Adaptive Laguerre filters for active noise control

Feedforward controllers are used in many active noise control (ANC) systems to generate destructive interference in noise fields. An ideal feedforward ANC controller should have an infinite impulse response (IIR) transfer function, but most available feedforward ANC controllers have finite impulse responses (FIR) instead. The main reason is related to the adaptation algorithms of ANC systems. In general, adaptive FIR filters converge faster with guaranteed stability. In this study, the adaptive Laguerre filter is proposed and tested in an ANC application with positive experimental effects. The new ANC controller is an IIR filter, but its adaptation is similar to that of a FIR filter with fast convergence and guaranteed stability. Detailed explanations and analysis are presented in the main text.     

Zero/pole placement control of periodic duct noise

A zero/pole placement controller (ZPPC) is presented here for active control of periodic duct noise. It uses sound pressure feedback instead of modal feedback. The controller is able to place closed-loop zeros in addition to closed-loop poles. A new adaptation law is proposed to help the controller to track parameter drifting and maintain good performance. The controller can combine with any feedforward scheme to form a hybrid (feedforward/feedback) active noise controller. It has an advantage of on-line identification of the secondary path without persistent excitations.     

Adaptive variable step-size neural controller for nonlinear feedback active noise control systems

Adaptive filter techniques and the filtered-x least mean square (FxLMS) algorithm have been used in Active Noise Control (ANC) systems. However, their effectiveness may degrade due to the nonlinearities and modeling errors in the system. In this paper, a new feedback ANC system with an adaptive neural controller and variable step-size learning parameters (VSSP) is proposed to improve the performance. A nonlinear adaptive controller with the FxLMS algorithm is first designed to replace the traditional adaptive FIR filter; then, a variable step-size learning method is developed for online updating the controller parameters. The proposed control is implemented without any offline learning phase, while faster convergence and better noise elimination can be achieved. The main contribution is that we show how to analyze the stability of the proposed closed-loop ANC systems, and prove the convergence of the presented adaptations. Moreover, the computational complexities of different methods are compared. Comparative simulation results demonstrate the validity of the proposed methods for attenuating different noise sources transferred via nonlinear paths, and show the improved performance over classical methods.     

虚拟传声器在有源抗噪声护听器的应用

考察了虚拟传声器应用于有源抗噪声护听器的稳定性和降噪性能。理论上分析了虚拟传声器算法的稳定性,并通过引入反馈控制器和设计次级通道模型使得算法在不同护听器佩戴方式下都保持稳定,获得高噪声衰减和高稳定性。实验结果证实了虚拟传声器的应用可以在耳道口获得更高的窄带噪声衰减,而且所采取的措施可以保证护听器在不同佩戴状态下都能稳定。      

A compound secondary source for active noise radiation control

Based on the analysis of active noise control system with multi-channel monopole secondary sources, a kind of compound secondary source is proposed in this paper. The proposed compound secondary source consists of two closely located monopole sources with their distance much smaller than a wavelength. The characteristics of the compound source are analyzed, and the performances of the active noise control system with the compound secondary sources on the monopole primary sound field and sound radiated by a plate are investigated both numerically and experimentally. It has been found that the proposed compound secondary sources control system can provide higher noise reduction for free field noise radiation control with the same number of control channels. It is shown that the better performance in noise reduction of the compound secondary sources control system is mainly due to the directivity of the secondary sources where the energy radiation pattern of the compound sources is similar to that of the primary sources.     

Model independent control of lightly damped noise/vibration systems

Feedforward control is a popular strategy of active noise/vibration control. In well-damped noise/vibration systems, path transfer functions from actuators to sensors can be modeled by finite impulse response (FIR) filters with negligible errors. It is possible to implement noninvasive model independent feedforward control by a recently proposed method called orthogonal adaptation. In lightly damped noise/vibration systems, however, path transfer functions have infinite impulse responses (IIRs) that cause difficulties in design and implementation of broadband feedforward controllers. A major source of difficulties is model error if IIR path transfer functions are approximated by FIR filters. In general, active control performance deteriorates as model error increases. In this study, a new method is proposed to design and implement model independent feedforward controllers for broadband in lightly damped noise/vibration systems. It is shown analytically that the proposed method is able to drive the convergence of a noninvasive model independent feedforward controller to improve broadband control in lightly damped noise/vibration systems. The controller is optimized in the minimum H2 norm sense. Experiment results are presented to verify the analytical results.     

