内蒙古扎木敖包铁、石墨矿床钻孔样品的NIR和XRD分析

近年来,科学技术的发展让越来越多的测试技术得以适用于地质领域。相比于采用一种测试技术来解释某些地质问题,地质工作者们开始尝试采用多种测试技术优优结合的方法来提高研究的准确度。综合近红外光谱分析(NIR)和X射线衍射分析(XRD)两种现代测试技术,对扎木敖包矿床4202钻孔线不同层位采取的9个岩心样品进行测试分析,并对两种测试技术的测试结果进行比对和总结。结果表明,不同层位上的矿物成分存在着一定的差异,从上至下不同层位的岩性分别为：第四系、第三系粘土砂砾层-泥岩-云母石英片岩-石英阳起石矽卡岩-矽卡岩化大理岩-铁矿矿层-石墨矿层-云母石英片岩。不同深度的岩石成因上亦有所不同,主要发生了风化、碳酸盐化、绿泥石化及矽卡岩化的作用。研究结果一方面可以完善该矿区的地质特征,另一方面对于该区的勘矿、找矿及采矿亦有重要意义。此外,由于XRD可以初步提供矿物成分信息,NIR则可以在XRD测试数据基础上进一步判断矿物存在与否,综合NIR和XRD的优点,采用两种现代测试技术相互结合的方法,较好地识别出样品中的矿物组成,提高了矿物成分鉴定的准确度。同时也表明在矿物光谱学的基础上,NIR将会更加广泛地应用于地学领域。     

基于XRD-Rietveld全谱拟合技术定量分析花岗岩风化壳中矿物组成

XRD-Rietveld全谱拟合方法突破了传统XRD定量分析的众多技术局限,在解决复杂多相混合物的定量问题方面具有显著优势。将XRD-Rietveld全谱拟合方法引入风化壳矿物学研究,有助于解决长期以来地学界对风化壳中矿物组分缺乏准确定量认知的技术瓶颈。在制定专门针对风化样品的全谱拟合精修策略基础上,以广西玉林大容山地区的花岗岩风化壳为研究对象,对发育在两组不同岩性之上的风化剖面(剖面A和剖面B)进行了对比研究。结果表明,风化剖面A(母岩为粗粒黑云母花岗岩)的矿物组合及含量变化范围为：高岭石(6.05%～44.67%)+伊利石(15.85%～49.59%)+石英(29.72%～46.15%)+钾长石(12.04%～22.85%)+斜长石(24.33%～32.70%);风化剖面B(母岩为细粒黑云母花岗岩)的矿物组合及含量变化范围为：高岭石(3.12%～11.47%)+伊利石(13.95%～31.94%)+石英(26.60%～58.05%)+钾长石(13.70%～43.47%)+斜长石(17.95%～23.47%)。两组剖面的全谱拟合修正因子R_wp值<15且gof值<5,计算谱与原始谱拟合效果好,指示矿物定量数据可靠,且能与地质规律较好匹配。在地质意义上,本研究通过母岩原生矿物与次生矿物的含量同步变化,深入揭示了研究区内花岗岩的化学风化过程,厘定了长石类矿物在亚热带气候环境下所经历的长石→伊利石→高岭石演变序列。基于剖面A与剖面B中粘土矿物总量和矿物构成出现显著差异,研究认为在研究区内粗粒黑云母花岗岩比细粒黑云母花岗岩更易遭受强烈的化学风化作用。     

珊瑚化石的红外光谱及XRD研究

通过红外吸收光谱和X射线粉晶衍射分析对不同颜色及质地且表面具放射状纹理的珊瑚化石的结构特征及组成物相进行了研究。结果表明,此类珊瑚化石主要由SiO₂组成,内部仍保留了钙质型珊瑚横断面所特有的放射状显微结构,成因属SiO₂交代作用。不同颜色和质地的珊瑚化石红外吸收光谱基本一致,均显示典型的石英质玉的红外吸收光谱特征。XRD分析表明不同颜色和质地的珊瑚化石主要组成物相一致,为SiO₂,其他矿物极微量,且不含CaCO₃。     

On the use of a composite moderator at the IBR-2 reactor: Advantages for the neutron-diffraction texture analysis of rocks

A unique cold moderator based on a mixture of mesitylene and m-xylene is developed for the IBR-2 pulsed reactor. If combined with a standard warm-water moderator, it provides a high neutron flux in a wide wavelength range. The advantages of the use of this composite moderator in neutron-diffraction texture analysis are discussed using the example of a sample of slate (formed from five minerals) studied using the SKAT diffractometer. The diffraction data obtained in experiments with warm-water and composite moderators are compared.     

