长江三峡花岗岩林地坡面降雨渗流与水土流失关系研究

在大量的野外观测试验的基础上,根据土壤水分的形态和能态,对长江三峡花岗岩林地坡面降雨渗流机制进行了分析研究,研究发现在试验区当降雨强度大于表层土壤入渗率,即地表产生积水的情况下,长江三峡花岗岩林地坡面优先流在土壤含水量未达到最大毛管持水量时开始产流,早于土壤渗流产流的时间;在降雨强度小于表层土壤入渗率,即地表不产生积水的情况下,土壤渗流产流早于优先流产流;从壤中流产流过程来看,在地表不产生积水的条件下,土壤渗流先于优先流产生;在地表产生积水而土壤水分含量未达到最大毛管持水量的条件下,优先流先于土壤渗流产生。在两种情况下,优先流的峰值都先于土壤渗流。     

Mathematical Model of Coalbed Gas Flow with Klinkenberg Effects in Multi-Physical Fields and its Analytic Solution

The deep-mining coal seam impacted by high in situ stress, where Klinkenberg effects for gas flow were very obvious due to low gas permeability, could be regarded as a porous and tight gas-bearing media. Moreover, the Klinkenberg effects had a significant effect on gas flow behavior of deep-mining coal seam. Based on the gas flow properties of deep-mining coal seams affected by in situ stress field, geothermal temperature field and geo-electric field, a new mathematical model of coalbed gas flow, which reflected the impact of Klinkenberg effects on coalbed gas flow properties in multi-physical fields, was developed by establishing the flow equation, state equation, and continuity equation and content equation of coalbed gas. The analytic solution was derived for the model of one-dimensional steady coalbed gas flow with Klinkenberg effects affected by in situ stress field and geothermal temperature field, and a sensitivity analysis of its physical parameters was carried out by comparing available analytic solutions and the measured values. The results show that the analytic solutions of this model of coalbed gas flow with Klinkenberg effects are closer to the measured values compared to those without Klinkenberg effects, and this model can reflect more accurately gas flow of deep-mining coal seams. Moreover, the analytic solution of this model is more sensitive to the change of Klinkenberg factor b and temperature grad G than depth h.     

Coupled fields in a deformable unsaturated medium

This paper considers several problems involving coupled heat–moisture–air flow indeformable unsaturated media. A set of coupled non-linear governing equations expressed in terms of displacements, capillary pressure, air pressure and temperature are used in the analysis. The mathematical model accounts for fully coupled heat and moisture flow, volume strain effects on water-air-heat flow, stress and temperature dependence of the water retention curve, heat sink due to thermal expansion, phase change between liquid water and vapour water, and compressibility of liquid water. Numerical solutions are obtained by using the finite element method. Comparisons with existing analytical and experimental results for problems involving infiltration, drying–rewetting (hysteresis effects) and heating confirm the general validity of the present mathematical model. Coupled fields in a confined clay cylinder are also examined. It is found that consideration of absorbed liquid flow due to thermal gradients (thermo-osmosis effect) results in increased drying and shrinkage near the heated boundary. The case of a confined clay cylinder under combined heating and infiltration is also studied. Important features of coupled fields are discussed.     

露天矿边坡饱和渗透系数随机场数值模型研究

为分析强降雨入渗及渗透系数空间变异性对闭坑露天矿边坡渗流场的影响程度,基于非饱和渗流理论和随机场理论,采用非侵入式随机方法,通过FISH语言编写非饱和区单元饱和度、渗透系数与基质吸力的修正函数,建立饱和-非饱和渗流随机场模型,开展强降雨作用的高大陡深岩质边坡渗流特征研究。研究结果表明,修正饱和-非饱和渗流随机场模型能够准确地描述露天矿边坡的降雨入渗过程。且降雨入渗主要影响到露天矿边坡浅层渗流场。随降雨持时变化,在坡面与地下水位线之间形成包围的且逐渐缩小的非饱和区。坡面最早出现暂态饱和区且厚度逐渐增加,但增幅逐渐放缓。同时坡面点孔隙水压力最早达到稳定值零,离坡面越远的点孔隙水压力达到稳定值零的用时会越长。该结论可为闭坑露天矿边坡的地质灾害风险预测提供参考意义。     