Stability of Exponential Euler Method for Stochastic Systems under Poisson White Noise Excitations

The stability of stochastic systems under Poisson white noise excitations which based on the quantum theory is investigated in this paper. In general, the exact solution of the most of the stochastic systems with jumps is not easy to get. So it is very necessary to investigate the numerical solution of equations. On the one hand, exponential Euler method is applied to study stochastic delay differential equations, we can find the sufficient conditions for keeping mean square stability by investigating numerical method of systems. Through the comparison, we get the step-size of this method which is longer than the Euler-Maruyama method. On the other hand, mean square exponential stability of exponential Euler method for semi-linear stochastic delay differential equations under Poisson white noise excitations is confirmed.     

Analogue active noise control

The aim of this article is to present in details all the stages of an analogue active noise control system. As the exemplary plant, an active personal hearing protection device is considered. In the introductory section the plant is presented and the state of the art is reported. In subsequent section, first a way of identification of a continuous-time model of the plant is described and performance limitations are analysed. Then, the procedure for designing optimal controller is proposed. It starts from analysing properties of the plant and choosing a suitable controller structure. Next, coefficients of the controller are found following the design premises. These coefficients serve as initial parameters in the optimisation process. For this process the performance index and appropriate constraints are built. Next, details on implementation of the controller using a chip with switched capacitors are given. Attenuation results of various noises are presented. Finally, cost of the hardware is evaluated.The methodology presented in this article can be considered as a detailed procedure for designing and practically realising cheap and easily tuneable controllers providing good noise attenuation and satisfying several constraints related to frequency band, stability margin, etc.     

基于低通滤波函数实现陀螺系统的反馈控制

研究了采用有界阻尼反馈实现陀螺系统的控制问题.首先利用LaSalle不变原理对受控系统进行了稳定性分析，然后在反馈中引入二阶Butterworth低通滤波函数，设计出依赖于可测信号的反馈控制策略.数值模拟结果表明采用该方法能够有效的将混沌陀螺系统稳定到周期轨或者平衡点.此外还讨论了控制参数及噪声对控制效果的影响，结果表明该控制方法不仅操作简单，易于实现，而且在弱噪声干扰下具有较强的鲁棒性. 关键词： 反馈控制 陀螺系统 Butterworth 低通滤波器     

FEEDFORWARD ALGORITHMS WITH SIMPLIFIED PLANT MODEL FOR ACTIVE NOISE CONTROL

Most feedforward active noise control (ANC) algorithms require models of electro-acoustic paths. To obtain satisfactory attenuation and keep the system stable these models have to represent the plant well. This, according to the literature, requires estimation of many, often hundreds of coefficients. Then, control filters also have very large, comparable structures. Such an approach reveals significant drawbacks if paths of the plant are subject to change. Estimation of so many plant models and control filter coefficients is very slow and time consuming. Therefore, the speed of adaptation is substantially reduced. This can be accepted in some unmoveable plants like acoustic ducts. However, there are many other plants, e.g., active personal hearing protection devices, in which rapid reaction is also of utmost interest not to annoy the user. In this paper, an alternative approach is proposed that does not need precise models except an estimate of the discrete time delay of the plant. However, according to the literature this leads to a relatively narrow attenuation band, which is confirmed for classical control structures like finite and infinite impulse response filters. This becomes a premise to design a new control algorithm. First, the so-called phase shifters (in two versions) are designed. They enable to control narrowband noise on comparable levels with at least an order less parameters than the filters mentioned above. To control broadband noise, the idea of phase shifter banks is then put forward. In turn, to extend the attenuation band conversion of sampling frequency is adopted to noise control problems. Finally, the algorithm combining advantages of phase shifter banks and conversion of sampling frequency allows controlling of any noise over any frequency band, with limits imposed only by the signal processor available and pass-band of the secondary source. Although this algorithm is designed generally and can be applied to any ANC plant, for laboratory experiments an active personal hearing protection device is used.     