内蒙古草原拜仁达坝矿区地表土壤的X射线衍射和近红外光谱分析

在内蒙古草原拜仁达坝矿区上部的地表覆盖层中均匀采集土壤样品,用X射线衍射和近红外光谱技术对样品进行分析测试,旨在探讨草原矿区土壤成分来源及其与地下岩体的关系。结果表明,该土壤样品主要由石英、石墨、碳酸盐、角闪石、云母、绿泥石、蒙脱石、伊利石、块磷铝矿、硬水铝石、蓝铜矿、赤铁矿等组成,说明了地表土壤成分不仅来源于地表岩体风化产物,与地下岩体及其围岩蚀变作用更加密切相关。土壤中所含蓝铜矿和赤铁矿主要来源于矿体氧化带,可作为找矿标志;蚀变矿物组合主要为绿泥石-伊利石-蒙脱石,推测该区域大致经历了钾化→硅化、碳酸盐化→绢云英岩化→泥化的蚀变过程。通过分析蚀变矿物组合,可以还原围岩蚀变及物理风化过程,为深部找矿以及矿床成因研究提供了重要的参考信息,提高了找矿的成功率。X射线衍射和近红外光谱技术用于矿物、矿床研究方面,有着经济、快速的特点,能很好的鉴定矿区地表土壤中的矿物成分。尤其是近红外光谱分析技术对样品要求低,可以对样品进行快速批量的分析,具有其独特的优越性。随着近红外技术的发展,其在地质领域中将有越来越广泛的应用,并且能在找矿勘探中发挥重要的作用。     

谱学分析在造山带硅质岩中的应用及其地质意义

南秦岭造山带旬阳盆地吕河地区发育有泥盆系硅质岩剖面,该剖面中的硅质岩以谱学特征为基础的微区特征清晰的记录了硅质岩的形成及后期演变信息。以南秦岭造山带旬阳盆地吕河硅质岩样品为对象,借助XRF、拉曼光谱、红外光谱和X射线粉晶衍射分析结果表明：该硅质岩内矿物主要为低温石英并包含极少量的碳酸盐矿物。XRD分析结果进一步证实该碳酸盐矿物为白云石。在吕河硅质岩内,SiO₂结构463 cm-1附近拉曼特征峰经高斯拟合后的峰面积和FWHM值证实发生了低温石英的重结晶作用,该过程中伴随了流体作用引发的有序度变化和石英颗粒的自身有序度变化。在重结晶过程中,石英颗粒的自身重结晶伴随了有序度随时间推移而逐渐增高。流体作用对硅质岩的改造表现为硅质岩内碳酸盐脉体的穿插,该过程还导致低温石英有序度提升,其中越靠近矿物边缘处的SiO₂结构有序度越高。造山带演化过程对硅质岩进行的改造主要体现在两个方面：一方面,构造应力破坏了岩石的连续性并为后期热液流体的运移穿插提供了空间;另一方面,后期流体作用的参与促进了石英颗粒重结晶的进程。红外光谱可以系统的识别硅质岩内矿物的结构类型,拉曼光谱分析可以揭示原位（in situ）微组构特征,XRD在硅质岩内微量杂质矿物的识别优势明显,这些谱学手段为研究硅质岩的成岩演化提供了重要示范。     

Thin-film solid-state proton NMR measurements using a synthetic mica substrate: Polymer blends