Effect of material non-homogeneity on the inhomogeneous shearing deformation of a Gent slab subjected to a temperature gradient

It is well known that most rubber-like materials are non-homogeneous due to either imperfect manufacturing conditions or the action of severe thermo-oxidative environments in many practical applications. In this study, within the context of finite thermoelasticity, we theoretically analyze the inhomogeneous shearing deformation of a non-homogeneous rubber-like slab subjected to a thermal gradient across its thickness. The major objective of this study is to investigate the effect of the material non-homogeneity, which is the material-coordinate dependence of the material response functions, on the stress-strain fields for a given temperature gradient. First, we show the existence of a simple shearing deformation from which the generalized shear modulus and the generalized thermal conductivity of the slab could be obtained. Based on this information, the Gent material model is generalized to take the material non-homogeneity and the temperature dependence of the stress into account. To analyze the inhomogeneous shearing deformation of the non-homogeneous slab, deformation and temperature fields are postulated; then the decoupled temperature field is obtained analytically by solving the local energy balance equation. Finally, the static equilibrium equations are solved considering the linear temperature field. Our results show that the spatial pattern and the degree of the material non-homogeneity have profound effects on the stress-strain fields. The shear strain becomes nearly homogeneous and the stresses are relatively small for a certain spatial variation of the material non-homogeneity. This result suggests the possibility of designing a novel class of materials: functionally graded rubber-elastic materials (FGREMs).     

A model for convection in the evolution of under-ice melt ponds

A model for convection in the evolution of under-ice melt ponds is presented. The system exhibits two competing effects namely, a temperature gradient which is destabilising and a salt gradient which is stabilising. Density is assumed to have a dependence quadratic in temperature and linear in concentration. A linear instability analysis and a nonlinear stability analysis are performed. The standard energy method does not yield unconditional stability so a weighted energy analysis is employed to achieve global results. The global stability bound is found to be independent of the salt field and a presentation of the region of possible subcritical instabilities is given. Received May 16, 2002 / Published online September 4, 2002 RID="a" ID="a" e-mail: Magdalen.Carr@durham.ac.uk Communicated by Brian Straughan, Durham     

Effect of Rainfall-Induced Soil Seals on the Soil Water Regime: Drying Interval and Subsequent Wetting

The effects of rainfall-induced soil seals on drying processes and on infiltration following drying intervals are simulated for two different soils, a loam and a sandy loam. The simulated drying processes include water content redistribution without evaporation and under a constant evaporation rate of 5 mm day^–1. During evaporation, the water content at the seal surface decreases rapidly. A high water content gradient develops within the seal, which increases along the drying interval. It indicates that, at least during the first hours of drying, the seal layer fulfilled all the evaporation demand and therefore dries faster that an unsealed soil where the evaporation is supplied by a much deeper zone of the soil profile. This phenomenon is more accentuated in the loam than in the sandy loam soil. Considering the subsequent infiltration curves during rainfall following different drying intervals, the ponding time and the post-ponding infiltration rates increase when the antecedent drying period is longer, but no significant effect on the final infiltration is found following drying intervals of few days. Also, the water content at the sealed soil surface before rainfall seems to play a major role on infiltration. Very close infiltration curves were obtained after different drying intervals that ended with similar surface water content.     

高温静水应力状态下花岗岩稳态蠕变参数研究

高温高压花岗岩钻孔实验表明,温度低于500℃,静水应力低于150MPa 状态下,岩体的钻孔变形均属于稳态蠕变变形阶段. 该文选取了广义开尔文模型来反映其特征,通过拉普拉斯变换及逆变换,详细推演出了钻孔径向位移解析解,并且考虑温度-应力的耦合效应,给出了模型参数随温度及应力变化的关系式. 利用该关系进行拟合计算,说明广义开尔文模型来表达高温高压环境中的花岗岩稳态蠕变变形特性,寻求蠕变参数是合理可靠的. 该文对于高温岩体地热资源开发中的钻孔施工与维护、钻孔变形量预测等方面,具有实际的指导意义.     