应用于有源声辐射控制的一种组合次级声源

在分析多通道单极子次级源控制系统的基础上,提出一种幅度调节型组合次级声源,这种组合源由两个单极子声源构成,单极子声源的间距远小于声波的波长。文中就组合次级源在自由场中对不同初级声源辐射噪声的控制进行理论分析和实验验证,并与同等条件下的单极子次级源控制系统的降噪性能进行了比较分析。数值计算和实验结果均表明,对于不同的初级声场,在次级通道数相同的情况下,组合次级源控制系统可以得到比单极子次级源控制系统高的降噪量。     

有源头靠系统中次级声源和控制电路的参数优化研究

在有源头靠系统中,针对次级声源和控制电路两部分对模拟反馈有源控制系统(ANC)参数进行优化。为了达到更好的噪声抑制效果,次级声源的有效辐射频带应和待控制噪声的主要频谱相近,在使用电动扬声器作为次级声源时,其谐振频率应在要控制噪声频谱的下端。在优化控制电路参数时,根据经典控制理论提出合适的目标函数,通过差分演化算法进行优化。在有源头靠系统中,可通过适当调整两通道间距离,或将两通道间耦合纳入参数优化算法中,以保证系统稳定性和抑制"水床效应"的影响。模拟和实验表明两种方法各有利弊。在实际应用中需根据不同需要采用不同的优化方法。     

Orthogonal adaptation for multichannel feedforward control

In active noise control, it is desired to generate destructive interference by model-independent control. This is possible for single-channel systems to which a recently proposed method, called orthogonal adaptation, is applicable. In this study, the new method is extended to multichannel systems. An important issue is how to optimize a feedforward controller in the minimum H2 norm sense. In practice, secondary paths of some multichannel systems may be nonminimum phase. It is a difficult problem to design H2 feedforward controllers for multichannel systems with nonminimum phase secondary paths. The problem is solved analytically here with the best achievable, a practical and an economical solution. A recursive least squares algorithm is presented for online identification of multiple paths without persistent excitations. These solutions make it possible to implement noninvasive mode-independent controllers for multichannel systems. Experiment results are presented to verify the analytical results.     

次级源近场和管壁弹性对充液管路有源消声性能的影响EI北大核心CSCD

建立了含次级源结构的充液直管有源消声系统数值模型,重点分析了声激励下次级源近场和管壁弹性对有源消声性能的影响。结果表明:次级源近场为非均匀声场,误差点位于该区域时部分频点控制效果较差甚至放大,而处于声场均匀区域时可使降噪量提高10 dB以上,增加误差点数量可使绝大多数频点的降噪量提高5 dB以上;管壁弹性使次级源与管壁间的耦合较强,非对称分布的次级源容易激起管壁振动,导致降噪谷值的出现,采用对称分布的次级源可显著提升控制效果;增加次级源数量能够提高系统的有源无源复合控制效果,但使得管内声场变得复杂,多次级源模型的有源消声效果随频率升高而有所降低。     

Longitudinal control of aircraft dynamics based on optimization of PID parameters

Recent years many flight control systems and industries are employing PID controllers to improve the dynamic behavior of the characteristics. In this paper, PID controller is developed to improve the stability and performance of general aviation aircraft system. Designing the optimum PID controller parameters for a pitch control aircraft is important in expanding the flight safety envelope. Mathematical model is developed to describe the longitudinal pitch control of an aircraft. The PID controller is designed based on the dynamic modeling of an aircraft system. Different tuning methods namely Zeigler–Nichols method (ZN), Modified Zeigler–Nichols method, Tyreus–Luyben tuning, Astrom–Hagglund tuning methods are employed. The time domain specifications of different tuning methods are compared to obtain the optimum parameters value. The results prove that PID controller tuned by Zeigler–Nichols for aircraft pitch control dynamics is better in stability and performance in all conditions. Future research work of obtaining optimum PID controller parameters using artificial intelligence techniques should be carried out.     

A multi-input multi-output adaptive feed-forward controller for vibration alleviation on a large blended wing body airliner

Turbulent atmosphere, gusts, and manoeuvres significantly excite aircraft rigid body motions and structural vibrations, which leads to reduced ride comfort and increased structural loads. In particular BWB (Blended Wing Body) aircraft configurations, while promising a significant fuel efficiency improvement compared to wing-tube configurations, exhibit severe sensitivity to gusts. In general, a flexible aircraft represents a lightly damped structure involving a large variety of uncertainties due to fuel mass variations during flight, control system nonlinearities, aerodynamic nonlinearities, and structural nonlinearities, to name just a few. Especially at the beginning of flight testing of a newly developed aircraft type, plant models generally require a lot of verification and adjustment based on obtained flight test data, before they can be used reliably for control law design. Adaptive control already is a well-established method for many active noise and vibration control problems, and thus is proposed here for application to the problem of gust load alleviation. However, safety requirements are significantly higher for gust load alleviation systems than for most noise and vibration control systems. This paper proposes a MIMO (Multi-Input Multi-Output) adaptive feed-forward controller for the alleviation of turbulence-induced rigid body motions and structural vibrations on aircraft. The major contribution to the research field of active noise and vibration control is the presentation of a detailed stability analysis of the MIMO adaptive algorithm in order to support potential certification of this method for a safety-critical application. Finally, the proposed MIMO adaptive feed-forward vibration controller is applied to a longitudinal flight dynamics model of a large flexible BWB airliner in order to verify the derived vibration controller on a challenging control problem.     