Solid-state proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements are performed successfully on polymer blend thin films through the use of synthetic mica as a substrate. When used as a substrate, synthetic fluorophlogopite mica with its proton-free, diamagnetic character, allows for adequate measurement sensitivity while minimally perturbing the proton thin-film spectra, especially relative to more commonly available natural micas. Specifically, we use multiple-pulse techniques in the presence of magic-angle spinning to measure the degree of mixing in two different polymer blend thin films, polystyrene/poly(xylylene ether) and poly(1-methyladamantyl methacrylate) (PMAdMA)/triphenylsulfonium perfluorobutanesulfonate (TPS-PFBS), spin-coated onto mica substrates. Our earlier studies had focused on bulk systems where NMR signals are stronger, but may not be representative of thin films of the same systems that are relevant to many applications such as photoresist formulations in the electronics industry. The superiority of synthetic over natural paramagnetic mica is demonstrated by the maintenance of resolution and spinning sideband intensities (relative to bulk samples) for the synthetic mica samples. In contrast, degraded resolution and large spinning sidebands are shown to typify spectra of the natural mica samples. This approach can be applied to many other proton measurements of solid thin films, thereby greatly extending the types of systems to be investigated. Magnetic susceptibility measurements are also reported for all micas used.     

Chemical reducing pedoenvironment in a peatland influenced by hematitic phyllite lithology in the southern Espinhaço chain,Brazil

A peatland in Pinheiro, Diamantina City, Minas Gerais State - Brazil, was sampled at different depths of two profiles with diverse vegetation coverings (grassland field and bush) in order to collect materials that might reflect changes in the chemical states of iron over the peat formation coming from original minerals such as hematitic phyllite surrounding the boggy pedon. Samples collected were chemically, structurally and magnetically characterized. The results show that both series of peats are composed of organic matter and minerals such as quartz, kaolinite, gibbsite, rutile and muscovite. Deeper layers present only quartz. Mössbauer spectroscopy shows that iron is present in both electron states, Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺, under both vegetations, each valence appearing in the spectra in the form of a discrete doublet. No hyperfine magnetic splitting was observed in any spectrum at room temperature. The Mössbauer subspectral area of Fe²⁺ tended to increase from the upper to deeper layers. Magnetic measurements reveal that the magnetic response of the surface samples is the highest, displaying a sharp decrease below 15 cm and that the magnetic signal is a superposition of (super)paramagnetic and ferrimagnetic contributions. Samples from the grassland field also show a diamagnetic component for the deeper layers.     

云南个旧富锡铜矿床表层土壤近红外光谱分析及其意义

在个旧卡房矿区矿体上部的覆盖层中均匀采集土壤样,用近红外光谱分析技术对样品进行测试分析。结果表明,近红外光谱技术能较好的识别出土壤中的矿物,包括蚀变矿物大致组合。将这些矿物组合与矿床的特征对比发现,土壤中的一些成分与深部矿体组份有一定程度的相关性,尤其是蚀变矿物,其与该区的蚀变条件是基本一致的。因此,推测土壤中的矿物成分可以用于指示深部矿体的一些信息,能为找寻该类型铜矿床提供一些依据。此外,矿床表层土壤近红外光谱信息是可以提供找矿依据的一种快速有效的研究手段,可以将其用于其他矿床类型的研究,尤其是为深部隐伏矿床以及地质环境较为脆弱的地区提供初步找矿依据。     

Characterization of minerals in air dust particles in the state of Tamilnadu,India through FTIR,XRD and SEM analyses

The abstract of this paper explains the presence of minerals in air which causes great concern regarding public health issues. The spectroscopic investigation of air dust particles of several samples in various locations in the state of Tamilnadu, India is reported. Qualitative analyses were carried out to determine the major and minor constituent minerals present in the samples based on the FTIR, XRD absorption peaks. This study also identified the minerals like quartz, asbestos, kaolinite, calcite, hematite, montmorillonite, nacrite and several other trace minerals in the air dust particles. The presents of quartz is mainly found in all the samples invariably. Hence the percentage of quartz and its crystalline nature were determined with the help of extinction co-efficient and crystallinity index respectively. The shape and size of the particulates are studied with SEM analysis.     

Mössbauer studies of raw materials from Misti volcano of Arequipa (Peru) for its potential application in the ceramic field

We would like to introduce, the study of two different colour “sillar” samples: white and pink, belonging to the Añashuayco quarry in the Arequipa Region (Peru). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicates the presence of several mineralogical phases, such as feldpars and biotite for the both white and pink “sillar” whereas cristobalite and quartz are detected only in the first sample and amorphous phase in the second one. In room temperature, Mössbauer spectroscopy, the presence of hematite (α-Fe₂O₃) was detected as the main phase for both samples, this was not detected in the XRD measurements. Moreover, corresponding doublets in the Mössbauer spectra indicate the presence of iron in the aluminium-silicate minerals. The rates Fe^2?+?/Fe^3?+? are 0.0752 and 0.0526 to the white and pink samples respectively. The minerals composing the white tuff form a heterogeneous aggregate of uniform aspect. Mining of these materials generates a great amount of waste in the form of lumps of varying size and which are raw materials studied in the present work for potential application in the ceramic field.     