冻土水热力耦合作用的数学模型及数值模拟

将冻土体视为空间弹性体,提出了土体在冻结过程中水分场、温度场、应力场三场耦合的一般数学模型,并给出了相应的离散方程及其解法,最后给出了数值算例,并与实测值比较,证明了该模型和算法的正确性。     

The movement and thermal history of an aluminium particle in a RF plasma generator

In previous studies on plasma-particle interaction, as far as we know, the rf plasma flow and temperature fields are all simulated by the non-self-consistent one-dimensional electromagnetic (1-D EM) field model. In the present paper, the complete self-consistent two-dimensional electromagnetic (2-D EM) field model incorporating the axial Lorentz force component, which is neglected in the 1-D model, is firstly adopted to calculate the aluminium particle trajectory and thermal history in atmospheric rf Ar plasma with the particle evaporation effect included. The crucial effect of reverse flow within the coil region on the particle trajectory is discovered and the results show that the 2-D EM field model must be adopted instead of the 1-D model when the plasma-particle interaction is studied. The effect of carrier gas flux on the particle movement and heating are also studied, resulting in some useful conclusions for both plasma theory and application. recommended by Prof. Wu Chengkang The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

Two-fluid model for transient analysis of slug flow in oil wells

In this work it is presented a transient, one-dimensional, adiabatic model for slug flow simulation, which appears when liquid (mixture of oil and water) and gas flow simultaneously through pipes. The model is formed by space and time averaged conservation equations for mass, momentum and energy for each phase, the numerical solution is based on the finite difference technique in the implicit scheme. Velocity, pressure, volumetric fraction and temperature profiles for both phases were predicted for inclination angles from the horizontal to the vertical position (unified model) and ascendant flow. Predictions from the model were validated using field data and ten correlations commonly used in the oil industry. The effects of gas heating or cooling, due to compression and expansion processes, on the predictions and numerical stability, were studied. It was found that when these effects are taken into account, a good behavior of temperature predictions and numerical stability are obtained. The model presents deviations lower than 14% regarding field data and it presents better predictions than most of the correlations.     

Non-linear constitutive relations for magnetostrictive materials

In this paper, non-linear deformation behavior of magnetostrictive materials is studied and three magnetoelastic coupling constitutive models are developed. The standard square (SS) constitutive model is developed by means of truncating the polynomial expansion of the Gibbs free energy. The hyperbolic tangent (HT) constitutive equations, which involve a hyperbolic tangent magnetic-field dependence, are proposed to model the magnetic-field-induced strain saturation of magnetostrictive materials in the region of intense magnetic fields. A new model based on density of domain switching (DDS) is established in terms of the basic truth that magnetic domain switching underlies magnetostrictive deformation. In this model, it is assumed that the relation between density of domain switching, defined by the quantity of magnetic domains switched by per unit magnetic field and magnetic field can be described by a density function with normal distribution. The moduli in these constitutive models can be determined by a material function that is proposed to describe the dependence of the peak piezomagnetic coefficient on the compressive pre-stress for one-dimensional cases based on the experimental results published. The accuracy of the non-linear constitutive relations is evaluated by comparing the theoretical values with experimental results of a Terfenol-D rod operated under both compressive pre-stress and bias magnetic field. Results indicate that the SS constitutive equations can accurately predict the experimental results under a low or moderate magnetic field while the HT model can, to some extent, reflect the trend of saturation of magnetostrictive strain under a high magnetic field. The model based on DDS, which is more effective in simulating the experimental curves, can capture the main characteristics of the mechanism of magnetoelastic coupling deformation of a Terfenol-D rod, such as the notable dependence of magnetoelastic response on external stress and the saturation of magnetostrictive strain under intense magnetic fields. In addition, the SS constitutive relation for a general three-dimensional problem is discussed and an approach to characterize the modulus tensors is proposed.     

机采油井井口温度的影响因素分析

基于传热学理论, 建立了机采油井井筒及其周围地层温度场的数学模型, 对不同参数下的井口温度进行了模拟, 分析了油井产量、含水率、井深、油管半径、环境温度及地温梯度等参数的影响.     

多圈管冻结模型试验水热力分析研究

人工多圈管冻结过程中的温度场、应力场及水分场的相互作用,是一个非线性多场耦合问题,影响因素多. 本文以淮南顾北矿作为模型设计原型,通过模型试验对多圈管冻结土体过程的温度场、应力场及水分场变化进行研究,获得了冻结温度场、冻结压力及含水量随冻结时间的变化规律,其成果对建立水热力耦合数学模型提供可靠依据并能更好的指导矿井工程实践.     

