全球变暖的物理基础和科学简史

全球变暖不仅是当今大气科学乃至整个地球科学的热门研究领域,也是国际社会争论较多的热门话题.文章的目的并不是为了澄清这些争论,而是集中于简要阐述全球变暖的物理学基础,回顾其近200年的科学发展历史.藉此希望对非大气科学背景的学者理解有关全球变暖的科学问题有所帮助.     

温室效应模拟实验装置

根据温室效应的产生原理设计制作了温室效应模拟实验装置.装置由温室、模拟地面、模拟太阳、温室保温层以及隔热水槽等部分组成.用数字温度计来测定温室温度变化值.当HFC-134a(四氟乙烷)当作与空气对比的温室气体时,在25～30 min内出现了0.5～0.6℃的温差,在1 h出现了约1℃的温差.该装置具有使用方便、实验操作简单、实验现象明显等特点,能够较好地展示温室效应现象.     

全球变暖无关树木

此前一直认为，除了动物消化系统外，大气层中的甲烷主要来源于沼泽地和稻田中的细菌。去年1月12日《自然》杂志刊登了德国、荷兰和英国几位学者合作撰写的一篇文章，认为陆生植物也会排放温室气体甲烷。作者意外地在无甲烷槽实验中探测到叶子可以排放甲烷气体，紧接着一系列严格控制下的实验也证实许多植物种类都能排放甲烷，甚至经过伽马射线杀菌后的叶子仍能排放甲烷，说明甲烷来源于植物本身而非植物上的细菌。     

大气对流层水汽对温室效应的影响分析

大气温室效应是地球有别于其他星球具有温暖、适合生命生存特性的直接决定因素,而随着地球由温暖再继续变暖,水汽作为地球上含量最丰富的温室气体,其对温室效应的影响也将进一步增强。文章主要针对对流层水汽,利用逐线模型,分析了不同高度下水汽对地气辐射的吸收特点。结果表明,对流层不同高度处水汽对于工业革命前地球环境的"温暖"和目前所面临的"变暖"贡献有着本质的不同:地球的"温暖"主要来自于近地面3 km以下的丰富水汽对于长波辐射的吸收,其吸收比例占到了整个对流层水汽温室效应的50%;但是,目前近地面处水汽的强吸收带已经趋于饱和,因此,地球当前的"变暖"主要是由于对流层高层水汽含量增加所造成的温室效应显著增强所致。     

大气温室效应的一维辐射传热分析

大气中温室气体对地面长波热辐射的吸收和再发射导致了温室效应.计算了大气不同高度200～50000 cm-1(0.2～50 μm)光谱吸收系数,采用一维大气介质模型和射线踪迹-节点分析法(RTNAM)的多层模型对大气中二氧化碳及水蒸气不同浓度情况下的大气温度进行了计算.结果表明标准大气CO2浓度增加1倍,对流层的温度上升...     

温室效应对温室气体浓度变化的敏感性分析

工业革命以来人类活动排放到大气中的主要温室气体有CO₂、CH₄、N₂O等,其在大气中的含量增加引起吸收地表辐射能量的增加,改变了地表-大气辐射平衡,造成了地表温度升高。本文研究了温室气体含量增加同其吸收地表辐射能量的关系;比较了不同温室气体含量引起的吸收地表辐射能量变化的差异,提出了温室效应对不同温室气体浓度变化的敏感性的概念。通过对敏感性的分析,得出了不同温室气体含量的变化对温室效应影响的强弱关系。     

温室效应的物理基础

2009年12月18日在哥本哈根举行的全球气候会议中心议题是二氧化碳减排,提倡低碳经济,以缓解全球气候变暖.全球气候为什么会变暖呢?人所共知这是温室效应所闯的祸.下面从物理的角度对温室效应加以分析.     

