Determination of time-varying contact length,friction force,torque and forces at the bearings in a helical gear system

This paper deals with determining various time-varying parameters that are instrumental in introducing noise and vibration in a helical gear system. The most important parameter is the contact line variation, which subsequently induces friction force variation, frictional torque variation and variation in the forces at the bearings. The contact line variation will also give rise to gear mesh stiffness and damping variations. All these parameters are simulated for a defect-free and two defective cases of a helical gear system. The defective cases include one tooth missing and two teeth missing in the helical gear. The algorithm formulated in this paper is found to be simple and effective in determining the time-varying parameters.     

Adaptive autoregressive modeling of non-stationary vibration signals under distinct gear states. Part 2: experimental analysis

Parametric time-frequency representation based on parametric models is more desirable for presenting highly precise time-frequency domain information due to its high-resolution property. However, the sensitivity and robustness of parametric models, in particular the parametric models on the basis of advanced adaptive filtering algorithms, has never been investigated for on-line condition monitoring of rotating machinery. Part 1 of this study proposed three adaptive parametric models based on three advanced adaptive filtering algorithms. Part 2 of this study is concerned with the effectiveness of the proposed models under distinct gear states, especially the highly non-stationary conditions accrued from advanced gear faults. Four gear states are considered: healthy state, adjacent gear tooth failure, non-adjacent gear tooth failure and distributed gear tooth failure. The vibration signals used in this study include the time-domain synchronous averaging signal and gear motion residual signal for each considered gear state. The test results demonstrate that the optimum filter behavior can readily be attained and the white Gaussian assumption of innovations can relatively be easily guaranteed for the NAKF-based model under distinct gear states and a wide variety of model initializations. On the other hand, the EKF- and MEKF-based models are capable of generating more accurate time-frequency representations than the NAKF-based model, but in general the optimality condition for white Gaussian assumption cannot be guaranteed for these two advanced models. Therefore, the NAKF-based model is preferred for automatic condition monitoring due to its appealing robustness to distinct gear states and arbitrary model initializations, whereas the EKF- and MEKF-based models are desirable when accurate time-frequency representation is concerned.     

Gearbox vibration monitoring using extended Kalman filters and hypothesis tests

The efficiency of many maintenance programs is heavily dependent on the detection accuracy of the condition monitoring system. Condition indicators that are sensitive to environmental or operational variables of no interest will inevitably reflect irrelevant fluctuations and thus mislead the subsequent analysis. In consideration of this phenomenon, a fully automatic and robust vibration monitoring system for gearboxes is proposed in this study. The primary objective here is on how to exclude the effects of variable load conditions. The proposed technique features a number of appealing advantages, which include extended Kalman filter-based time-varying autoregressive modeling, automatic autoregressive model order selection with the aid of a non-paired two-sample Satterthwaite's t′-test, a highly effective and robust condition indicator (the means of one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit test), and an automatic alert generating mechanism for incipient gear faults with the aid of a Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Two sets of entire lifetime gearbox vibration monitoring data with distinct variable load conditions were used for experimental validation. The proposed condition indicator was compared with other well-known and/or recently proposed condition indicators. The results demonstrate excellent performance of the proposed technique in four aspects: the effectiveness of identifying the optimum model order, a minimum number of false alerts, constant behavior under variable load conditions, and to some extent an early alert for incipient gear faults. Furthermore, the proposed condition indicator can be directly employed by condition-based maintenance programs as a condition covariate for operational maintenance decision analysis. It provides a quantitative and more efficient means for exchanging condition information with maintenance programs in comparison with the widely used non-parametric time-frequency techniques such as wavelets, which rely on visual inspection.     

Investigation of the influence of oil film thickness on helical gear defect detection using Acoustic Emission

This paper reports an investigation into the use of Acoustic Emission (AE) for monitoring gear teeth defects under varying lubrication regimes in helical gears. The investigation used a back-to-back gearbox test-rig with oil-bath lubrication. Variation in oil film thickness was achieved by decreasing the gear metal temperature with nitrogen gas whilst the gears were in operation. Results demonstrate a clear relationship between AE activity, operating temperature and specific film thickness. In addition, results show that there are lubricating conditions that may prevent AE from identifying the presence of gear defects.     

