Conjugative cycloaddition of N-chlorosulfonyl isocyanate across vinylcyclopropane system. A new pathway towards macro-heterocycles

trans- -Isopropenyl-4-methylene-spiro[2.x]alkanes ($\text{4a}$ and $\text{4b}$) react at 0°C with CSI to give as major products the trans bicyclic cycloazanondienones ($\text{12a}$-$\text{12b}$) and as the minor products bicyclodihydro-azepinones ($\text{11a}$ and $\text{11b}$), and the respective cis isomer of bicyclic cycloazanondienones ($\text{13a}$ and $\text{13b}$).     

[2+2] Cycloaddition of chlorosulfonyl isocyanate to allenyl-sugar ethers

The direction and magnitude of asymmetric induction in the [2+2] cycloaddition of chlorosulfonyl isocyanate to 3-O-allenyl-α-d-xylofuranoses was investigated. It is shown that gem terminal dimethylallenes react more readily than methyl free congeners. The configuration of adducts was established by X-ray and CD-spectroscopy of alkylidene cephams. A stereochemical model of the transition state for the [2+2] cycloaddition of chlorosulfonyl isocyanate and allenyl ethers is proposed, based on the lowest energy conformation of the cumulene.     

Conformational analysis of bridgehead-substituted bicyclo[m.m.m]alkanes and bicyclo[8.8.n]alkanes

Conformational analyses of bicyclo[m.m.m]alkanes where m=1-10 and of bicyclo[8.8.n]alkanes where n=1-7 bearing methyl groups on the bridgeheads were carried out using a Monte Carlo search strategy. In the bicyclo[m.m.m]alkane series, greater variability was observed for the inter-bridgehead distance for larger values of m. This suggests that properly substituted bicyclo[8.8.8]hexacosanes or larger ring systems might serve as molecular springs.     

An efficient stereoselective synthesis of (2S,3S)-3-hydroxypipecolic acid using chlorosulfonyl isocyanate

An efficient stereoselective syntheses of (2S,3S)-3-hydroxypipecolic acid and (2R,3S)-2-hydroxymethylpiperidin-3-ol were achieved from p-anisaldehyde via the regioselective and diastereoselective introduction of an N-protected amine group using chlorosulfonyl isocyanate, ring-closing methathesis, and oxidation of p-methoxyphenyl group as the key steps.     

Synthesis and structures of polychalcogenadistannabicyclo[k.l.m]alkanes

Reaction of steric encumbered trichlorostannane with disodium sulfide or dilithium selenide gave 2,4-dimercapto-1,3,2,4-dithiadistannetane or tetraselenadistannabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane, respectively. Reactions of steric encumbered trihydrostannane with elemental chalcogens gave pentachalcogenadistannabicyclo[k.1.1]heptanes (k = 2 and 3). The two bridgehead tin atoms of the first polychalcogenadistannabicyclo[k.l.m]alkanes are concluded to have no significant bonding interaction, judging from the longer bond distances than those of the normal tin-tin single bonds.     

Intramolecular 4+2 cycloaddition of thieno[2,3-e][1,2,4]triazines: routes towards condensed thieno[2,3-b]pyridines

Synthetic approaches towards new condensed thienopyridine ring systems including furo[2,3-b]thieno[3,2-e]pyridines, bisthieno[2,3-b:3′,2′-e]pyridines, 5H-chromeno[2,3-b]thieno[3,2-e]pyridines, 5H-benzo(f)chromeno[2,3-b]thieno[3,2-e]pyridines have been achieved by application of intramolecular 4+2 cycloaddition reactions of suitably designed thieno[2,3-e][1,2,4]triazines tethered with alkene or alkyne terminals.     

Investigation towards an efficient synthesis of benzo[g]isoquinoline-1,5,10(2H)-triones

As part of our research on 2-aza analogues of pentalongin, the active principle of Pentas longiflora Oliv., the first synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted benzo[g]isoquinoline-1,5,10(2H)-triones via 3,4-disubstituted 6-hydroxybenzo[g]furo[4,3,2-de]isoquinoline-2,5(4H)-diones as the key intermediates is reported. The latter compounds have been prepared by treating 2-methoxycarbonyl-1,4-naphthoquinone with N-substituted enaminoesters under acidic conditions. These reagents are easily accessible from readily available 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, β-ketoesters and primary amines. Finally, a short synthesis of substituted benzo[g]isoquinoline-1,5,10(2H)-triones is achieved by an oxidative addition of N-substituted enaminoesters onto methyl 1,4-dihydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxylate.     

