成本和稳定性,是判断超导电力设备设计是否合理的重要特性之一.在阐述准各向同性高温超导股线结构特点的基础上,首先对准各向同性高温超导股线的交流损耗和磁滞损耗进行仿真研究,利用有限元软件Comsol Multiphysics分析了交流背景磁场下的损耗,然后在对光纤布拉格光栅(optical fiber Bragg grating,简称FBG)波长与损耗关系标定的基础上,使用光纤布拉格光栅测量交流背景磁场下的交流损耗.理论计算与实验结果相吻合,表明在工频和液氮温度下股线的交流损耗以磁滞损耗为主.     

高温超导YBCO线圈交流损耗的频率特性

YBCO线圈的交流损耗直接关系到YBCO设备的运行成本及稳定性。实现对YBCO线圈交流损耗的快速、准确测量,对于开展YBCO涂层导体的应用研究具有重要的意义。文中采用电测量法,在77K、零场和不同频率条件下,对YBCO线圈通以不同运行电流时产生的交流传输损耗进行测量。构建了YBCO线圈交流损耗的数值计算模型,对YBCO线圈交流损耗进行理论研究,最后将实验数据与理论计算结果进行比较,两者结果基本一致。可以发现,YBCO线圈在频率低于75Hz时,交流传输损耗随频率的增大而减小,当频率从75Hz增加到195Hz时,交流传输损耗随频率的增大而增加。     

高温超导YBCO线圈交流损耗实验研究与分析

交流损耗是高温超导YBCO线圈设计的一个重要参数,直接关系到高温超导装置的运行成本和稳定性。文中利用热测法实现对高温超导YBCO线圈交流损耗的准确测量,并给出了高温超导YBCO线圈的理论数值计算模型,通过理论计算值与实验结果的比较分析,两者结果基本相符。研究结果为开展1MJ高温超导储能-限流磁体的研制具有十分重要的指导意义。     

高温超导YBCO带材的交流传输电流损耗测量

文中对不同频率不同幅值的交变电流下高温超导体YBCO带材的交流传输损耗进行了实验研究。实验在77K下,对Superpower公司生产的SCS4050型号带材采用电测法通过锁相放大器进行了交流损耗值的测量,并将其工作电流为50Hz时的测量结果与Norris矩形模型估算值进行了对比,同时也给出了15Hz到300Hz不同频率下交流损耗测量结果的比较分析。     

YBCO超导体的电工学应用研究进展

超导体具有一些完全区别于传统电工导体和电工磁性材料的电磁特性,因而在电工学领域具有广泛的应用价值。自从1987年发现高温超导体以来,高温超导体的电工学应用研究得到了快速的发展。YBCO超导材料具有比BSCCO超导材料更加优越的电工学应用性能,因而随着YBCO超导材料逐渐实现小批量供货,近年来有关YBCO超导体的电工学应用研究得以广泛的开展。文章重点介绍国内外在YBCO材料(包括块材和带材)及其在电力技术和磁体技术等方面的应用研究进展,以此纪念YBCO超导体发现30周年。     

Linear temperature dependence of low temperature pyroelectric coefficient

Due to the deformation of electronic charge clouds, the Dick-Overhauser exchange charge in ionic materials is shown to have quadratic temperature dependence as T tends to zero in non-centrosymmetric crystals. It follows that the pyroelectric coefficient π has a linear temperature dependence in the same low temperature limit. The order of magnitude of π obtained theoretically by a simple model at T = 5 K is 2 × 10^?7 μC cm^?2 K^?1, which is in fairly good agreement with that obtained experimentally on LiTaO₃ by Lines.     

Relativistic temperature

A measurement theory for the temperature of relativistic systems is developed. The resulting operational approach is shown to be quasi-local and therefore may be applicable in general Riemannian manifolds even when there are temperature gradients which induce heat flows. The surprising feature of our analysis is that it leads to a bifurcation of the temperature concept into two distinctly different measurable quantities: one a frame invariant scalar field which a local co-moving observer would tend to identify with the local temperature and employ in the definition of entropy, the other a frame dependent, but nevertheless locally determinable quantity which governs the flow of heat and the ability to extract work. The two quantities differ by the bookkeeping methodology employed to calibrate the thermometer. A simple relationship between the two temperatures can be established if a preferred Killing vector field is available in the Riemannian manifold.     

Estimation of Kauzmann temperature and isenthalpic temperature of metallic glasses

We propose expressions for the estimation of the isenthalpic temperature T ₀ (T ₀ = αT _m , α is a semi-empirical parameter and 0 ⩽ α < 1, T _m is the solidus temperature) and the Kauzmann temperature T _k (T _k = T _m exp(α−1)) for glass forming alloys. It is found that T _k estimated by T _k = T _m exp(α−1) is in agreement with that directly calculated from the heat capacity data, indicating that T _k = T _m exp(α − 1) can be used to estimate T _k of glass forming alloys. T ₀ estimated by T ₀ = αT _m , on the other hand, widely deviates from that of directly calculated from the heat capacity data. This suggests that the enthalpy difference of the under-cooled liquid and the crystal might be a nonlinear function of the temperature below T _k . Moreover, the Gibbs free energy difference ΔG is not sensitive to the deviation of α.     

Dependence of hot carriers temperature on lattice temperature in CdS

Non-equilibrium carrier distributions were obtained in CdS at various temperatures from 77 to 400K. A study is made of the influence of the lattice temperature on the carrier temperature. It is found that the higher the lattice temperature the lower is the difference between carrier and lattice temperatures, though carriers are always thermalized among themselves. The results can be accounted for by carrier relaxation through optical polar phonon emission.     

Nonequilibrium temperature and fluctuation–dissipation temperature in flowing gases

The expressions for the nonequilibrium temperature derived from the fluctuation–dissipation theorem and from the differential of the informational nonequilibrium entropy for ideal gases under shear flow are compared. Both temperatures are different, in particular, the thermodynamic temperature derived from the entropy is lower than the local-equilibrium temperature, whereas the effective temperature defined from the fluctuation–dissipation expression is higher than the local-equilibrium temperature.     

Brightness temperature emitted by layered media with nonuniform temperature profile

Based on the transmission-line theory, this paper describes a new procedure to calculate the radiation from layered media with nonuniform temperature profile. The result is compared with those obtained through the incoherent method and the analysis of the electromagnetic fields.     

Low temperature elastic constants and Debye temperature of NbO2

The transit times of ultrasonic waves have been measured in single crystal NbO₂ from 295 K down to 1.5 K for quasilongitudinal and shear waves propagating in the [100] direction and down to 160 K for eight other waves. Values are obtained for the C₄₄ elastic constant and for an elastic constant combination which is approximately equal to C₁₁ for temperatures down to 1.5 K and for C₁₁, C₁₂, C₁₃, C₁₆, C₃₃, and C₆₆ down to 160 K. These results are used to deduce 0 K values for the elastic constants and an elastic Debye temperature of 596 ± 7 K at 1.5 K. The acoustic mode heat capacity calculated from the latter is significantly smaller than the heat capacity measured by Wenger and Keesom at low temperatures. Following Wenger and Keesom, the difference is attributed to phasons (excitations involving the phase modulation of charge density waves). An average velocity is deduced for the phasons.