混合稀土对共晶Al-2％Fe合金组织形态的影响

研究了富La混合稀土对共晶Al-2％Fe合金组织形态的影响。当混合稀土加入量较少时，合金中的α—Al相为明显的胞状枝晶；随着混合稀土加入量的增加，α-Al枝晶优先形核生长得到抑制，共晶Al3Fe相得到细化；当稀土加入量增至0．6％(质量分数)共晶Al3Fe相尺寸逐渐增大。并对混合稀土对共晶Al-2％Fe合金组织形态的影响机制进行了探讨。     

低温热处理对α-Fe/Sm2Fe17Cx纳米复合永磁合金结构和磁性能的影响

采用X射线衍射分析、振动样品磁强计和差热分析研究了低温退火处理对Sm5Fe80Cu1Si5B3C2．5Zr3．5非晶合金晶化后纳米复合永磁体的组织结构、磁性能及晶化动力学的影响。结果表明,经400℃低温热处理后纳米复合合金中α-Fe相和Sm2（Fe,Si）17Cx相的组织结构均产生了明显改变,晶粒尺寸分别从原始态（未经处理）的50．6nm（α—Fe相）和20．6nm（Sm2（Fe,si）17Cx相）改变为36．5和24．4nm;体积分数分别从71．1％（α-Fe相）和28．9％（Sm2（Fe,si）17Cx相）改变为76．7％和23．3％;同时磁耦合性能明显增强。晶化动力学分析发现,低温热处理增大了非晶合金的短程有序范围,改变了原始态非晶合金中α—Fe相和Sm2（Fe,Si）17Cx相的晶化行为,这是优化α—Fe／Sm2（Fe,Si）17Cx复合纳米晶结构和提高磁耦合性能的根本原因。     

微量Al-RE对Zn-2%Ni合金的组织细化研究

研究了RE，Al及Al-RE合金对Zn-2％（质量分数，下同）Ni合金组织中Zn-Ni合金相粒子的细化作用，利用扫描电镜（SEM）及能谱分析（EDS）等方法分析了合金凝固组织特点。结果表明：在Zn-2％Ni合金中，加入0．02％～1％RE会产生新的Zn—RE—Ni合金相粒子，对Zn-Ni合金相粒子没有明显的细化作用；加入0．02％～1％Al，虽然对Zn-Ni合金粒子有细化作用，但此合金组织不适宜在热镀锌中运用。在铝浓度较低（〈0．1％）时。凝固组织中的合金相粒子尺寸不均匀；当铝浓度较高（〉0．2％）时，高熔点、低密度β-NiAl相核心长大，合金相粒子易上浮，出现比重偏析；加入0．02％～0．2％Al-RE时，能形成细小弥散而均匀分布的异质晶核β-NiAl相，促进了γ-Ni2Zn5相的生成，获得细小且均匀分布的γ-Ni2Zn5相。Al-RE合金细化效果明显优于RE和Al，其最佳加入浓度为0．05％～0．1％。     

添加元素对AB2型Laves相合金电化学性能的影响

比较系统地研究了AB2型Laves相合金Zr0.9Ti0.1Ni0.1Mn0.7V0.3M0．1(M=None，Ni．Mn．V．Co．Cr．Al．Fe，Mo．Si．C．Zn，Cu和B)的相结构和电化学性能以及高温和低温放电性能等．结果表明．14种合金均具有六方C14型Laves相的主相晶体结构．同时，含有少量立方Cl5型Laves相和一些由Zr9Ni11及ZrNi组成的非Laves相；添加V和Mn可提高AB2合金的放电容量；添加B和Mn则显著提高了AB2合金的高倍率放电性能和低温放电容量；添加Al，C．Si和Co对合金电极的循环稳定性改善明显；而Mn．Ni．V．Fe．Cu．Mo和B等却不同程度地降低了循环稳定性；添加Si．Mo，V，Cr和Al可明显改善合金电极的自放电性能；添加Si．Cr．V可显著改善AB2合金电极的高温放电性能．讨论了各种添加元素影响合金性能的可能原因．     

电弧熔炼过程中LaFe_(13-x)Si_x合金的凝固组织和相形成研究

研究了电弧熔炼过程中LaFe13-xSix合金的凝固行为。应用XRD和扫描电镜分析了合金组织相组成和结构。结果表明:电弧熔炼铸锭随温度梯度出现分层;La(Fe,Si)13(简称:1∶13)相是包晶反应生成的,冷速和硅含量变化对合金的凝固行为有很大的影响,当Si含量x≤1.0时合金显微组织由α-(Fe,Si)相和共晶相La Fe Si(简称:1∶1∶1)相组成,α-(Fe,Si)(简称:α-Fe)相为主要相,随硅含量增加1∶1∶1相增多;x≥1.5时由α-Fe相、1∶13相和1∶1∶1相组成;随x增加1∶13相为主要相,1∶1∶1相减少;当x≥2.0时显微组织中1∶13相作为初生相析出,且随温度梯度和硅含量变化1∶13相的形貌不同。     