软质齿轮影像法测量及系统误差和随机误差分析

通过实验了解影像法测量时的误差特性,分别对塑料、木质等软质齿轮公法线及模数在数显投影仪进行测量,并对实验数据进行分析处理,得到测量的系统误差主要来自测量时零线的对齐误差,通过对比检定法计算得出。随机误差主要来自于测量人员对齿廓的瞄准误差,通过A类不确定度进行计算得出。另外测量仪器的不确定度,按B类不确定度计算,由于其远小于A类不确定度,故忽略不计。对比塑料齿轮和木质齿轮测量的结果,得出软质齿轮测量的随机误差与材料、加工特性及表面质量相关的特点。木质齿轮的加工变形小于塑料齿轮,而且加工后齿廓表面质量较好,使得木质齿轮测量的随机误差小于塑料齿轮的随机误差。     

海洋水色水温扫描仪精确大气漫射透射比计算

海洋水色水温扫描仪(COCTS)是中国海洋水色系列卫星上的主遥感器,主要用于探测我国及全球部分海域的海洋水色和水温环境信息.大气漫射透射比计算是COCTS大气校正的必需过程,直接影响COCTS大气校正和水色信息反演的精度.提出了基于加倍法解大气-海洋耦合矢量辐射传输方程的大气漫射透射比精确计算方法,通过与SeaWiFS精确大气漫射透射比查找表计算结果的比较,结果表明计算相对误差小于1.5%,而当观测天顶角小于60°时,计算相对误差小于0.5%,可以用来生成COCTS的精确大气漫射透射比查找表.在此基础上,生成了专门针对COCTS的精确大气漫射透射比查找表.     

A time domain approach to diagnose gearbox fault based on measured vibration signals

Spectral analysis techniques to process vibration measurements have been widely studied to characterize the state of gearboxes. However, in practice, the modulated sidebands resulting from the local gear fault are often difficult to extract accurately from an ambiguous/blurred measured vibration spectrum due to the limited frequency resolution and small fluctuations in the operating speed of the machine that often occurs in an industrial environment. To address this issue, a new time-domain diagnostic algorithm is developed and presented herein for monitoring of gear faults, which shows an improved fault extraction capability from such measured vibration signals. This new time-domain fault detection method combines the fast dynamic time warping (Fast DTW) as well as the correlated kurtosis (CK) techniques to characterize the local gear fault, and identify the corresponding faulty gear and its position. Fast DTW is employed to extract the periodic impulse excitations caused from the faulty gear tooth using an estimated reference signal that has the same frequency as the nominal gear mesh harmonic and is built using vibration characteristics of the gearbox operation under presumed healthy conditions. This technique is beneficial in practical analysis to highlight sideband patterns in situations where data is often contaminated by process/measurement noises and small fluctuations in operating speeds that occur even at otherwise presumed steady-state conditions. The extracted signal is then resampled for subsequent diagnostic analysis using CK technique. CK takes advantages of the periodicity of the geared faults; it is used to identify the position of the local gear fault in the gearbox. Based on simulated gear vibration signals, the Fast DTW and CK based approach is shown to be useful for condition monitoring in both fixed axis as well as epicyclic gearboxes. Finally the effectiveness of the proposed method in fault detection of gears is validated using experimental signals from a planetary gearbox test rig. For fault detection in planetary gear-sets, a window function is introduced to account for the planet motion with respect to the fixed sensor, which is experimentally determined and is later employed for the estimation of reference signal used in Fast DTW algorithm.     