Development of the [3 + 2] annulations of cyclohexenylsilanes and chlorosulfonyl isocyanate: application to the total synthesis of (+/-)-peduncularine

The synthesis of (+/-)-peduncularine was accomplished using the [3 + 2] annulation of an allylic silane with chlorosulfonyl isocyanate to assemble the bicyclic core of the alkaloid. The stereochemistry of the annulation product was employed to control the installation of the indolylmethyl side chain at C-7 with complete stereoselectivity.     

A one-pot synthesis and 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of [1,2]dithiolo[4,3-b]indole-3(4H)-thiones

Treatment of N-substituted 2-methyl-1H-indoles 1 with S₂Cl₂ and DABCO in chloroform gave the corresponding [1,2]dithiolo[4,3-b]indole-3(4H)-thiones 5 by the addition of triethylamine in high yield. 1,2-Dithiole-3-thiones 5 underwent cycloaddition with one or two DMAD equivalents to afford either 2-(3-thioxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-ylidene)-1,3-dithioles 10 or fused 4,5-dihydrothiopyrano[3,2-b]indoles 9.     

A tandem radical cyclization route to tricyclo[4.3.n.0]alkanes

A facile route to tricyclo[4.3.n.0^1,5]alkane skeletons from conjugated cyclic enones was developed through tandem free radical cyclization reaction sequence involving the cyclopropylmethyl radical mediated rearrangement. The scope and limitation of the reaction was investigated.     

A [4+2]-like cycloaddition of methyl methacrylate on Si(100)-2 x 1

The attachment of methyl methacrylate (MMA) on Si(100)-2x1 was investigated using high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The HREELS spectra of chemisorbed MMA show the disappearance of characteristic vibrations of C=O (1725 cm(-1)) and C(sp(2))-H (3110, 1400, and 962 cm(-1)) coupled with the blue shift of the C=C stretching mode by 34 cm(-1) compared to those of physisorbed molecules. These results clearly demonstrate that both C=C and C=O in MMA directly participate in the interaction with the surface to form a SiCH(2)C(CH(3))=C(OCH(3))OSi species via a [4+2]-like cycloaddition. This binding configuration was further supported by XPS, UPS, and DFT studies.     

New synthesis of N-substituted benz[g]isoquinoline-3,5,10(2H)-triones

Various N-substituted benz[g]isoquinoline-3,5,10(2H)-triones 7 were prepared starting from vitamin K₃ (menadione) 9. The key steps involve substitution of a benzylic bromide by a primary amine and intramolecular condensation across the ester moiety of a (3-bromomethyl-naphth-2-yl)acetate 8 followed by oxidation with cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate (CAN) and spontaneous dehydrogenation, resulting in the title compounds 7. A selection of the synthesised new compounds was tested in vitro against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.     

Chlorosulfonyl isocyanate reactions with N-(alkoxycarbonyl)-2-azabicyclo[2.2.0]hex-5-enes. Regiospecific two-atom insertion pathways

Addition of the uniparticulate electrophile chlorosulfonyl isocyanate to the nitrogen atom of N-(alkoxycarbonyl)-2-azabicyclo[2.2.0]hex-5-enes 1 is followed by ring cleavage and recombination. The parent 4-methyl, 5-methyl, 5-bromo, and 5-phenyl azabicycles 1a-f afforded novel 2,4-diaza-3-oxo-bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-7-enes 10a-f. The 3-endo-phenyl azabicycle 1g rearranged to a 6-styryl-1,3-diaza-2-oxo-cyclohex-4-ene 12.     

Harnessing sun for catalyst and sensitizer free regio- and stereo-selective [2+2] cycloaddition

Presence of cyclobutane rings in bioactive natural products makes them a popular synthetic target. Most common strategy for synthesizing cyclobutanes is [2+2] cycloaddition, which is usually facilitated by using ultraviolet radiation and catalysts. Herein we report the design and synthesis of densely functionalized cyclobutanes by alleviating these drawbacks and using sunlight. Further, we identified the putative mechanism of the transformation based on kinetic, fluorescence and crystallographic studies and evaluated biological activities of the products against MCF7 cell lines. The rational design of the olefinic substrates was based on their UV–vis spectra. The generic aspect of the reaction was elucidated by the syntheses of diverse analogs of cyclobutanes. Further, crystal structures and UV–vis spectra of the olefinic partners assisted us in rationalizing the stereoselectivity of the heterodimers. We believe this energy-efficient mild approach will provide a substantial contribution to the existing repertoire of strategies to regio- and stereoselectively access cyclobutanes.     