Impulsive control of stochastic systems with applications in chaos control, chaos synchronization, and neural networks

Real systems are often subject to both noise perturbations and impulsive effects. In this paper, we study the stability and stabilization of systems with both noise perturbations and impulsive effects. In other words, we generalize the impulsive control theory from the deterministic case to the stochastic case. The method is based on extending the comparison method to the stochastic case. The method presented in this paper is general and easy to apply. Theoretical results on both stability in the pth mean and stability with disturbance attenuation are derived. To show the effectiveness of the basic theory, we apply it to the impulsive control and synchronization of chaotic systems with noise perturbations, and to the stability of impulsive stochastic neural networks. Several numerical examples are also presented to verify the theoretical results.     

Systematic distortions of auditory space perception following prolonged exposure to broadband noise

Perceptual distortions referred to as aftereffects may arise following exposure to an adapting sensory stimulus. The study of aftereffects has a long and distinguished history [Kohler and Wallach, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 88, 269-359 (1944)] and a range of aftereffects have been well described in sensory modalities such as the visual system [Barlow, in Vision: Coding and Efficiency (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990)]. In the visual system these effects have been interpreted as evidence for a population of cells or channels specific for certain features of a stimulus. However there has been relatively little work examining auditory aftereffects, particularly in respect of spatial location. In this study we have examined the effects of a stationary adapting noise stimulus on the subsequent auditory localization in the vicinity of the adapting stimulus. All human subjects in this study were trained to localize short bursts of noise in a darkened anechoic environment. Adaptation was achieved by presenting 4 min of continuous noise at the start of each block of trials and was maintained by a further 15-s noise burst between each trial. The adapting stimulus was located either directly in front of the subject or 30 degrees to the right of the midline. Subjects were required to determine the location of noise burst stimuli (150 ms) in the proximity of the adapting stimulus following each interstimulus period of adaptation. Results demonstrated that following adaptation there was a general radial displacement of perceived sound sources away from the location of the adapting stimulus. These data are more consistent with a channel-based or place-based process of sound localization rather than a simple level-based adaptation model. A simple "distribution shift" model that assumes an array of overlapping spatial channels is advanced to explain the psychophysical data.     

A simplified adaptive feedback active noise control system

In the adaptive feedback active noise control system based on the internal model control (IMC) structure, the reference signal is regenerated by synthesizing the error signal and the secondary signal filtered with the estimation of the secondary path, hence more computation load and extra programming are required. Motivated by the engineering truth that the primary noise cannot be completely cancelled in most practical active noise control applications and the error signal still contains some portions of the primary noise, a simplified adaptive feedback active noise control system is proposed in this paper, which adopts the error signal directly as the reference signal in an adaptive feedforward control system and utilizes the leaky filtered-x LMS algorithm to update the controller. The convergence properties of the proposed system are investigated and its advantages are discussed by comparing with other feedback control systems as well as the weakness. Finally, simulations and experiments are carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system.     

Energetic analysis of an actively controlled one-dimensional acoustic waveguide

The aim of this work is to show the energetic behavior when an active noise controller is applied in a one-dimensional waveguide, namely an ideal duct under the first critical frequency. In order to model the duct, a spectral element method, which is shown to be more practical for analyzing pipe networks than other commonly used analytical models, was used. The model used here consists of a duct with two sources, the primary source at one end of the duct, and the secondary source at the middle section. The error sensor was placed downstream from secondary source, and the other end of the duct was open with no flange. Three optimal control methods were applied: minimization of the potential energy density, minimization of the active intensity, and minimization of the total acoustic power radiated by the sources. It was observed that the three control methods achieved the same final result, and when the volume velocity of the secondary source was driven to the optimal volume velocity, neither the primary source nor the secondary source radiated any acoustic power. Furthermore, the controlled duct was equivalent to a duct opened-ended at the secondary source position with radiation impedance equal to zero.