An Organocatalytic Azide–Aldehyde [3+2] Cycloaddition: High‐Yielding Regioselective Synthesis of 1,4‐Disubstituted 1,2,3‐Triazoles

An organocatalytic azide–aldehyde [3+2] cycloaddition (organo‐click) reaction of a variety of enolizable aldehydes is reported. The organo‐click reaction is characterized by a high rate and regioselectivity, mild reaction conditions, easily available substrates with simple operation, and excellent yields with a broad spectrum of substrates. It constitutes an alternative to the previously known CuAAC, RuAAC, and IrAAC click reactions.     

An Enolate‐Mediated Organocatalytic Azide–Ketone [3+2]‐Cycloaddition Reaction: Regioselective High‐Yielding Synthesis of Fully Decorated 1,2,3‐Triazoles

An enolate‐mediated organocatalytic azide–ketone [3+2]‐cycloaddition (OrgAKC) reaction of a variety of enolizable arylacetones and deoxybenzoins with aryl azides was developed for the synthesis of fully decorated 1,4‐diaryl‐5‐methyl(alkyl)‐1,2,3‐triazoles in excellent yields with high regioselectivity at 25 °C for 0.5–6 h. This reaction has an excellent outcome with reference to reaction rate, yield, regioselectivity, operation simplicity, and availability of substrates and catalyst. This reaction has advantages over the previously known metal‐mediated reactions.     

RhII‐Catalyzed [3+2] Cycloaddition of 2 H‐Azirines with N‐Sulfonyl‐1,2,3‐Triazoles

Rh^II‐catalyzed intermolecular [3+2] cycloaddition of 2 H‐azirines with N‐sulfonyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles is disclosed, in which a series of fully functionalized pyrroles is produced via rhodium azavinyl carbene intermediates. A distinct feature of this reaction is that the azavinyl carbene serves as a [2 C] equivalent, instead of as [1 C] or aza‐[3 C] synthons, which have been reported previously in cyclopropanations and [3+n] cycloadditions. Moreover, this methodology has also been successfully applied in the total synthesis of URB447 as well as the formal synthesis of Atorvastatin (Lipitor).     

An Amine‐Catalyzed Enantioselective [3+2] Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides and α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes: Applications and Mechanistic Implications

The catalytic enantioselective [3+2] cycloaddition between azomethine ylides and α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes catalyzed by α,α‐diphenylprolinol has been studied in detail. In particular, the reaction has been extended to the use of 2‐alkenylidene aminomalonates generated in situ as azomethine ylide precursors. These reactions lead to the formation of pyrrolidines containing a 5‐alkenyl side chain with potential for chemical manipulation. Moreover, a detailed and concise computational study has been carried out to understand the exact nature of the mechanism of this reaction and especially the consequences derived from the incorporation of the chiral secondary amine catalyst on the reaction pathway.     

[3+2]‐Cycloaddition for Fully Decorated Vinyl‐1,2,3‐Triazoles: Design,Synthesis and Applications

The s mall heterocyclic ring of the 1,2,3‐triazole module is one of the most widely investigated compounds in numerous applications of biological, medicinal, pharmaceutical and materially important molecules. In this regard, a large number of synthetic methodologies and approaches have already been reported to construct such a heterocyclic core structure in a selective manner. However, the vinyl‐substituted 1,2,3‐triazole moiety is another privileged segment in heterocyclic chemistry. The selective introduction of simple vinyl and functionalized vinyl groups onto the three different positions of the 1,2,3‐triazole framework can significantly improve the properties of the molecule. Accordingly, high‐yielding efficient approaches for the selective construction of vinyl‐containing 1,2,3‐triazoles becomes a promising branch of chemistry among practitioners of industry and academia. In this minireview, we have discussed recent advances in the construction of highly selective three different vinyl‐containing 1,2,3‐triazoles. In addition, representative synthetic methodologies and approaches for the corresponding three different classes of vinyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles and their applications have been described as well in this review.     

Brønsted Acid Catalyzed [3+2]‐Cycloaddition of 2‐Vinylindoles with In Situ Generated 2‐Methide‐2H‐indoles: Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of Pyrrolo[1,2‐a]indoles

Pyrrolo[1,2‐a]indoles are privileged structural elements of many natural products and pharmaceuticals. An efficient one‐step process for their highly diastereo‐ and enantioselective synthesis, comprising a direct [3+2]‐cycloaddition, has been developed. A chiral BINOL‐derived phosphoric acid catalyzes the reaction of in situ‐generated 2‐methide‐2H‐indoles with 2‐vinylindoles, furnishing the target products incorporating three contiguous stereogenic centers as single diastereoisomers and with excellent yields and enantioselectivities.     

Stereoselective Construction of Halogenated Quaternary Carbon Centers by Brønsted Base Catalyzed [4+2] Cycloaddition of α‐Haloaldehydes

Asymmetric construction of halogenated quaternary carbon centers under mild reaction conditions remains challenging. Reported here is an unprecedented and highly stereoselective Brønsted base catalyzed [4+2] cycloaddition between either α‐chloro‐ or α‐bromoaldehydes and cyclic enones. The key intermediate, an α‐halogenated enolate, is susceptible to dehalogenation and can be stabilized and stereochemically controlled using bifunctional tertiary amines. This method provides facile access to a collection of optically pure bicyclic dihydropyrans having three contiguous stereocenters, including a halogen‐bearing quaternary carbon center. Of note, the product can be transformed in situ into densely functionalized spirocyclopropanes in a highly efficient and stereoselective manner.     