混合稀土对共晶Al-2%Fe合金组织形态的影响

研究了富La混合稀土对共晶Al-2?合金组织形态的影响. 当混合稀土加入量较少时, 合金中的α-Al相为明显的胞状枝晶;随着混合稀土加入量的增加, α-Al枝晶优先形核生长得到抑制, 共晶Al3Fe相得到细化;当稀土加入量增至0.6% (质量分数)共晶Al3Fe相尺寸逐渐增大. 并对混合稀土对共晶Al-2?合金组织形态的影响机制进行了探讨.     

铜模吸铸Nd9Fe83-xTi4C4Bx（x=1015）合金组织演化和磁性能的研究

采用铜模吸铸及随后的退火处理制备了厚度为0.8 mm,成分为Nd9Fe83-xTi4C4Bx(x=10~15)的Nd2Fe14B/Fe3B型纳米复相磁体,对其组织演变和磁性能进行了研究。结果表明:在铸态合金中,x=10的合金微观组织主要由Nd2Fe14B,Fe3B,α-Fe和TiC相构成。而x=11~15的合金中除含上述各相外,还出现了Nd2Fe23B3相、未知相和非晶相,且随着B含量的增加,它们在合金中的相对含量有不同程度的增加;退火过程中,随着合金中亚稳相和非晶相的转化,Nd2Fe14B,Fe3B和α-Fe相对含量增加,但不同B含量合金的相结构变化差异明显,导致退火后磁体具有不同的磁性能。其中,x=12的合金在680℃退火5 min后获得了最佳磁性能:Br=0.63 T,iHc=98.12 kA·m-1,(BH)max=22.79 kJ·m-3。     

铒和钕对铸态ZK60镁合金显微组织和力学性能的影响

研究了铒和钕对铸态ZK60镁合金显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明：ZK60镁合金中添加Er或Nd能够细化晶粒，改变合金的显微组织。当ZK60镁合金中加入1．0％（质量分数）的Er或Nd具有最佳的细化效果，与原ZK60镁合金晶粒尺寸相比较，晶粒的平均直径由原来的33．0μm分别减少至23．6和25．2μm。添加Er或Nd的ZK60镁合金形成古有Er或Nd的稀土共晶相，其熔点为518℃。稀土共晶相对晶粒具有钉扎作用，提高合金在150℃时的抗拉强度。稀土共晶相的形态和分布对室温力学性能有显著影响。含有Er的共晶相析出数量较少，沿晶界不连续分布，提高合盒室温强度的同时塑性略有改善，而含有Nd的共晶相形态粗大，析出数量较多，沿晶界网状连续分布，合金固溶强化效果明显减弱，室温强度和塑性均降低。     

Cu－Al－MCM－41的Si／Al比对贫燃条件下NO选择性催化还原的影响

 采用连续流动固定床石英反应器，在反应气体为0．1％NO，0．1％C3H6，2％O2，流量为500ml／min以及催化剂装量为0．1g的条件下，考察了Cu－Al－MCM－41的Si／Al比值对贫燃条件下NO选择性还原活性的影响．结果表明，当Cu交换度低于100％时，随Si／Al比值的增加，NO的最大转化率增加．TPD和TPR的研究结果表明，不同的Si／Al比值，改变了Cu在分子筛结构中的化学微环境，使活性中心Cu2＋的浓度和性质发生变化，从而影响其对NO的转化效率．     

稀土元素铒对Al-4Cu合金组织与性能的影响

采用拉伸力学性能测试、硬度测试、金相组织观察、透射电镜与能谱分析等方法, 研究了不同量稀土元素Er对Al-4Cu合金组织与性能的影响, 结果表明 稀土Er能够细化Al-4Cu合金的枝晶网胞组织;Er元素对Al-4Cu 合金的再结晶行为起到了抑止作用, 添加0.2% Er能使Al-4Cu合金的再结晶起始温度提高80 ℃左右, 再结晶终了温度提高50 ℃左右; 不同量稀土元素Er不能改善Al-4Cu合金的拉伸力学性能, 甚至在一定程度上使合金的力学性能降低, 这是因为添加到Al-4Cu合金中的Er元素并没有与Al作用形成细小的Al3Er颗粒, 而是与Al, Cu发生交互作用形成了低熔点共晶Al8Cu4Er相, 这使合金的力学性能在一定程度上有所降低.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

探究“铁的锈蚀条件”实验创新设计

设计了铁的锈蚀实验,说明了铁钉的处理方法,增加了温度、酸、碱的影响条件,实现了铁跟蒸馏水及空气中氧气快速反应而生锈,使实验在5 min左右就能够得到准确的结果。