基于多种光谱学分析技术的地质样品宏微观组构特征研究——以钦杭成矿带南段金山银金矿床岩石样品为例

地质过程的复杂性造就了地质样品宏观和微观特征的不均一性,这些地质样品的不均一特征可以通过光谱学分析技术予以有效的揭示。研究以钦杭成矿带南段金山银金矿床的矿石与围岩样品为例,开展了基于X射线荧光光谱(XRF)和等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)分析技术的宏观地球化学特征和基于拉曼光谱(Raman)分析的微区特征分析。宏观地球化学分析结果表明,矿石与围岩的主量元素组成差别较大,但稀土元素配分模式和微量元素分布模式基本相似,这反映微量元素和稀土元素在成矿作用过程中表现出了较高的地球化学稳定性。关于石英的拉曼分析结果显示,矿石的石英存在507 cm-1附近的峰位,而围岩样品均没有出现,这应该反映了二者结晶过程中具有不同的温度和压力等条件并导致石英结构存在差异,该拉曼位移的存在与否构成了成矿过程相关地质作用的判别标志。矿石与围岩中石英463 cm-1附近拉曼位移的半高宽(FWHM)及拟合峰积分强度比对结果显示,矿石样品中石英结晶程度与有序度明显优于围岩样品中石英,这反映了成矿过程中热液活动对石英微观结构的改造。围岩中石英受后期热液影响大,部分成矿物质源于热液从围岩中带出,且成矿流体存在多期性,不同阶段矿物结晶程度不同,从而造成了特征拉曼位移FWHM值的不同。     

Structural effects of C60 bombardment on various natural mineral samples—Application to analysis of organic phases in geological samples

Organic phases trapped inside natural mineral samples are of considerable interest in astrobiology, geochemistry and geobiology. Examples of such organic phases are microfossils, kerogen and oil. Information about these phases is usually retrieved through bulk crushing of the rock which means both a risk of contamination and that the composition and spatial distribution of the organics to its host mineral is lost. An attractive of way to retrieve information about the organics in the rock is depth profiling using a focused ion beam. Recently, it was shown that it is possible to obtain detailed mass spectrometric information from oil-bearing fluid inclusions, i.e. small amounts of oil trapped inside a mineral matrix, using ToF-SIMS. Using a 10 keV C₆₀⁺ sputter beam and a 25 keV Bi₃⁺ analysis beam, oil-bearing inclusions in different minerals were opened and analysed individually. However, sputtering with a C₆₀⁺ beam also induced other changes to the mineral surface, such as formation of topographic features and carbon deposition. In this paper, the cause of these changes is explored and the consequences of the sputter-induced features on the analysis of organic phases in natural mineral samples (quartz, calcite and fluorite) in general and fluid inclusions in particular are discussed.The dominating topographical features that were observed when a several micrometers deep crater is sputtered with 10 keV C₆₀⁺ ions on a natural mineral surface are conical-shaped and ridge-like structures that may rise several micrometers, pointing in the direction of the incident C₆₀⁺ ion beam, on an otherwise flat crater bottom. The sputter-induced structures were found to appear at places with different chemistry than the host mineral, including other minerals phases and fluid inclusions, while structural defects in the host material, such as polishing marks or scratches, did not necessarily result in sputter-induced structures. The ridge-like structures were often covered by a thick layer of deposited carbon.Despite the appearance of the sputter-induced structures and carbon deposition, most oil-bearing inclusions could successfully be opened and analysed. However, smaller inclusion (<15 μm) could potentially become entirely covered by sputter-resistant structures and therefore difficult to open. Therefore, it might become necessary, to for example increase the ion energy and rotate the stage to successfully open smaller inclusions for analysis.SIMS, C₆₀, carbon deposition, topography, mineral, fluid inclusions, geological samples, depth profiling.     