全球变暖对中国极端暖月事件的潜在影响

利用极值理论（extreme value theory, EVT）中的广义帕雷托分布（generalized Pareto distribution, GPD）,结合空间参数估计方案研究了中国1960—2007年740站的月平均温度距平中极端暖月事件（extreme warm month events,EWME）的空间分布特征,给出了历史上典型EWME的重现时间估计,重点分析了区域气候变暖作为强迫因子对EWME分布的潜在影响.分析表明：1）中国EWME的性质的空间分布差异较大,青藏高原西部、中国西南地区、 关键词： 极端气候事件 帕雷托分布 全球变暖     

复杂气候系统和全球变暖

两位气候学家和一位理论物理学家共同荣获2021年诺贝尔物理学奖。诺贝尔物理学奖委员会在背景介绍材料中指出,他们在“理解复杂物理系统领域做出了开创性贡献”。相信很多人会对两位气候学家获奖而感到惊讶,物理学奖委员会进一步具体指出,人类活动导致全球变暖这一论断建立在坚实的科学基础之上,两位气候学家获奖是因为他们基于物理原理模拟地球气候、量化气候变率、可靠地预测全球变暖所做出的杰出贡献。物理学奖委员会将诺贝尔奖授予两位气候学家,表明对基于物理理论解决现实世界复杂物理问题的高度重视,尤其是对人类身处其中的气候环境问题的重视。文章将解读两位气候学家的学术贡献,尤其是如何基于基础物理理论建立预测全球变暖的模型以及检测和归因人类活动导致全球变暖的方法。     

波能泵有助于缓解全球变暖

有证据表明,地球的二氧化碳水平正在持续增加,这一形势能够得到有效扭转吗？牛津大学的拉夫劳克（James Lovelock）和伦敦科学博物馆的拉普利（Chris Rapley）提出了一个激进的方法。     

Casimir Effect Under Two Dimensional Black Hole Spacetime Background with Global Monopole

A thin layer of the event horizon vicinity to the two-dimension black hole with a global monopole is considered as a system of the Casimir type. The energy-momentum tensor is derived in Boulware vacuum, Hartle-Hawking vacuum and Unruh vacuum respectively. The values are derived in the massless scalar field which satisfies the Dirichlet boundary conditions. Using the Wald's axioms, the result is got which is the same with the one derived by the usual regularized methods. Meanwhile, the energy, energy density, and pressure acting on the boundaries at the asymptotically flat background also are calculated too, and from the energy, Casimir force is derived. The Casimir energy and Casimir force are compared respectively in the background before and after radiation. PACS: 42.50.Lc.     

Global Warming by Geothermal Heat from Fracking: Energy Industry’s Enthalpy Footprints

Hypothetical dry adiabatic lapse rate (DALR) air expansion processes in atmosphere climate models that predict global warming cannot be the causal explanation of the experimentally observed mean lapse rate (approx.−6.5 K/km) in the troposphere. The DALR hypothesis violates the 2nd law of thermodynamics. A corollary of the heat balance revision of climate model predictions is that increasing the atmospheric concentration of a weak molecular transducer, CO₂, could only have a net cooling effect, if any, on the biosphere interface temperatures between the lithosphere and atmosphere. The greenhouse-gas hypothesis, moreover, does not withstand scientific scrutiny against the experimental data. The global map of temperature difference contours is heterogeneous with various hotspots localized within specific land areas. There are regional patches of significant increases in time-average temperature differences, (∆<T>) = 3 K+, in a ring around the arctic circle, with similar hotspots in Brazil, South Africa and Madagascar, a 2–3 K band across central Australia, SE Europe centred in Poland, southern China and the Philippines. These global-warming map hotspots coincide with the locations of the most intensive fracking operational regions of the shale gas industry. Regional global warming is caused by an increase in geothermal conductivity following hydraulic fracture operations. The mean lapse rate (d<T>/dz)_z at the surface of the lithosphere will decrease slightly in the regions where these operations have enhanced heat transfer. Geothermal heat from induced seismic activity has caused an irreversible increase in enthalpy (H) input into the overall energy balance at these locations. Investigating global warming further, we report the energy industry’s enthalpy outputs from the heat generated by all fuel consumption. We also calculate a global electricity usage enthalpy output. The global warming index, <∆T-biosphere> since 1950, presently +0.875 K, first became non-zero in the early 1970’s around the same time as natural gas usage began and has increased linearly by 0.0175 K/year ever since. Le Chatelier’s principle, applied to the dissipation processes of the biosphere’s ΔH-contours and [CO₂] concentrations, helps to explain the global warming statistics.     