Rate dependence of temperature fields and energy dissipations in non-static pseudoelasticity

The temperature fields and the energy dissipations of shape memory alloys during the stress-induced martensitic transformations are studied theoretically and experimentally. The effect of the loading rate is analyzed. It was found that the temperature field inside a shape memory alloy sample varies strongly in space and time. The increase rate of the temperature is given by the difference between the rate of the latent heat release and the rate of the heat convection and conduction. The notion and the rate dependence of the energy dissipation are discussed in connection with the stress–strain hysteresis, the entropy production, and the Clausius–Duhem inequality.     

非饱和土渗流和变形强度特性的温度效应

高放核废料地下处置、高压电缆埋设和地热开发等工程的发展,使得温度对非饱和土基本力学性质影响的研究逐渐成为当前岩土工程的热点.从渗流特性和变形强度特性两方面出发,分析了温度对非饱和土基本力学性质的影响. 对于渗流特性,研究了温度对液相水和水蒸气运动的影响,并进一步综述了水热迁移模型的发展. 对于变形强度特性受温度的影响,从试验研究和理论模型入手,研究了非饱和土的变形和强度等随温度的变化规律,并在此基础上对温度的影响进行了总结.文中还指出了现阶段研究中存在的问题及今后的研究方向.      

考虑植被影响的陆气耦合模式

以黄淮海平原大气边界层的观测数据为基础，发展了一个土壤－植被－大气多层模式，对大气和地表进行耦合模拟．模式对植被冠层作多层划分，以助于细致了解植被冠层沿高度分布的各物理量，为非均匀下垫面的参数化提供依据．运用观测结果对数值模拟结果进行验证，表明该模式较成功地模拟了陆气相互作用过程．同时，对模拟进行了敏感性数值试验，以了解植被在陆气相互作用中的影响大小     

Model Simulations of the Hengill Area,Southwestern Iceland

The Hengill Area is an important energy source for Reykjavík and surrounding area, both for electricity and district space heating. Two production fields are located in the area: Nesjavellir and Hellisheiei. Two other potential production fields are believed to be in the area. We present a new conceptual model supported by numerical calculations for the entire Hengill Area. Calculations were performed using the TOUGH2{{\tt TOUGH2}} software suite. The model contains nine layers consisting of 966 elements each (total of 8,964). Geological survey data, down-hole measurements, and production histories from the fields have been used to calibrate the model. The model has been used to predict how production will affect the geothermal fields. Information gathered throughout the production history, such as drawdown and changes in enthalpy, have been used to re-evaluate the size and the production capacity of the production fields. Different production scenarios, such as different energy throughput, have been simulated. The model simulations have also been used to estimate the capacity of potential future production fields.     

Non-axisymmetric Homann MHD stagnation point flow of Al_2O_3-Cu/water hybrid nanofluid with shape factor impact

The heat transfer of Homann flow in the stagnation region of the Al₂ O₃-Cu/water hybrid nanofluid is investigated by adopting the Tiwari-Das model over a cylindrical disk.The effects of the nanoparticle shape,the viscous dissipation,and the nonlinear radiation are considered.The governing equations are obtained by using similarity transformations,and the numerical outcomes for the flow and the temperature field are noted by bvp4 c on MATLAB.The numerical solutions of the fl...     

温度梯度水分扩散系数对非饱和双重孔隙岩体中THM耦合影响的有限元分析

建立了一种饱和–非饱和遍有节理岩体的双重孔隙—裂隙介质热—水—应力耦合模型,并研制出相应的二维有限元程序。通过一个假定的位于非饱和双重孔隙—裂隙岩体中的高放废物地质处置库算例,就温度梯度水分扩散系数不同的三种工况,考察了岩体中的温度、孔隙水压力、饱和度、地下水流速和主应力的变化、分布情况。结果显示：各工况计算域中温度场及应力场基本相同, 当岩体温度梯度水分扩散系数较大时,近场的负孔隙水压力上升到很高的数值,负裂隙水压力有所下降,饱和度亦有相应的变化,当温度梯度水分扩散系数小到一定程度后,其影响也将逐渐消失。