The measurement of residual stress in textured steel using an ultrasonic velocity combinations technique

A new ultrasonic technique for the determination of residual stresses in steel, intended to correct for the effects of variable texture and microstructure, is proposed. The method is based upon the use of the compressional wave time delay in addition to the time delays of two orthogonally polarized shear waves used in the shear wave birefringence technique. This method is justified theoretically using expressions for the ultrasonic velocities in an aggregate of orthorhombic symmetry composed of cubic crystallites.Measurements of the three time delays for propagation in the through thickness direction have been made on a large number of steel plates selected at random. The measurements are found to fall on two lines, and reveal that two types of texture are present in rolled steel plates. In the presence of a stress, the measured points deviate from the lines and this effect is quantified theoretically using elastic constants obtained by applying a uniaxial compressive stress to one of the samples.The usefulness of the technique to determine a residual stress distribution is demonstrated by measurements near the tip of a crack in a compact tension specimen.     

Uses and perspectives of Mössbauer spectroscopic studies of iron minerals in coal

The processes involved in the utilization of coal are affected by the minerals contained in it. Due to the presence of iron as a major constituent of coal mineral matter, and to the fact that the iron minerals, especially pyrite, and their transformation products play an important role in coal uses, ⁵⁷Fe-Mössbauer spectroscopy appears as an attractive tool in coal research. Mössbauer studies related to the characterization of iron phases, coal oxidation and quantitative determination of pyritic sulphur are discussed in this work.     

Characterization of minerals in natural and manufactured sand in Cauvery River belt,Tamilnadu, India

The present study investigates the characterization of minerals in the River Sand (R – Sand) and the Manufactured sand (M-Sand) through FTIR spectroscopic studies. The R – Sand is collected from seven different locations in Cauvery River and M – Sand is collected from eight different manufactures around the Cauvery River belt in Salem, Erode, Tirupur and Namakkal districts of Tamilnadu, India. To extend the effectiveness of the analysis, the samples were subjected to grain size separation to classify the bulk samples into different grain sizes. All the samples were analyzed using FTIR spectrometer. The number of minerals identified with the help of FTIR spectra in overall (bulk) samples of R – Sand is 14 and of M – Sand is 13. The number has been increased while going for grain size separation, i.e., from 14 to 31 for R – Sand and from 13 to 20 for M – Sand. Among all minerals, quartz plays a major role. The relative distribution and the crystallinity nature of quartz have been discussed based on the extinction co-efficient and the crystallinity index values computed. There is no major variation found in M – Sand while going for grain size separation.     

Synthesis and characterization of Ni-implanted and 200-MeV Ag ion-irradiated CeO2 thin films

CeO₂ thin films were deposited on quartz substrates by using the rf-sputtering technique. The 80-keV Ni^- ion-implanted and, subsequently, post-annealed films have shown the formation of Ni oxide and Ni metallic phases at 7 at% of Ni concentration. Such secondary phases were dissolved by swift heavy ion irradiation with 200-MeV Ag⁺¹⁵ ion beams. Structural properties, surface roughness, and magnetic behavior of the samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, and hysteresis loop measurements, respectively. Dissolution of secondary phases has been discussed in the light of irradiation-induced local temperature rise and energy loss processes.     