Highly Selective Copper‐Catalyzed Asymmetric [3+2] Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides with Acyclic 1,3‐Dienes

The first examples of the catalytic asymmetric 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides with acyclic activated 1,3‐dienes (and 1,3‐enynes) are described. Under copper catalysis, a selective cycloaddition at the terminal γ,δ‐C?C bond is observed. In addition, depending on the ligand used, either the exo or the endo adduct can be obtained with high selectivity. Under appropriate reaction conditions, the acyclic 1,6‐addition product is detected, suggesting a stepwise mechanism. The resulting C4‐alkenyl‐substituted pyrrolidines are suitable substrates for further access to polycyclic systems, as highlighted by the preparation of hexahydrochromeno[4,3‐b]pyrrole and the tetracyclic core of the alkaloid gracilamine.     

Calcium‐Catalyzed Formal [2+2+2] Cycloaddition

A formal intermolecular [2+2+2] cycloaddition reaction of enynes to aldehydes is presented, which can be realized in the presence of a simple and benign calcium catalyst. The reaction proceeds with excellent chemo, regio‐ and diastereoselectivity and leads to a one‐step assembly of highly interesting bicyclic building blocks containing up to three stereocenters from simple precursors via a new type of skeletal rearrangement of enynes. The observed diastereoselectivity is accounted for by two different mechanistic proposals. The first one engages mechanistic prospects arising from a gold catalyzed reaction in the absence of the stabilizing gold substituent. The second proposal involves an unprecedented cyclization–carbonyl allene ene reaction–hydroalkoxylation cascade.     

Enantioselective Nucleophilic β‐Carbon‐Atom Amination of Enals: Carbene‐Catalyzed Formal [3+2] Reactions

An enantioselective β‐carbon amination for enals is disclosed. The nitrogen atom from a protected hydrazine with suitable electronic properties readily behaves as a nucleophile. Addition of the nitrogen nucleophile to a catalytically generated N‐heterocyclic‐carbene‐bound α,β‐unsaturated acyl azolium intermediate constructs a new carbon–nitrogen bond asymmetrically. The pyrazolidinone products from our catalytic reactions are common scaffolds in bioactive molecules, and can be easily transformed into useful compounds such as β³‐amino‐acid derivatives.     

γ′‐Selective Functionalization of Cyclic Enones: Construction of a Chiral Quaternary Carbon Center by [4+2] Cycloaddition/Retro‐Mannich Reaction with 3‐Substituted Maleimides

The first example of organocatalyzed γ′‐selective functionalization of cyclic enones with 3‐substituted maleimides results in the stereoselective construction quaternary carbon center is presented. The reactions provided γ′‐functionalized cyclic enones and β‐functionalized cyclopentenones in good to excellent yields with excellent diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities. DFT calculations indicated that the reaction might proceed as a [4+2] cycloaddition/retro‐Mannich reaction which could explain the unexpected product with a chiral quaternary carbon center and the excellent stereoselectivity.     

A General Proline‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 4,5‐Disubstituted N‐Sulfonyl‐1,2,3‐Triazoles from 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds and Sulfonyl Azide

An efficient proline‐catalyzed synthesis of 4,5‐disubstituted‐N‐sulfonyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles has been accomplished from 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds and sulfonyl azides. The developed reaction is suitable for various symmetrical and unsymmetrical 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds, tolerates various functional groups and affords 4,5‐disubstituted‐N‐sulfonyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles in good yield with excellent regioselectivity. Rhodium‐catalyzed denitrogenative functionalization of 4,5‐disubstituted‐N‐sulfonyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles further demonstrates their utility in organic synthesis.     

Atom‐Economic Synthesis of Fully Substituted 2‐Aminopyrroles via Gold‐Catalyzed Formal [3+2] Cycloaddition between Ynamides and Isoxazoles

A concise and flexible synthesis of fully substituted 2‐aminopyrroles via gold‐catalyzed formal [3+2] cycloaddition between ynamides and isoxazoles has been developed. Under mild reaction conditions, various 2‐aminopyrrole derivatives were obtained in good to excellent yields, thus providing an efficient and atom‐economic way for the construction of fully substituted 2‐aminopyrroles.     

Aniline Dearomatization and Silver‐Catalyzed [3+3] Dipolar Cycloaddition: Efficient Construction of Oxocino[4,3,2‐cd]indoles from 2‐Alkynylanilines and 2‐Alkynylbenzaldoximes

2‐Alkynylanilines are attractive starting materials in indole synthesis because of their ready availability. Herein, a one‐pot stepwise procedure is reported for efficient construction of multisubstituted oxocino[4,3,2‐cd]indoles from 2‐alkynylanilines and 2‐alkynylbenzaldoximes. The method comprises the oxidative dearomatization of 2‐alkynylanilines, the silver‐catalyzed [3+3] cycloaddition with 2‐alkynylbenzaldoximes, and subsequent thermal radical skeletal rearrangement and aromatization.