Reaction of ene-bis(phosphinylallenes): [2+2] versus [4+2] cycloaddition

Reaction of ene-bis(phosphinylallenes), derived from ene-bis(propargyl alcohols) and chlorodiphenylphosphine, was investigated. Benzene-bridged bis(phosphinylallenes) exclusively gave intramolecular [2+2] cycloadducts in the presence of dimethyl fumarate in sharp contrast to the reaction of benzene-bridged bis(sulfinylallenes), which gave the corresponding [4+2] cycloadducts. On the other hand, substituted ethylene- or five-membered heterocycle-bridged bis(phosphinylallenes) provided [4+2] cycloadducts. Reaction of benzene-bridged diallene bearing both a sulfinyl group and a phosphinyl group on the two allenyl groups was also described.     

Synthesis of spiro[4.5]decane and bicyclo[4.3.0]nonane ring systems by self-cyclization of (Z)- and (E)-2-(trimethylsilylmethyl)pentadienal derivative

The two title carbon frameworks were synthesized utilizing a new type of iron-induced cyclization reaction of 2-(trimethylsilylmethyl)pentadienal. 2-Methylspiro[4.5]dec-2-en-1-one was obtained from (Z)- and (E)-4-cyclohexylidene-2-(trimethylsilylmethyl)but-2-enal. It was found that the (Z)-substrate isomerized to (E)-intermediate followed by cyclization to afford the initial product, 2-methylenespiro[4.5]dec-3-en-1-ol, which was isomerized to the above product. The cyclization of 4-(4-alkyl)cyclohexylidene-2-(trimethylsilylmethyl)but-2-enal proceeded stereoselectively. While, (E)-3-(cyclohex-1-en-1-yl)-2-(trimethylsilylmethyl)prop-2-en-1-al cyclized immediately affording 8-methylenebicyclo[4.3.0]non-9-en-7-ol. The corresponding (Z)-isomer gave several cyclization products as a complex mixture.     

Cu(OTf)2-promoted efficient synthetic route towards glycospiro-pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines

A simple, convenient and efficient protocol for the construction of an array of glycospiro-pyrroloisoquinolines using isoquinolinium ylide and a carbohydrate-derived exocyclic olefin in the presence of Cu(OTf)₂–Et₃N catalytic system is described. Isoquinoline and alkylbromoacetates/2-bromoacetophenones were employed to generate the azomethine ylides in the presence of Et₃N in refluxing toluene and subsequent exposure to the olefin led to the desired isoquinoline derivatives.     

Photochemical [2 + 2] cycloaddition of acetylene to chiral 2(5H)-furanones

The [2 + 2] photocycloaddition of acetylene to chiral 2(5H)-furanones was investigated. The influence on the chemical yield and facial diastereoselectivity of the substituent at the stereogenic center and also the effect of a 4-methyl group were evaluated. A mechanistic proposal based on a simple theoretical conformational analysis is presented. Using a C(2)-symmetric bis(lactone) as the substrate, a diastereomeric excess higher than 98% was found.     

Application of 2-(2-chloroaroyl)methyleneimidazolidines in domino and multicomponent reaction: new entries to imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines and benzo[b]imidazo[1,2,3-ij][1,8]naphthyridines

A new strategy for the synthesis of tetrahydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines and unusual tetrahydrobenzo[b]imidazo[1,2,3-ij][1,8]naphthyridines has been successfully developed by cascade reactions including Knoevenagel condensation, aza-ene reaction, imine-enamine tautomerization, cyclocondensation/oxidation, and intramolecular S_NAr of precursors 2-(2-chloroaroyl)methyleneimidazolidines as new heterocyclic ketene aminals (HKA), which represent a class of polyfunctional scaffolds with four active reaction sites with aromatic aldehydes and malononitrile or ethyl 2-cyanoacetate under mild conditions. In this domino reaction, nine different active sites are involved, and two C-C bonds, two C-N bonds, and two new rings are constructed with all reactants efficiently utilized in the chemical transformation.     

The synthesis of optically pure β-lactams derived from sugars. High-pressure [2+2] cycloaddition of toluene-4-sulphonyl isocyanate to glycals.

[2+2] Cycloaddition of toluene-4-sulphonyl isocyanate to glycals 1 - 4 at room temperature under 10 kbar pressure gave respective β-lactams 5 - 8 in good yields. The reaction proceeds regio- and stereospecifically to afford the four-membered ring in position trans to the acetoxy group at C-3 of the glycal moiety.