海洋赤潮温度盐度双参数检测技术研究

针对海洋赤潮的实时监测和预报,提出了一种通过检测海水中布里渊散射回波信号,获取海洋赤潮水体温度和盐度分布信息的双参数检测技术。通过分析布里渊散射理论,建立基于机载蓝绿激光雷达的布里渊散射信号频移量和布里渊散射信号能量与海水温度和盐度的关系模型。通过仿真计算,可由海水中的蓝绿激光布里渊散射回波信号的频移量和能量,分别得出海表及海水50 m深度以内温度和盐度的分布情况,从而可以实现海水温度和盐度的双参数实时获取,为实时判断海洋赤潮的消长过程提供理论依据。     

有界大洋对纬向风强迫的响应及共振

为揭示北太平洋主、次要气候模态即太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)和北太平洋流涡振荡(NPGO)的形成机理及其振荡周期与大洋水平尺度之间的联系,采用中纬β通道中的约化重力准平衡线性大洋模型,解析求解了纬向风强迫下的大洋流场响应,讨论了其中的共振问题.1)有界大洋的响应形态分别类似于冬季PDO和NPGO的流场模.2)响应形态分别表现为在大洋西海岸以东,前者有一个椭圆状流涡,后者有南北两个旋转方向相反的流涡并构成流涡偶;在整个大洋,前者有一个洋盆尺度环流,后者在大洋南北分别有两个旋转方向相反的洋盆尺度环流;在中纬度西风急流异常位置偏北和偏南,则能分别强迫出以上的两种情况.3)大洋流场对纬向风场强迫的响应频率(周期)与纬向风强迫频率(周期)相同,但大洋响应要滞后于纬向风的强迫;而响应流场即流函数的强度则与纬向风强迫的大小成正比.当纬向风强迫频率(周期)与该大洋固有频率(周期)相同时,二者会有共振发生,此时大洋响应最为强烈;而二者频率(周期)相差较远时,响应则不大.摩擦越小共振就越强,共振的个数也越多.有界大洋东西向的长度对其固有频率(周期)即共振频率(周期)有明显影响,并起着决定作用;当该长度减小时,相邻两个共振周期的间隔会增大.海洋大气间的两两非线性相互作用,使得随机风场的振荡包含了从极低频到高频的各种成分;通过该共振,可从中挑选出与大洋固有频率相同或相近的共振频率,在该频率上流场对风场的响应最为强烈,从而也就锁定了PDO和NPGO的周期.最终结论为:非线性相互作用、风场对流场的强迫、共振是造成PDO和NPGO的三个关键因子;该解析解的性质为时变的共振Rossby波.     

THE APPLICATION OF PSEUDO-PHASE PORTRAIT IN MACHINE CONDITION MONITORING

This paper presents a robust phase space reconstruction method based on singular value decomposition technique and its applications to large rotating machine and gear system condition monitoring and fault diagnosis. The singular value decomposition is used to determine the effective embedding space and to reduce the noise level of a measured vibration signal. Following the singular value decomposition, a pseudo-phase portrait can be obtained in the effective embedding space. This pseudo-phase portrait is then used to extract qualitative features of machine faults. Experience has shown that when one compares the pseudo-phase portraits obtained under different machine conditions, it is often possible to detect major differences due to different dynamic and kinematic mechanisms. In the case of gear system condition monitoring, correlation dimension has been introduced to evaluate these differences in order to obtain more accurate and reliable diagnosis. The pseudo-phase portrait is conceptually simple and has been found to be sensitive to some fault types. It is promising therefore that such pseudo-phase portraits can be used to realize real-time, online computer-aided diagnosis of machine faults.     

A computational analysis of sonic booms penetrating a realistic ocean surface

The last decade has seen a revival of sonic boom research, a direct result of the projected market for a new breed of supersonic passenger aircraft, its design, and its operation. One area of the research involves sonic boom penetration into the ocean, one concern being the possible disturbance of marine mammals from the noise generated by proposed high-speed civil transport (HSCT) flyovers. Although theory is available to predict underwater sound levels due to a sonic boom hitting a homogeneous ocean with a flat surface, theory for a realistic ocean, one with a wavy surface and bubbles near the surface, is missing and will be presented in this paper. First, reviews are given of a computational method to calculate the underwater pressure field and the effects of a simple wavy ocean surface on the impinging sonic boom. Second, effects are described for the implementation of three additional conditions: a sonic boom/ocean "wavelength" comparison, complex ocean surfaces, and bubbles near the ocean surface. Overall, results from the model suggest that the realistic ocean features affect the penetrating proposed HSCT sonic booms by modifying the underwater sound-pressure levels only about 1 decibel or less.     