土壤矿物对松嫩平原主要土壤类型反射光谱特征的影响机理

尽管纯矿物的反射光谱特征分析与数据库建设工作已经开展,但土壤中各原生矿物、粘土矿物的测试主要是定性的,即能测定土壤中含有何种矿物,但难以测定准确的矿物组分含量。土壤矿物是土壤学与地质学的交叉点,易被忽视,特别是已有研究忽略了土壤矿物对土壤反射光谱曲线的影响。探讨了土壤矿物在可见光-近红外光谱部分(400~2 500 nm)对土壤反射光谱特征的影响,明确影响土壤反射光谱特征的主要机理。土壤样本于2014年采集于松嫩平原黑龙江部分,包括4个土类和7个土属,共54个土壤样本。土壤样本通过研磨、过筛后,在室内暗室中测得反射光谱数据,土壤矿物的反射光谱数据在2017美国地质调查局(USGS)最新矿物光谱库Spectral Library Version 7中获得,对反射光谱数据进行九点平滑、10 nm重采样和去包络线处理。土壤矿物含量测试采用荷兰Philip X’ Pert Pro 型X射线衍射仪分析样品的矿物组成,测试了土壤中石英、长石、方解石和闪石等原生矿物和蒙脱石、伊利石和高岭石等粘土矿物的含量。首先分析7个土属的反射光谱特征,明确每个土属反射光谱曲线的形状特征和吸收位置,其次分析土属的矿物含量情况,找出不同土属各矿物含量的共性和差异;再次分析不同粘土矿物和原生矿物的反射光谱特征,确定不同土壤矿物反射光谱曲线的形状特征和特征吸收的位置;最后将不同土属的反射光谱特征、不同土属的矿物含量情况和土壤矿物的反射光谱特征结合,得到如下结论：(1)土壤矿物决定了土壤反射光谱的骨架特征,土壤矿物对土属的反射光谱影响最明显,由于土类存在多种反射光谱特征,土壤矿物对土类的影响不明显。(2)粘土矿物对土壤反射光谱特征的影响大于原生矿物,主要受蒙脱石和伊利石等粘土矿物的影响,但砂性土受部分原生矿物的影响,主要是长石类矿物和高岭石的影响。(3)蒙脱石和伊利石分别决定土壤反射光谱的第一个吸收谷和第二个吸收谷特征,高岭石决定1 400和1 900 nm前的两个小吸收谷特征,钾长石和钠长石决定了砂性土的前两个吸收谷特征。(4)蒙脱石含量足够高时,会完全掩盖高岭石和长石类的反射光谱特征,部分掩盖伊利石的反射光谱特征;随着蒙脱石含量降低,伊利石的反射光谱特征逐渐体现;蒙脱石和伊利石的含量降到很低时,高岭石和长石类矿物的反射光谱特征逐渐体现出来。研究结果揭示了不同土属反射光谱特征差异的原因,可以为土壤反射光谱分类、土壤精细制图和基于高光谱图像的矿物分布研究等提供理论依据。     

汶川地震断裂带断层泥矿物拉曼光谱特征

系统测定了汶川地震断裂带深溪沟剖面断层泥中石英和方解石颗粒的拉曼谱峰。测试结果表明,受到断层滑动、 断裂带构造挤压应力作用,所有样品的特征拉曼谱峰向高波数偏移。所测样品中微裂隙发育、 与绿泥石等粘土矿物共生的石英颗粒的464 cm-1谱峰向高波数偏移量为2.50 cm-1,而比较完整的纯净石英颗粒的464 cm-1谱峰偏移量为3.78 cm-1。这可能是由于石英颗粒早期发育大量微裂隙,并填充了松散的粘土矿物,增加了石英颗粒的表面积,从而加速了石英内应力的释放。断层泥中方解石颗粒的1 085 cm-1谱峰向高波数偏移2.70 cm-1,为汶川8.0级地震断层面所受构造压应力所致。根据方解石颗粒拉曼谱峰的变化及已有的实验数据,估计汶川地震发生时断层面所受压应力的下限为496 MPa。研究表明,对断裂带内矿物颗粒进行拉曼谱峰测试,可以为推测断层活动时断层面所受到的力学机制提供依据。     

Raman Microspectroscopic study of Iberian pottery from the La Vispesa archaeological site,Spain

Raman microspectroscopy has been employed for the characterization of 16 samples of ancient Iberian pottery. These sherds of vessels were found in the archaeological site of La Vispesa in Tamarite de Litera (Huesca, Spain) and correspond to the Iberian time. The composition of certain mineral phases such as non‐plastic inclusions has been particularly considered with a view to obtaining information on the source materials and their provenance, as well as the technological conditions of ceramic production. Typical minerals such as calcite and quartz were found in most of the samples. The presence of anatase in a group of the samples suggested the use of different clays in the production of the vessels. Furthermore, the absence of rutile in these samples, together with the identification of calcite, is indicative of a mild firing temperature. Hematite was identified in all samples, both in the ceramic body and in the decoration. Differences in the position of the bands and relative intensities characterized hematite in terms of crystallinity and origin. An attempt to assign the samples to different production centers was made according to their chemical composition and morphology. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.