Energy Distribution in a Neutral Gas of Point Vortices

An analytical formula for the energy distribution of a neutral gas of point vortices is obtained. Good agreement with the numerical results of Campbell and O'Neil is found.     

气候系统和全球变暖 ——解读2021年诺贝尔物理奖

2021年诺贝尔物理学奖授予了两位气候学家和一位理论物理学家,以表彰他们在“理解复杂物理系统领域所做出的开创性贡献”.相信很多人会感到惊讶,为什么诺贝尔物理学奖授予了两位气候学家.本文将从以下几方面给予解读:为什么气候系统被称为复杂的物理系统,全球变暖的现状和未来,全球变暖的物理基础和科学简史,两位气候学家是如何基于基础物理理论建立了预测全球变暖的模型,以及检测和归因人类活动导致全球变暖的方法.     

一种分光型温室覆盖结构的光学特性研究

本文针对温室设计了一种分光型覆盖结构,该结构可以使太阳光中的可见光进入温室提供植物光合作用所需光能,近红外光反射到薄膜电池转化成电能.本文利用光学软件模拟不同入射角下该结构的光学特性,室外试验结果表明,该结构全天可见光透过率在36％～48.9％之间,室内照度为20～30 klx,基本满足植物生长需求;输出电功率呈现早晚...     

浓度分布对光谱法检测成分含量精度的影响

为研究组分浓度分布范围对光谱法建模定量分析精度的影响,根据朗伯-比尔定律构造三种组分理想吸收谱并叠加高斯噪声,使用偏最小二乘回归对样本吸收谱及浓度进行建模和预测,观测不同浓度分布范围下分析精度的变化。研究表明,在纯线性吸收的情况下,组分浓度的分布范围对模型精度造成一定的影响。无论是被测组分还是非测量组分,校正集样本中覆盖足够大且较均匀的浓度分布范围是模型强普适性和良好预测精度的必要保证。研究为合理选择具有良好浓度分布校正集样本,从而提高模型质量、减小预测误差提供了理论指导。     

Global Analysis of Steady-State Energy Transfer Measurements in Membranes: Resolution of Structural and Binding Parameters

A method has been developed allowing structural and binding parameters to be recovered by global analysis of two-dimensional array of steady-state RET data in the special case where energy acceptors distribute between aqueous and lipid phases while donors are embedded in the membrane at a known depth. To test the validity of this approach, correlation and error analyses have been performed using simulated data. To exemplify the method application to the membrane studies, energy transfer from anthrylvinyl-labeled phosphatidylcholine incorporated into mixed phosphatidylcholine/cardiolipin unilamellar vesicles to heme group of cytochrome c is analyzed.     

Global Analysis of Response in the Piezomagnetoelastic Energy Harvester System under Harmonic and Poisson White Noise Excitations

The piezomagnetoelastic energy harvester system subjected to harmonic and Poisson white noise excitations is studied by using the generalized cell mapping method. The transient and stationary probability density functions (PDFs) of response based on the global viewpoint are obtained by the matrix analysis method. Monte Carlo simulation results verify the accuracy of this method. It can be observed that evolutionary direction of transient and stationary PDFs is in accordance with the unstable manifold for this system, and a stochastic P-bifurcation occurs as the intensity of Poisson white noise increases. This study presents an efficient numerical tool to solve the stochastic response of a three-dimensional dynamical system and provides a new idea to analyze the energy harvester system.