A method to determine dynamic loads on spur gear teeth and on bearings

A method is described which can be used to calculate dynamic gear tooth force and bearing forces. The model includes elastic bearings. The gear mesh stiffness and the path of contact are determined using the deformations of the gears and the bearings. This gives contact outside the plane-of-action and a time-varying working pressure angle. In a numerical example it is found that the only important vibration mode for the gear contact is the one where the gear tooth deformation is dominant. The bearing force variation, however, will be much more affected by the other vibration modes. The influence of the friction force is also studied. The friction has no dynamic influence on the gear contact force or on the bearing force in the gear mesh line-of-action direction. On the other hand, the changing of sliding directions in the pitch point is a source for critical oscillations of the bearings in the gear tooth frictional direction. These bearing force oscillations in the frictional direction appear unaffected by the dynamic response along the gear mesh line-of-action direction.     

银/金刚石微粉复合材料对硝酸盐红外吸收特性的影响

中国海洋环境的污染日趋严重,其中大部分是由无机氮和磷酸盐导致。有效快速的监测海洋营养盐,尤其是硝酸盐,已成为一个显要的问题。传统的检测方法主要是利用化学分析法,更适合实验室测试之用。红外吸收光谱对海洋营养盐的实时监测具有重要意义,能够弥补传统方法的不足,并具有快速、同步监测多种营养盐等优点。但海水中的营养盐浓度极低,使得红外光谱检测极限难以满足要求。纳米材料能产生表面增强红外吸收(SEIRA)效应,利用此效应,使红外光谱检测海洋营养盐技术成为可能,优点得以发挥。纳米银(Ag)具有显著的表面等离子体共振效应,可以帮助实现SEIRA。金刚石具有过强的抗腐蚀性和其他特殊的性能,如高硬度和高光透射率,是理想的红外窗口材料。具体来说,利用热分解硝酸银的方法在硅基底(Si substrate)上制备了银/金刚石微粉(Ag/DP)复合材料,研究了银与金刚石微粉的不同比例对NaNO₃(一种主要海洋营养盐)的水溶液红外吸收的影响。结果表明,Ag/DP复合材料使NO-₃的两种反对称伸缩振动ν_high和ν_low的红外吸收有较大幅度提高;银与金刚石微粉比例为2∶1时,硝酸钠水溶液的红外吸收增强效果最佳。该实验结果将对海洋营养盐进行实时、长期、连续的检测提供重要信息,为海洋灾害预防、海洋环境污染治理等海洋领域提供有力的数据支持。     

Long-term memory dynamics of continental and oceanic monthly temperatures in the recent 125 years

For both Northern and Southern hemispheres, the long-term memory dynamics for continent and ocean temperature records in the recent 125 years is studied in this paper. It is found that the records exhibit long-range memory and multifractality characteristics where large temperature anomalies display a more random behavior than the overall time series. A 256-month moving window was used to compute the time evolution of the fractal scaling exponent, giving the following results: (i) Ocean temperatures are more persistent than land temperatures, a result already reported in recent publications, (ii) All records show multifractality features, reflecting the nonlinear behavior of the temperature dynamics. Continent temperatures present sharper multifractal spectra than ocean temperatures, (iii) The persistency, as revealed by the scaling exponent, for ocean temperatures displays a cyclic behavior around a nearly constant average value of 22 years, (iv) The persistency for the Northern Hemisphere land temperature is also cyclical but with an increasing trend, and (v) The time at which the Northern Hemisphere continent temperature persistency will converge into the Northern Hemisphere ocean behavior was estimated with linear and exponential extrapolation functions, showing hitting dates around 2050±20 A.D. Potential implications of these results concerning the nature of climate change are also discussed.     

无人机载小型多光谱成像仪的设计

多光谱成像仪足一种有效的对地观测工具,航空机载多光谱成像仪在遥感领域得到广泛的应用。介绍一种新的小型多光谱成像仪的设计,以小型化、轻量化研究为特点,使其与小型无人飞机精密结合,成为一种灵活机动的海洋监测工具,将在海洋污染、赤潮发现、原油泄漏等重大事件临测上发挥作用。     

Diagnostic features for the condition monitoring of hypoid gear utilizing the wavelet transform

The present paper contributes to the development of new efficient solutions aimed at improving vehicle functional safety through the implementation of new transmission diagnostic methods. The study focuses on a new perspective of the diagnostic frequency range for hypoid gear condition monitoring, using acoustic emission and vibro-acoustic signal measurements and the Discrete Wavelet Transform for data analysis. The identification of the most sensitive diagnostic parameters and determination of frequency intervals using the Discrete Wavelet Transform, in which the most significant increase in the values of diagnostic parameters can be seen, has been presented. In addition, the identification of the sensitivity of the above-introduced non-destructive methods is presented. Diagnostic results in the extended frequency range were compared with the results of the classical method, and it was found that the selected parameter in the proposed measuring range could better characterize the condition of the gear unit.     

Dynamic simulation of planetary gear set with flexible spur ring gear

Ring gear is a key element for vibration transmission and noise radiation in the planetary gear system which has been widely employed in different areas, such as wind turbine transmissions. Its flexibility has a great influence on the mesh stiffness of internal gear pair and the dynamic response of the planetary gear system, especially for the thin ring cases. In this paper, the flexibility of the internal ring gear is considered based on the uniformly curved Timoshenko beam theory. The ring deformation is coupled into the mesh stiffness model, which enables the investigation on the effects of the ring flexibility on the mesh stiffness and the dynamic responses of the planetary gear. A method about how to synthesize the total mesh stiffness of the internal gear pairs in multi-tooth region together with the ring deformation and the tooth errors is proposed. Numerical results demonstrate that the ring thickness has a great impact on the shape and magnitude of the mesh stiffness of the internal gear pair. It is noted that the dynamic responses of the planetary gear set with equally spaced supports for the ring gear are modulated due to the cyclic variation of the mesh stiffness resulted from the presence of the supports, which adds more complexity in the frequency structure.     

一种消象旋传动机构的设计与精度分析

本文提出了一种消象旋机构的结构形式.并对齿轮传动的结构方式做了重点介绍.通过对齿轮传动进行精度分析,可以得出传动过程中齿轮精度及传动误差对棱镜消旋系统正象精度的影响.     

Observations of potential acoustic cues that attract sperm whales to longline fishing in the Gulf of Alaska

Sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) have learned to remove fish from demersal longline gear deployments off the eastern Gulf of Alaska, and are often observed to arrive at a site after a haul begins, suggesting a response to potential acoustic cues like fishing-gear strum, hydraulic winch tones, and propeller cavitation. Passive acoustic recorders attached to anchorlines have permitted continuous monitoring of the ambient noise environment before and during fishing hauls. Timing and tracking analyses of sperm whale acoustic activity during three encounters indicate that cavitation arising from changes in ship propeller speeds is associated with interruptions in nearby sperm whale dive cycles and changes in acoustically derived positions. This conclusion has been tested by cycling a vessel engine and noting the arrival of whales by the vessel, even when the vessel is not next to fishing gear. No evidence of response from activation of ship hydraulics or fishing gear strum has been found to date.     

On an ESFADOF edge-filter for a range resolved Brillouin-lidar: The high vapor density and high pump intensity regime

The temperature profile in the upper ocean mixed layer is of great interest for oceanography, weather forecast and climate studies—especially regarding the strong coupling between the atmosphere and the ocean. A lidar system based on Brillouin-scattering can provide such data over an extended region of the ocean. In this paper we report on studies of an excited-state Faraday anomalous dispersion optical (ESFADOF) edge-filter that, when employed as a receiver in a Brillouin-lidar, will enable range-resolved remote measurements from mobile platforms. We focus on the transmission of such a filter operating on the 5P _3/2→8D _5/2 Rb transition (543.30 nm), and its dependence on the vapor density in the high pump intensity regime. Due to quenching processes such as energy-pooling enhanced by nonlinear radiation trapping, as well as plasma formation, a limit on the lower ESFADOF level number density exists. Beyond this threshold the achievable ESFADOF transmission is limited to a few percent. However, our studies show for the first time measured ESFADOF spectra with steep transmission edges with a transmission change of 15% within a few gigahertz.